محاكمات قانون سميث لقادة الحزب الشيوعي (Arabic Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "محاكمات قانون سميث لقادة الحزب الشيوعي" in Arabic language version.

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34web.archive.org

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10justia.com

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10nytimes.com

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2books.google.com

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2cornell.edu

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2time.com

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1citizensource.com

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1latimes.com

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1leagle.com

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1minneapolisfed.org

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1ntimes.com

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1fjc.gov

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1senate.gov

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1archive.org

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1findlaw.com

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1oyez.org

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1utexas.edu

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archive.org

Belknap (2001), p 869 (defines the term "Red Monday"; on that day, a companion case, Watkins v. United States, was also decided).

Sabin, p 10.

Parker، Richard A. (2003). "Brandenburg v. Ohio". في Parker, Richard A. (ed.) (المحرر). Free Speech on Trial: Communication Perspectives on Landmark Supreme Court Decisions. University of Alabama Press. ص. 145–159. ISBN:978-0-8173-1301-2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-10-15. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |محرر1= باسم عام (مساعدة)

books.google.com

Levin, p 1488, available online, accessed June 13, 2012 نسخة محفوظة 15 مايو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين.
"Communist Trial Ends with 11 Guilty", Life, October 24, 1949, p 31. نسخة محفوظة 26 أبريل 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.

citizensource.com

The Smith Act was officially called the Alien Registration Act of 1940. Text of 1940 version. The Act has been amended since then: Text of 2012 version. The portion of the 1940 Act that was relevant to the CPUSA trials was: "Sec. 2. (a) It shall be unlawful for any person— (1) to knowingly or willfully advocate, abet, advise, or teach the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force or violence, or by the assassination of any officer of any such government; (2) with the intent to cause the overthrow or destruction of any government in the United States, to print, publish, edit, issue, circulate, sell, distribute, or publicly display any written or printed matter advocating, advising, or teaching the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force or violence. (3) to organize or help to organize any society, group, or assembly of persons who teach, advocate, or encourage the overthrow or destruction of any government in the United States by force or violence; or to be or become a member of, or affiliate with, any such society, group, or assembly of persons, knowing the purposes thereof...." "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-06-02. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-05-22.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)

cornell.edu

law.cornell.edu

The Smith Act was officially called the Alien Registration Act of 1940. Text of 1940 version. The Act has been amended since then: Text of 2012 version. The portion of the 1940 Act that was relevant to the CPUSA trials was: "Sec. 2. (a) It shall be unlawful for any person— (1) to knowingly or willfully advocate, abet, advise, or teach the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force or violence, or by the assassination of any officer of any such government; (2) with the intent to cause the overthrow or destruction of any government in the United States, to print, publish, edit, issue, circulate, sell, distribute, or publicly display any written or printed matter advocating, advising, or teaching the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force or violence. (3) to organize or help to organize any society, group, or assembly of persons who teach, advocate, or encourage the overthrow or destruction of any government in the United States by force or violence; or to be or become a member of, or affiliate with, any such society, group, or assembly of persons, knowing the purposes thereof...." "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-06-02. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-05-22.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
Sacher v. United States 343 U.S. 1 (1952). Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 05 أغسطس 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.

findlaw.com

caselaw.findlaw.com

Scales was initially convicted in 1955, but the sentence was overturned on appeal due to procedural mistakes by the prosecution; and he was retried in 1958. The 1957 reversal is Scales v. U. S., 355 U.S. 1, 78 S.Ct. 9, 2 L.Ed.2d 19 FindLaw. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 18 مايو 2004 على موقع واي باك مشين.

fjc.gov

"McGohey, John F. X.", Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 04 مارس 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.

justia.com

supreme.justia.com

Associated Press, "Justices Uphold Red Conviction", Spokesman-Review, March 28, 1950.
The conviction was upheld in Dennis v. United States, 339 U.S. 162 (1950). نسخة محفوظة 10 أبريل 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Dennis v. United States – 341 U.S. 494 (1951) Justia. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 04 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Associated Press, "Contempt Sentences Upheld For Six Who Defended 11 Communist Leaders", The Toledo Blade, March 11, 1952. Douglas quoted in article.
Full text of Douglas' opinion is at: Sacher v. United States, 343 U.S. 1 (1952). Dissenting opinion. Justia. Retrieved January 30, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 09 نوفمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Sacher v. United States. Justia. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 09 نوفمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Yates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298 (1957) Justia. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 04 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
In a concurring opinion Justice Black wrote: "Doubtlessly, dictators have to stamp out causes and beliefs which they deem subversive to their evil regimes. But governmental suppression of causes and beliefs seems to me to be the very antithesis of what our Constitution stands for. The choice expressed in the First Amendment in favor of free expression was made against a turbulent background by men such as Jefferson, Madison, and Mason – men who believed that loyalty to the provisions of this Amendment was the best way to assure a long life for this new nation and its Government.... The First Amendment provides the only kind of security system that can preserve a free government – one that leaves the way wide open for people to favor, discuss, advocate, or incite causes and doctrines however obnoxious and antagonistic such views may be to the rest of us." – Black quoted by Mason, Alpheus Thomas, The Supreme Court from Taft to Burger, LSU Press, 1979, pp 37, 162, (ردمك 978-0-8071-0469-9). Original decision: Yates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298 (1957). Justia. Retrieved February 12, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 04 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Noto v. United States 367 U.S. 290 (1961) Justia. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
The preceding federal appeals case, which upheld the conviction, was United States v. John Francis Noto, 262 F.2d 501 (2d Cir. 1958) نسخة محفوظة 30 يونيو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Noto v. United States – 367 U.S. 290 (1961) Justia. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 30 يونيو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.

law.justia.com

Belknap (1994), p 213.
Walker, p 185.
Starobin, p 206.
Medina's ruling on the jury selection issue is 83 F.Supp. 197 (1949). The issue was addressed by the appeals court in 183 F.2d 201 (2d Cir. 1950). نسخة محفوظة 16 نوفمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
United States v. Dennis et al (183 F.2d 201) Justia. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 16 نوفمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.

latimes.com

Longer trials have been held since then, for example a 20-month trial in 1988 (Longest Mob Trial Ends, Los Angeles Times, August 27, 1988. Retrieved June 10, 2012). نسخة محفوظة 22 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.

leagle.com

Belknap (1994), p 213.
Walker, p 185.
Starobin, p 206.
Medina's ruling on the jury selection issue is 83 F.Supp. 197 (1949). The issue was addressed by the appeals court in 183 F.2d 201 (2d Cir. 1950). نسخة محفوظة 16 نوفمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.

minneapolisfed.org

Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–2014. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved February 27, 2014.

ntimes.com

query.ntimes.com

"Verdict Assailed Abroad". New York Times. 16 أكتوبر 1949. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.

nytimes.com

timesmachine.nytimes.com

"The Communist Indictments". The New York Times. 22 يوليو 1948. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.
"Indicted Reds Get Wallace Support". New York Times. 22 يوليو 1948. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.
George D. Wilkinson (19 أكتوبر 1949). "Letters to the Times: Communism Threat Not Ended". New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.; letter dated October 16, 1949
Mrs. D. Brouwer (19 أكتوبر 1949). "Letters to the Times: Trend Away from Democracy". New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-12-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.; letter written October 14, 1949
David D. Driscoll (19 أكتوبر 1949). "Letters to the Times: Political Statutes Queried". New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-01-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.; letter written October 16, 1949
Ari L. Goldman (7 أغسطس 2002). "Junius Scales, Communist Sent to Prison, Dies at 82". New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.. See also: "Clemency for Scales". New York Times. 28 ديسمبر 1962. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13. and Sabin, p 60.

nytimes.com

Farrell Dobbs (24 يوليو 1948). "Letters to the Times: Indictment of Communists". New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.; letter dated July 22, 1948
"Vigorous and Varied Reactions Mark Result of Communist Trial". New York Times. 15 أكتوبر 1949. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.
Ari L. Goldman (7 أغسطس 2002). "Junius Scales, Communist Sent to Prison, Dies at 82". New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.. See also: "Clemency for Scales". New York Times. 28 ديسمبر 1962. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13. and Sabin, p 60.
"Carl Winter, Imprisoned by U.S. As Communist Leader, Dies at 85". New York Times. 20 نوفمبر 1991. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-05-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.

oyez.org

Scales v. United States, 367 U.S. 203 (1961), Oyez. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 23 سبتمبر 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.

resource.org

bulk.resource.org

408 F.2d 154, 132 U.S.App.D.C. 351 Sylvia H. Thompson, Appellant, v. Clark M. Clifford, as Secretary of Defense, et al., Appellees. Retrieved May 2, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 26 مارس 2012 على موقع واي باك مشين.

senate.gov

"Communists in Government Service, McCarthy Says". United States Senate History Website. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-10-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-03-09.

McCarthy made the claim in The Wheeling speech.

time.com

"Communists: The Little Commissar" نسخة محفوظة 21 يوليو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين., Time, April 25, 1949 (Cover photo: Eugene Dennis).
"Communists: The Presence of Evil" نسخة محفوظة 21 يوليو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين., Time: October 24, 1949. (Cover photo: Harold Medina).
"Communists: the Field Day is Over" نسخة محفوظة 21 يوليو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين., Time, (article, not cover), August 22, 1949.
"Communists: Evolution or Revolution?" نسخة محفوظة 21 يوليو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين., Time, April 4, 1949.
See also Life magazine articles "Communist trial ends with 11 guilty", Life, October 24, 1949, p 31; and "Unrepentant reds emerge", Life, March 14, 1955, p 30. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-07-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-05-22.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
Time, October 24, 1949. Retrieved January 31, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 21 يوليو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين. ^{[وصلة مكسورة]}

utexas.edu

hrc.utexas.edu

Martelle, p 255. Gates quoted by Martelle.
Mike Wallace interview of John Gates, January 18, 1958. University of Texas at Austin. نسخة محفوظة 22 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.

web.archive.org

Levin, p 1488, available online, accessed June 13, 2012 نسخة محفوظة 15 مايو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين.
The Smith Act was officially called the Alien Registration Act of 1940. Text of 1940 version. The Act has been amended since then: Text of 2012 version. The portion of the 1940 Act that was relevant to the CPUSA trials was: "Sec. 2. (a) It shall be unlawful for any person— (1) to knowingly or willfully advocate, abet, advise, or teach the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force or violence, or by the assassination of any officer of any such government; (2) with the intent to cause the overthrow or destruction of any government in the United States, to print, publish, edit, issue, circulate, sell, distribute, or publicly display any written or printed matter advocating, advising, or teaching the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force or violence. (3) to organize or help to organize any society, group, or assembly of persons who teach, advocate, or encourage the overthrow or destruction of any government in the United States by force or violence; or to be or become a member of, or affiliate with, any such society, group, or assembly of persons, knowing the purposes thereof...." "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-06-02. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-05-22.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
"Communist Trial Ends with 11 Guilty", Life, October 24, 1949, p 31. نسخة محفوظة 26 أبريل 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Longer trials have been held since then, for example a 20-month trial in 1988 (Longest Mob Trial Ends, Los Angeles Times, August 27, 1988. Retrieved June 10, 2012). نسخة محفوظة 22 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
"Communists: The Little Commissar" نسخة محفوظة 21 يوليو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين., Time, April 25, 1949 (Cover photo: Eugene Dennis).
"Communists: The Presence of Evil" نسخة محفوظة 21 يوليو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين., Time: October 24, 1949. (Cover photo: Harold Medina).
"Communists: the Field Day is Over" نسخة محفوظة 21 يوليو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين., Time, (article, not cover), August 22, 1949.
"Communists: Evolution or Revolution?" نسخة محفوظة 21 يوليو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين., Time, April 4, 1949.
See also Life magazine articles "Communist trial ends with 11 guilty", Life, October 24, 1949, p 31; and "Unrepentant reds emerge", Life, March 14, 1955, p 30. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-07-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-05-22.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
"The Communist Indictments". The New York Times. 22 يوليو 1948. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.
"Indicted Reds Get Wallace Support". New York Times. 22 يوليو 1948. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.
Farrell Dobbs (24 يوليو 1948). "Letters to the Times: Indictment of Communists". New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.; letter dated July 22, 1948
Belknap (1994), p 213.
Walker, p 185.
Starobin, p 206.
Medina's ruling on the jury selection issue is 83 F.Supp. 197 (1949). The issue was addressed by the appeals court in 183 F.2d 201 (2d Cir. 1950). نسخة محفوظة 16 نوفمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
George D. Wilkinson (19 أكتوبر 1949). "Letters to the Times: Communism Threat Not Ended". New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.; letter dated October 16, 1949
"Vigorous and Varied Reactions Mark Result of Communist Trial". New York Times. 15 أكتوبر 1949. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.
Mrs. D. Brouwer (19 أكتوبر 1949). "Letters to the Times: Trend Away from Democracy". New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-12-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.; letter written October 14, 1949
David D. Driscoll (19 أكتوبر 1949). "Letters to the Times: Political Statutes Queried". New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-01-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.; letter written October 16, 1949
"Verdict Assailed Abroad". New York Times. 16 أكتوبر 1949. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.
"McGohey, John F. X.", Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 04 مارس 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Time, October 24, 1949. Retrieved January 31, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 21 يوليو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين. ^{[وصلة مكسورة]}
Associated Press, "Justices Uphold Red Conviction", Spokesman-Review, March 28, 1950.
The conviction was upheld in Dennis v. United States, 339 U.S. 162 (1950). نسخة محفوظة 10 أبريل 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
"Communists in Government Service, McCarthy Says". United States Senate History Website. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-10-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-03-09.

McCarthy made the claim in The Wheeling speech.
United States v. Dennis et al (183 F.2d 201) Justia. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 16 نوفمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Dennis v. United States – 341 U.S. 494 (1951) Justia. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 04 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Associated Press, "Contempt Sentences Upheld For Six Who Defended 11 Communist Leaders", The Toledo Blade, March 11, 1952. Douglas quoted in article.
Full text of Douglas' opinion is at: Sacher v. United States, 343 U.S. 1 (1952). Dissenting opinion. Justia. Retrieved January 30, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 09 نوفمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Sacher v. United States 343 U.S. 1 (1952). Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 05 أغسطس 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Sacher v. United States. Justia. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 09 نوفمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Belknap (2001), p 869 (defines the term "Red Monday"; on that day, a companion case, Watkins v. United States, was also decided).

Sabin, p 10.

Parker، Richard A. (2003). "Brandenburg v. Ohio". في Parker, Richard A. (ed.) (المحرر). Free Speech on Trial: Communication Perspectives on Landmark Supreme Court Decisions. University of Alabama Press. ص. 145–159. ISBN:978-0-8173-1301-2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-10-15. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |محرر1= باسم عام (مساعدة)
Yates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298 (1957) Justia. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 04 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
In a concurring opinion Justice Black wrote: "Doubtlessly, dictators have to stamp out causes and beliefs which they deem subversive to their evil regimes. But governmental suppression of causes and beliefs seems to me to be the very antithesis of what our Constitution stands for. The choice expressed in the First Amendment in favor of free expression was made against a turbulent background by men such as Jefferson, Madison, and Mason – men who believed that loyalty to the provisions of this Amendment was the best way to assure a long life for this new nation and its Government.... The First Amendment provides the only kind of security system that can preserve a free government – one that leaves the way wide open for people to favor, discuss, advocate, or incite causes and doctrines however obnoxious and antagonistic such views may be to the rest of us." – Black quoted by Mason, Alpheus Thomas, The Supreme Court from Taft to Burger, LSU Press, 1979, pp 37, 162, (ردمك 978-0-8071-0469-9). Original decision: Yates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298 (1957). Justia. Retrieved February 12, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 04 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Noto v. United States 367 U.S. 290 (1961) Justia. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
The preceding federal appeals case, which upheld the conviction, was United States v. John Francis Noto, 262 F.2d 501 (2d Cir. 1958) نسخة محفوظة 30 يونيو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Noto v. United States – 367 U.S. 290 (1961) Justia. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 30 يونيو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Scales was initially convicted in 1955, but the sentence was overturned on appeal due to procedural mistakes by the prosecution; and he was retried in 1958. The 1957 reversal is Scales v. U. S., 355 U.S. 1, 78 S.Ct. 9, 2 L.Ed.2d 19 FindLaw. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 18 مايو 2004 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Scales v. United States, 367 U.S. 203 (1961), Oyez. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 23 سبتمبر 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Ari L. Goldman (7 أغسطس 2002). "Junius Scales, Communist Sent to Prison, Dies at 82". New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.. See also: "Clemency for Scales". New York Times. 28 ديسمبر 1962. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13. and Sabin, p 60.
Martelle, p 255. Gates quoted by Martelle.
Mike Wallace interview of John Gates, January 18, 1958. University of Texas at Austin. نسخة محفوظة 22 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
"Carl Winter, Imprisoned by U.S. As Communist Leader, Dies at 85". New York Times. 20 نوفمبر 1991. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-05-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.
408 F.2d 154, 132 U.S.App.D.C. 351 Sylvia H. Thompson, Appellant, v. Clark M. Clifford, as Secretary of Defense, et al., Appellees. Retrieved May 2, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 26 مارس 2012 على موقع واي باك مشين.