قرطوم (Arabic Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "قرطوم" in Arabic language version.

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36web.archive.org

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1theplantlist.org

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archive.org

Prozialeck، WC؛ Jivan، JK؛ Andurkar، SV (2012). "Pharmacology of kratom: an emerging botanical agent with stimulant, analgesic, and opioid-like effects". The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. ج. 112 ع. 12: 792–99. PMID:23212430.
Baselt RC (2014). Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man. Seal Beach, Calif.: Biomedical Publications. ص. 1382. ISBN:978-0-9626523-9-4.
Cheurprakobkit، Sutham (2000). "The drug situation in Thailand: the role of government and the police". Drug and Alcohol Review. ج. 19 ع. 1: 17–26. DOI:10.1080/09595230096101.

ars-grin.gov

npgsweb.ars-grin.gov

"Mitragyna speciosa"، شبكة معلومات موارد المواد الوراثية (GRIN)، دائرة البحوث الزراعية (ARS)، وزارة الزراعة الأمريكية (USDA)، اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-12-26 {{استشهاد}}: الوسيط |mode=CS1 غير صالح (مساعدة)

books.google.com

Marx, John؛ Walls, Ron؛ Hockberger, Robert (2014). "Chapter 156: Hallucinogens". Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice (ط. Eighth). London: Elsevier Health Sciences. ص. 2015–23. ISBN:9781455749874. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-06-23.
Karch, Steven B.; Drummer, Olaf (2015). Karch's Pathology of Drug Abuse (بالإنجليزية) (Fifth ed.). CRC Press. p. 528. ISBN:9781439861479. Archived from the original on 2019-12-17.
Nelson, Michael E.؛ Bryant, Sean M.؛ Aks, Steven E. (2014). "Emerging Drugs of Abuse". في Smith، Silas W.؛ Lugassy، Daniel M. (المحررون). Clinical Toxicology, An Issue of Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, Volume 32, Issue 1 of The Clinics: Internal Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. ص. 1–28. ISBN:9780323266550. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-21.

cdc.gov

Anwar، Mehruba؛ Law، Royal؛ Schier، Josh (1 يناير 2016). "Notes from the Field: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Exposures Reported to Poison Centers – United States, 2010–2015". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. ج. 65 ع. 29: 748–49. DOI:10.15585/mmwr.mm6529a4. ISSN:0149-2195. PMID:27466822. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-12.
"Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella I 4,[5],12:b:- Infections Linked to Kratom Products | February 2018 | Salmonella | CDC". www.cdc.gov (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). 20 Feb 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2018-02-22.

dea.gov

"DEA Announces Intent to Schedule Kratom: SE Asian drug is imminent hazard to public safety". US Drug Enforcement Administration. 30 أغسطس 2016. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-09-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-08-31.

doi.org

Rech، MA؛ Donahey، E؛ Cappiello Dziedzic، JM؛ Oh، L؛ Greenhalgh، E (فبراير 2015). "New drugs of abuse". Pharmacotherapy. ج. 35 ع. 2: 189–97. DOI:10.1002/phar.1522. PMID:25471045.
Hassan، Z؛ Muzaimi، M؛ Navaratnam، V؛ Yusoff، N. H؛ Suhaimi، F. W؛ Vadivelu، R؛ Vicknasingam، B. K؛ Amato، D؛ von Hörsten، S؛ Ismail، N. I؛ Jayabalan، N؛ Hazim، A. I؛ Mansor، S. M؛ Müller، C. P (2013). "From Kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: Physiological and behavioural effects related to use, abuse, and addiction". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. ج. 37 ع. 2: 138–51. DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.012. PMID:23206666.
Fluyau، D؛ Revadigar، N (2017). "Biochemical Benefits, Diagnosis, and Clinical Risks Evaluation of Kratom". Frontiers in Psychiatry. ج. 8: 62. DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00062. PMC:5402527. PMID:28484399.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم (link)
Cinosi، E؛ Martinotti، G؛ Simonato، P؛ Singh، D؛ Demetrovics، Z؛ Roman-Urrestarazu، A؛ Bersani، F. S؛ Vicknasingam، B؛ Piazzon، G؛ Li، J. H؛ Yu، W. J؛ Kapitány-Fövény، M؛ Farkas، J؛ Di Giannantonio، M؛ Corazza، O (2015). "Following "the Roots" of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): The Evolution of an Enhancer from a Traditional Use to Increase Work and Productivity in Southeast Asia to a Recreational Psychoactive Drug in Western Countries". BioMed Research International. ج. 2015: 968786. DOI:10.1155/2015/968786. PMC:4657101. PMID:26640804.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم (link)
Warner ML، Kaufman NC، Grundmann O (2016). "The pharmacology and toxicology of kratom: from traditional herb to drug of abuse". Int. J. Legal Med. (Review). ج. 130 ع. 1: 127–38. DOI:10.1007/s00414-015-1279-y. PMID:26511390.
Anwar، Mehruba؛ Law، Royal؛ Schier، Josh (1 يناير 2016). "Notes from the Field: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Exposures Reported to Poison Centers – United States, 2010–2015". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. ج. 65 ع. 29: 748–49. DOI:10.15585/mmwr.mm6529a4. ISSN:0149-2195. PMID:27466822. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-12.
Rosenbaum CD، Carreiro SP، Babu KM (2012). "Here today, gone tomorrow…and back again? A review of herbal marijuana alternatives (K2, Spice), synthetic cathinones (bath salts), kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines". Journal of Medical Toxicology. ج. 8 ع. 1: 15–32. DOI:10.1007/s13181-011-0202-2. PMC:3550220. PMID:22271566.
Adkins، Jessica E.؛ Edward W. Boyer؛ Christopher R. McCurdy (1 مايو 2011). "Mitragyna speciosa, a psychoactive tree from Southeast Asia with opioid activity". Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. ج. 11 ع. 9: 1165–75. DOI:10.2174/156802611795371305. PMID:21050173.
White CM (2017). "Pharmacologic and clinical assessment of kratom". Am J Health Syst Pharm (Review). ج. 75 ع. 5: 261–267. DOI:10.2146/ajhp161035. PMID:29255059.
Singh، Darshan؛ Narayanan، Suresh؛ Vicknasingam، Balasingam (سبتمبر 2016). "Traditional and non-traditional uses of Mitragynine (Kratom): A survey of the literature". Brain Research Bulletin. ج. 126 ع. Pt 1: 41–46. DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.05.004. PMID:27178014.
Suhaimi FW، Yusoff NH، Hassan R، Mansor SM، Navaratnam V، Müller CP، Hassan Z (2016). "Neurobiology of Kratom and its main alkaloid mitragynine". Brain Res Bull. Mar 25 ع. Pt 1: 29–40. DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.015. PMID:27018165.
Takayama، Hiromitsu؛ وآخرون (2002). "Studies on the Synthesis and Opioid Agonistic Activities of Mitragynine-Related Indole Alkaloids: Discovery of Opioid Agonists Structurally Different from Other Opioid Ligands". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. ج. 45 ع. 9: 1949–56. DOI:10.1021/jm010576e. PMID:11960505.
Pantano، F؛ Tittarelli، R؛ Mannocchi، G؛ Zaami، S؛ Ricci، S؛ Giorgetti، R؛ Terranova، D؛ Busardò، FP؛ Marinelli، E (16 أبريل 2016). "Hepatotoxicity Induced by "the 3Ks": Kava, Kratom and Khat". International journal of molecular sciences. ج. 17 ع. 4: 580. DOI:10.3390/ijms17040580. PMC:4849036. PMID:27092496.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم (link)
Le D، Goggin MM، Janis GC (2012). "Analysis of mitragynine and metabolites in human urine for detecting the use of the psychoactive plant kratom". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ج. 36 ع. 9: 616–25. DOI:10.1093/jat/bks073. PMID:23024321.
Cheurprakobkit، Sutham (2000). "The drug situation in Thailand: the role of government and the police". Drug and Alcohol Review. ج. 19 ع. 1: 17–26. DOI:10.1080/09595230096101.

europa.eu

emcdda.europa.eu

"Kratom profile (chemistry, effects, other names, origin, mode of use, other names, medical use, control status)". Page last updated 8 January 2015: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-08-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-09-12.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: مكان (link)

fda.gov

Gottlieb, Scott (6 فبراير 2018). "Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on the agency's scientific evidence on the presence of opioid compounds in kratom, underscoring its potential for abuse". US Food and Drug Administration. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-02-06.
"Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D. on FDA advisory about deadly risks associated with kratom". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 14 نوفمبر 2017. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-11-14. Patients addicted to opioids are using kratom without dependable instructions for use and more importantly, without consultation with a licensed health care provider about the product's dangers, potential side effects or interactions with other drugs. There's clear data on the increasing harms associated with kratom. Calls to U.S. poison control centers regarding kratom have increased 10-fold from 2010 to 2015, with hundreds of calls made each year. The FDA is aware of reports of 36 deaths associated with the use of kratom-containing products. There have been reports of kratom being laced with other opioids like hydrocodone. The use of kratom is also associated with serious side effects like seizures, liver damage and withdrawal symptoms
"FDA oversees destruction and recall of kratom products; and reiterates its concerns on risks associated with this opioid". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 21 فبراير 2018. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-07. The FDA recommends that consumers not use these or any kratom products and dispose of any products currently in their possession. While the FDA is not aware of recent reports of illness specifically associated with the use of Divinity Products Distribution's kratom-containing products, the agency asks health care professionals and consumers to report adverse events or quality problems associated with the use of Divinity Products Distribution's products or any kratom product to the agency's online Safety Reporting Portal
Steven J. Tave (26 فبراير 2018). "FDA warning letter to Industrial Chemicals, LLC, and INI Botanicals" (PDF). Office of Dietary Supplement Programs, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-04-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-07.

accessdata.fda.gov

"Import Alert 54-15; Detention without physical examination of dietary supplements and bulk dietary ingredients that are or contain Mitragyna speciosa or kratom". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 20 ديسمبر 2016. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-09-01. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-07.

fda.gov.ph

I ASEAN GP for the Negative List Ver 3.0 (14Nov14).pdf "Annex I: ASEAN Guiding Principles For Inclusion into or Exclusion from the Negative List of Substances for Traditional Medicines and Health Supplements" (PDF). Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). 28 يونيو 2014. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2016-10-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-09-12. {{استشهاد ويب}}: تحقق من قيمة |مسار أرشيف= (مساعدة)

federalregister.gov

"Withdrawal of Notice of Intent to Temporarily Place Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine Into Schedule I: A Proposed Rule by the Drug Enforcement Administration on 10/13/2016". Federal Register. Drug Enforcement Administration. 13 أكتوبر 2016. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-02-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-10-18.

globalnews.ca

Phil Heidenreich (27 يونيو 2017). "Kratom, a controversial herbal product, seized from 2 Edmonton stores: Health Canada". Global News. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-07.

hc-sc.gc.ca

"Health Product Advertising Complaints" (بالإنجليزية). Health Canada, Health Products and Food Branch. Archived from the original on 2017-02-14.

iucnredlist.org

apiv3.iucnredlist.org

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022.2 (بالإنجليزية), 9 Dec 2022, QID:Q115962546

legislation.gov.uk

"Psychoactive Substances Act 2016". The National Archives, HM Government Publishing. 9 سبتمبر 2016. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-10-25.

legislation.govt.nz

"Medicines Regulations 1984". New Zealand Legislation. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-05-31.

nationthailand.com

Prasert، Poungchompoo (4 أكتوبر 2013). "Decision yet to be reached on making 'kratom' legal". The Nation (Thailand). مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-16.

naturalproductsinsider.com

"Product Seizure Shows FDA Serious about Kratom". Natural Products Insider. 9 يناير 2016. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-02-07.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Rech، MA؛ Donahey، E؛ Cappiello Dziedzic، JM؛ Oh، L؛ Greenhalgh، E (فبراير 2015). "New drugs of abuse". Pharmacotherapy. ج. 35 ع. 2: 189–97. DOI:10.1002/phar.1522. PMID:25471045.
Hassan، Z؛ Muzaimi، M؛ Navaratnam، V؛ Yusoff، N. H؛ Suhaimi، F. W؛ Vadivelu، R؛ Vicknasingam، B. K؛ Amato، D؛ von Hörsten، S؛ Ismail، N. I؛ Jayabalan، N؛ Hazim، A. I؛ Mansor، S. M؛ Müller، C. P (2013). "From Kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: Physiological and behavioural effects related to use, abuse, and addiction". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. ج. 37 ع. 2: 138–51. DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.012. PMID:23206666.
Fluyau، D؛ Revadigar، N (2017). "Biochemical Benefits, Diagnosis, and Clinical Risks Evaluation of Kratom". Frontiers in Psychiatry. ج. 8: 62. DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00062. PMC:5402527. PMID:28484399.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم (link)
Cinosi، E؛ Martinotti، G؛ Simonato، P؛ Singh، D؛ Demetrovics، Z؛ Roman-Urrestarazu، A؛ Bersani، F. S؛ Vicknasingam، B؛ Piazzon، G؛ Li، J. H؛ Yu، W. J؛ Kapitány-Fövény، M؛ Farkas، J؛ Di Giannantonio، M؛ Corazza، O (2015). "Following "the Roots" of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): The Evolution of an Enhancer from a Traditional Use to Increase Work and Productivity in Southeast Asia to a Recreational Psychoactive Drug in Western Countries". BioMed Research International. ج. 2015: 968786. DOI:10.1155/2015/968786. PMC:4657101. PMID:26640804.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم (link)
Warner ML، Kaufman NC، Grundmann O (2016). "The pharmacology and toxicology of kratom: from traditional herb to drug of abuse". Int. J. Legal Med. (Review). ج. 130 ع. 1: 127–38. DOI:10.1007/s00414-015-1279-y. PMID:26511390.
Anwar، Mehruba؛ Law، Royal؛ Schier، Josh (1 يناير 2016). "Notes from the Field: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Exposures Reported to Poison Centers – United States, 2010–2015". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. ج. 65 ع. 29: 748–49. DOI:10.15585/mmwr.mm6529a4. ISSN:0149-2195. PMID:27466822. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-12.
Rosenbaum CD، Carreiro SP، Babu KM (2012). "Here today, gone tomorrow…and back again? A review of herbal marijuana alternatives (K2, Spice), synthetic cathinones (bath salts), kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines". Journal of Medical Toxicology. ج. 8 ع. 1: 15–32. DOI:10.1007/s13181-011-0202-2. PMC:3550220. PMID:22271566.
Adkins، Jessica E.؛ Edward W. Boyer؛ Christopher R. McCurdy (1 مايو 2011). "Mitragyna speciosa, a psychoactive tree from Southeast Asia with opioid activity". Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. ج. 11 ع. 9: 1165–75. DOI:10.2174/156802611795371305. PMID:21050173.
White CM (2017). "Pharmacologic and clinical assessment of kratom". Am J Health Syst Pharm (Review). ج. 75 ع. 5: 261–267. DOI:10.2146/ajhp161035. PMID:29255059.
Singh، Darshan؛ Narayanan، Suresh؛ Vicknasingam، Balasingam (سبتمبر 2016). "Traditional and non-traditional uses of Mitragynine (Kratom): A survey of the literature". Brain Research Bulletin. ج. 126 ع. Pt 1: 41–46. DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.05.004. PMID:27178014.
Suhaimi FW، Yusoff NH، Hassan R، Mansor SM، Navaratnam V، Müller CP، Hassan Z (2016). "Neurobiology of Kratom and its main alkaloid mitragynine". Brain Res Bull. Mar 25 ع. Pt 1: 29–40. DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.015. PMID:27018165.
Prozialeck، WC؛ Jivan، JK؛ Andurkar، SV (2012). "Pharmacology of kratom: an emerging botanical agent with stimulant, analgesic, and opioid-like effects". The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. ج. 112 ع. 12: 792–99. PMID:23212430.
Takayama، Hiromitsu؛ وآخرون (2002). "Studies on the Synthesis and Opioid Agonistic Activities of Mitragynine-Related Indole Alkaloids: Discovery of Opioid Agonists Structurally Different from Other Opioid Ligands". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. ج. 45 ع. 9: 1949–56. DOI:10.1021/jm010576e. PMID:11960505.
Pantano، F؛ Tittarelli، R؛ Mannocchi، G؛ Zaami، S؛ Ricci، S؛ Giorgetti، R؛ Terranova، D؛ Busardò، FP؛ Marinelli، E (16 أبريل 2016). "Hepatotoxicity Induced by "the 3Ks": Kava, Kratom and Khat". International journal of molecular sciences. ج. 17 ع. 4: 580. DOI:10.3390/ijms17040580. PMC:4849036. PMID:27092496.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم (link)
Le D، Goggin MM، Janis GC (2012). "Analysis of mitragynine and metabolites in human urine for detecting the use of the psychoactive plant kratom". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ج. 36 ع. 9: 616–25. DOI:10.1093/jat/bks073. PMID:23024321.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Fluyau، D؛ Revadigar، N (2017). "Biochemical Benefits, Diagnosis, and Clinical Risks Evaluation of Kratom". Frontiers in Psychiatry. ج. 8: 62. DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00062. PMC:5402527. PMID:28484399.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم (link)
Cinosi، E؛ Martinotti، G؛ Simonato، P؛ Singh، D؛ Demetrovics، Z؛ Roman-Urrestarazu، A؛ Bersani، F. S؛ Vicknasingam، B؛ Piazzon، G؛ Li، J. H؛ Yu، W. J؛ Kapitány-Fövény، M؛ Farkas، J؛ Di Giannantonio، M؛ Corazza، O (2015). "Following "the Roots" of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): The Evolution of an Enhancer from a Traditional Use to Increase Work and Productivity in Southeast Asia to a Recreational Psychoactive Drug in Western Countries". BioMed Research International. ج. 2015: 968786. DOI:10.1155/2015/968786. PMC:4657101. PMID:26640804.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم (link)
"Kratom". LiverTox, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 9 مارس 2017. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-06-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-03-29.
Rosenbaum CD، Carreiro SP، Babu KM (2012). "Here today, gone tomorrow…and back again? A review of herbal marijuana alternatives (K2, Spice), synthetic cathinones (bath salts), kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines". Journal of Medical Toxicology. ج. 8 ع. 1: 15–32. DOI:10.1007/s13181-011-0202-2. PMC:3550220. PMID:22271566.
Pantano، F؛ Tittarelli، R؛ Mannocchi، G؛ Zaami، S؛ Ricci، S؛ Giorgetti، R؛ Terranova، D؛ Busardò، FP؛ Marinelli، E (16 أبريل 2016). "Hepatotoxicity Induced by "the 3Ks": Kava, Kratom and Khat". International journal of molecular sciences. ج. 17 ع. 4: 580. DOI:10.3390/ijms17040580. PMC:4849036. PMID:27092496.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم (link)

nlm.nih.gov

"Mitragynine". Toxnet, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 14 فبراير 2012. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-02-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-02-15.

npr.org

"Kratom Gets Reprieve From Drug Enforcement Administration". NPR.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-10-12.
Silverman، Lauren (12 سبتمبر 2016). "Kratom Advocates Speak Out Against Proposed Government Ban". NPR. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-09-12.

nytimes.com

archive.nytimes.com

Fuller، Thomas (23 يوليو 2012). "A Fading Thai Drug Finds Its Resurgence in a Cocktail". The New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-10-17.

nytimes.com

Schwarz، Alan (2 يناير 2016). "Kratom, an Addict's Alternative, Is Found to Be Addictive Itself". The New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-12-03.

palmbeachpost.com

Stapleton، Christine (29 سبتمبر 2016). "Congress members ask DEA not to ban kratom: opiod research needed". Palm Beach Post. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-11-03.

theplantlist.org

Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. is an accepted name . Theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2013-12-26. نسخة محفوظة 16 يوليو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين.

tni.org

Tanguay، Pascal (أبريل 2011). "Kratom in Thailand: Decriminalisation and Community Control?" (PDF). Transnational Institiute. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2018-04-15. Young people feel the need to drink 4x100 in hidden settings due to fears of arrest by law enforcement. In one district, 21 of 39 villages reported the presence of 4x100 users in their community. Compared to traditional use, 4x100 users are subject to some measure of community discrimination, though community perceptions are far milder than for yaba or heroin users.

translate.google.com

"Amend the Act leaves the density of the Dangerous Drugs Act". 13 ديسمبر 2012. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-05-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-04-18.

usdoj.gov

deadiversion.usdoj.gov

"KRATOM (Mitragyna speciosa korth)" (PDF). U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. يناير 2013. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2016-06-11.

usnews.com

Brown، Melissa (20 مايو 2016). "States ban kratom supplement over abuse worries". Associated Press via US News & World Report. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-06-15.
Nelson، Steven (30 سبتمبر 2016). "Kratom Will Remain Legal for Days, Possibly Longer". US News & World Report. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-07.

washingtonpost.com

Ingraham، Christopher (30 سبتمبر 2016). "DEA defies senators' appeal to reconsider 'unprecedented' kratom ban". Washington Post. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-15.

web.archive.org

Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. is an accepted name . Theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2013-12-26. نسخة محفوظة 16 يوليو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Gottlieb, Scott (6 فبراير 2018). "Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on the agency's scientific evidence on the presence of opioid compounds in kratom, underscoring its potential for abuse". US Food and Drug Administration. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-02-06.
"KRATOM (Mitragyna speciosa korth)" (PDF). U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. يناير 2013. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2016-06-11.
Marx, John؛ Walls, Ron؛ Hockberger, Robert (2014). "Chapter 156: Hallucinogens". Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice (ط. Eighth). London: Elsevier Health Sciences. ص. 2015–23. ISBN:9781455749874. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-06-23.
"Kratom". LiverTox, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 9 مارس 2017. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-06-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-03-29.
Anwar، Mehruba؛ Law، Royal؛ Schier، Josh (1 يناير 2016). "Notes from the Field: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Exposures Reported to Poison Centers – United States, 2010–2015". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. ج. 65 ع. 29: 748–49. DOI:10.15585/mmwr.mm6529a4. ISSN:0149-2195. PMID:27466822. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-12.
"Mitragynine". Toxnet, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 14 فبراير 2012. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-02-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-02-15.
"Kratom profile (chemistry, effects, other names, origin, mode of use, other names, medical use, control status)". Page last updated 8 January 2015: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-08-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-09-12.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: مكان (link)
"DEA Announces Intent to Schedule Kratom: SE Asian drug is imminent hazard to public safety". US Drug Enforcement Administration. 30 أغسطس 2016. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-09-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-08-31.
"Import Alert 54-15; Detention without physical examination of dietary supplements and bulk dietary ingredients that are or contain Mitragyna speciosa or kratom". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 20 ديسمبر 2016. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-09-01. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-07.
Karch, Steven B.; Drummer, Olaf (2015). Karch's Pathology of Drug Abuse (بالإنجليزية) (Fifth ed.). CRC Press. p. 528. ISBN:9781439861479. Archived from the original on 2019-12-17.
"Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D. on FDA advisory about deadly risks associated with kratom". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 14 نوفمبر 2017. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-11-14. Patients addicted to opioids are using kratom without dependable instructions for use and more importantly, without consultation with a licensed health care provider about the product's dangers, potential side effects or interactions with other drugs. There's clear data on the increasing harms associated with kratom. Calls to U.S. poison control centers regarding kratom have increased 10-fold from 2010 to 2015, with hundreds of calls made each year. The FDA is aware of reports of 36 deaths associated with the use of kratom-containing products. There have been reports of kratom being laced with other opioids like hydrocodone. The use of kratom is also associated with serious side effects like seizures, liver damage and withdrawal symptoms
Tanguay، Pascal (أبريل 2011). "Kratom in Thailand: Decriminalisation and Community Control?" (PDF). Transnational Institiute. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2018-04-15. Young people feel the need to drink 4x100 in hidden settings due to fears of arrest by law enforcement. In one district, 21 of 39 villages reported the presence of 4x100 users in their community. Compared to traditional use, 4x100 users are subject to some measure of community discrimination, though community perceptions are far milder than for yaba or heroin users.
Fuller، Thomas (23 يوليو 2012). "A Fading Thai Drug Finds Its Resurgence in a Cocktail". The New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-10-17.
"Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella I 4,[5],12:b:- Infections Linked to Kratom Products | February 2018 | Salmonella | CDC". www.cdc.gov (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). 20 Feb 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
Nelson, Michael E.؛ Bryant, Sean M.؛ Aks, Steven E. (2014). "Emerging Drugs of Abuse". في Smith، Silas W.؛ Lugassy، Daniel M. (المحررون). Clinical Toxicology, An Issue of Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, Volume 32, Issue 1 of The Clinics: Internal Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. ص. 1–28. ISBN:9780323266550. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-21.
I ASEAN GP for the Negative List Ver 3.0 (14Nov14).pdf "Annex I: ASEAN Guiding Principles For Inclusion into or Exclusion from the Negative List of Substances for Traditional Medicines and Health Supplements" (PDF). Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). 28 يونيو 2014. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2016-10-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-09-12. {{استشهاد ويب}}: تحقق من قيمة |مسار أرشيف= (مساعدة)
"Medicines Regulations 1984". New Zealand Legislation. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-05-31.
Coles, Terri (14 October 2016). "After U.S. delayed decision on kratom, a look at Canada's laws on the psychadelic plant". Yahoo News Canada. مؤرشف من الأصل في 16 نوفمبر 2017. اطلع عليه بتاريخ أغسطس 2020. {{استشهاد ويب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ الوصول= (مساعدة)
"Health Product Advertising Complaints" (بالإنجليزية). Health Canada, Health Products and Food Branch. Archived from the original on 2017-02-14.
Phil Heidenreich (27 يونيو 2017). "Kratom, a controversial herbal product, seized from 2 Edmonton stores: Health Canada". Global News. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-07.
"Psychoactive Substances Act 2016". The National Archives, HM Government Publishing. 9 سبتمبر 2016. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-10-25.
"Kratom Gets Reprieve From Drug Enforcement Administration". NPR.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-10-12.
"Withdrawal of Notice of Intent to Temporarily Place Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine Into Schedule I: A Proposed Rule by the Drug Enforcement Administration on 10/13/2016". Federal Register. Drug Enforcement Administration. 13 أكتوبر 2016. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-02-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-10-18.
"Amend the Act leaves the density of the Dangerous Drugs Act". 13 ديسمبر 2012. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-05-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-04-18.
Pengasih wants abuse of kratom leaves penalised under Dangerous Drugs Act. The Malaysian Insider. October 28, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 21 أكتوبر 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Prasert، Poungchompoo (4 أكتوبر 2013). "Decision yet to be reached on making 'kratom' legal". The Nation (Thailand). مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-16.
"Product Seizure Shows FDA Serious about Kratom". Natural Products Insider. 9 يناير 2016. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-02-07.
Brown، Melissa (20 مايو 2016). "States ban kratom supplement over abuse worries". Associated Press via US News & World Report. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-06-15.
Schwarz، Alan (2 يناير 2016). "Kratom, an Addict's Alternative, Is Found to Be Addictive Itself". The New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-12-03.
Silverman، Lauren (12 سبتمبر 2016). "Kratom Advocates Speak Out Against Proposed Government Ban". NPR. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-09-12.
Ingraham، Christopher (30 سبتمبر 2016). "DEA defies senators' appeal to reconsider 'unprecedented' kratom ban". Washington Post. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-15.
Stapleton، Christine (29 سبتمبر 2016). "Congress members ask DEA not to ban kratom: opiod research needed". Palm Beach Post. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-11-03.
Nelson، Steven (30 سبتمبر 2016). "Kratom Will Remain Legal for Days, Possibly Longer". US News & World Report. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-07.
"FDA oversees destruction and recall of kratom products; and reiterates its concerns on risks associated with this opioid". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 21 فبراير 2018. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-07. The FDA recommends that consumers not use these or any kratom products and dispose of any products currently in their possession. While the FDA is not aware of recent reports of illness specifically associated with the use of Divinity Products Distribution's kratom-containing products, the agency asks health care professionals and consumers to report adverse events or quality problems associated with the use of Divinity Products Distribution's products or any kratom product to the agency's online Safety Reporting Portal
Steven J. Tave (26 فبراير 2018). "FDA warning letter to Industrial Chemicals, LLC, and INI Botanicals" (PDF). Office of Dietary Supplement Programs, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-04-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-07.

wikidata.org

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022.2 (بالإنجليزية), 9 Dec 2022, QID:Q115962546

worldcat.org

Anwar، Mehruba؛ Law، Royal؛ Schier، Josh (1 يناير 2016). "Notes from the Field: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Exposures Reported to Poison Centers – United States, 2010–2015". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. ج. 65 ع. 29: 748–49. DOI:10.15585/mmwr.mm6529a4. ISSN:0149-2195. PMID:27466822. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-12.

yahoo.com

ca.news.yahoo.com

Coles, Terri (14 October 2016). "After U.S. delayed decision on kratom, a look at Canada's laws on the psychadelic plant". Yahoo News Canada. مؤرشف من الأصل في 16 نوفمبر 2017. اطلع عليه بتاريخ أغسطس 2020. {{استشهاد ويب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ الوصول= (مساعدة)