غزوات وفتوحات المغول (Arabic Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "غزوات وفتوحات المغول" in Arabic language version.

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ajms.co.in

books.google.com

doi.org

  • Compare: Barras، Vincent؛ Greub، Gilbert (يونيو 2014). "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. ج. 20 ع. 6: 498. DOI:10.1111/1469-0691.12706. PMID:24894605. In the Middle Ages, a famous although controversial example is offered by the siege of Caffa (now Feodossia in Ukraine/Crimea), a Genovese outpost on the Black Sea coast, by the Mongols. In 1346, the attacking army experienced an epidemic of bubonic plague. The Italian chronicler Gabriele de' Mussi, in his Istoria de Morbo sive Mortalitate quae fuit Anno Domini 1348, describes quite plausibly how the plague was transmitted by the Mongols by throwing diseased cadavers with catapults into the besieged city, and how ships transporting Genovese soldiers, fleas and rats fleeing from there brought it to the Mediterranean ports. Given the highly complex epidemiology of plague, this interpretation of the Black Death (which might have killed > 25 million people in the following years throughout Europe) as stemming from a specific and localized origin of the Black Death remains controversial. Similarly, it remains doubtful whether the effect of throwing infected cadavers could have been the sole cause of the outburst of an epidemic in the besieged city.
  • Neil Pederson؛ وآخرون (2014). "Pluvials, droughts, the Mongol Empire, and modern Mongolia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 111 ع. 12: 4375–9. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.4375P. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1318677111. PMC:3970536. PMID:24616521. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |الأخير1= (مساعدة)
  • Sinor, Denis. 1995. “Western Information on the Kitans and Some Related Questions”. Journal of the American Oriental Society 115 (2). American Oriental Society: 262–69. دُوِي:10.2307/604669.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

jstor.org

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

  • Compare: Barras، Vincent؛ Greub، Gilbert (يونيو 2014). "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. ج. 20 ع. 6: 498. DOI:10.1111/1469-0691.12706. PMID:24894605. In the Middle Ages, a famous although controversial example is offered by the siege of Caffa (now Feodossia in Ukraine/Crimea), a Genovese outpost on the Black Sea coast, by the Mongols. In 1346, the attacking army experienced an epidemic of bubonic plague. The Italian chronicler Gabriele de' Mussi, in his Istoria de Morbo sive Mortalitate quae fuit Anno Domini 1348, describes quite plausibly how the plague was transmitted by the Mongols by throwing diseased cadavers with catapults into the besieged city, and how ships transporting Genovese soldiers, fleas and rats fleeing from there brought it to the Mediterranean ports. Given the highly complex epidemiology of plague, this interpretation of the Black Death (which might have killed > 25 million people in the following years throughout Europe) as stemming from a specific and localized origin of the Black Death remains controversial. Similarly, it remains doubtful whether the effect of throwing infected cadavers could have been the sole cause of the outburst of an epidemic in the besieged city.
  • Neil Pederson؛ وآخرون (2014). "Pluvials, droughts, the Mongol Empire, and modern Mongolia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 111 ع. 12: 4375–9. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.4375P. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1318677111. PMC:3970536. PMID:24616521. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |الأخير1= (مساعدة)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

washington.edu

faculty.washington.edu

web.archive.org

  • "What Was the Deadliest War in History?". WorldAtlas (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2019-10-09. Retrieved 2019-02-04.
  • Rakibul Hasan, "Biological Weapons: covert threats to Global Health Security." Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (2014) 2#9 p. 38. online نسخة محفوظة 2014-12-17 على موقع واي باك مشين. [وصلة مكسورة]
  • |Invaders|The New Yorker "Of necessity, the Mongols did most of their conquering and plundering during the warmer seasons, when there was sufficient grass for their herds. [...] Fuelled by grass, the Mongol empire could be described as solar-powered; it was an empire of the land. Later empires, such as the British, moved by ship and were wind-powered, empires of the sea. The American empire, if it is an empire, runs on oil and is an empire of the air. نسخة محفوظة 21 يونيو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
  • World Timelines – Western Asia – AD 1250–1500 Later Islamic نسخة محفوظة 2010-12-02 على موقع واي باك مشين.
  • "Central Asian world cities نسخة محفوظة 2012-01-18 على موقع واي باك مشين.", University of Washington. [وصلة مكسورة]
  • Sinor, Denis. 1999. “The Mongols in the West”. Journal of Asian History 33 (1). Harrassowitz Verlag: 1–44. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41933117 نسخة محفوظة 2017-03-27 على موقع واي باك مشين..
  • Halperin, Charles J.. 2000. “The Kipchak Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 63 (2). Cambridge University Press: [1]نسخة محفوظة 2017-03-27 على موقع واي باك مشين. p. 235.
  • Morris Rossabi (1983). China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries. University of California Press. ص. 255–. ISBN:978-0-520-04562-0. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-27. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (مساعدة)
  • Halperin, Charles J.. 2000. “The Kipchak Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 63 (2). Cambridge University Press: 229–45. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1559539 نسخة محفوظة 2017-03-27 على موقع واي باك مشين..
  • Howorth, H. H.. 1870. “On the Westerly Drifting of Nomades, from the Fifth to the Nineteenth Century. Part III. The Comans and Petchenegs”. The Journal of the Ethnological Society of London (1869–1870) 2 (1). [Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Wiley]: 83–95. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3014440. نسخة محفوظة 2023-01-13 على موقع واي باك مشين.
  • Golden, Peter B.. 1998. “Religion Among the Q1pčaqs of Medieval Eurasia”. Central Asiatic Journal 42 (2). Harrassowitz Verlag: 180–237. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928154. نسخة محفوظة 2023-01-13 على موقع واي باك مشين.
  • Williams, Brian Glyn. 2001. “The Ethnogenesis of the Crimean Tatars. An Historical Reinterpretation”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 11 (3). Cambridge University Press: 329–48. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25188176 نسخة محفوظة 2016-12-27 على موقع واي باك مشين..

worldatlas.com

  • "What Was the Deadliest War in History?". WorldAtlas (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2019-10-09. Retrieved 2019-02-04.

worldtimelines.org.uk