مركزية أوروبية (Arabic Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "مركزية أوروبية" in Arabic language version.

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  • Hobson، John (2012). The Eurocentric conception of world politics : western international theory, 1760-2010. New York: Cambridge University Press. ص. 185. ISBN:978-1107020207.
  • McNeill، William (1989). Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ص. 272–73. ISBN:978-0-19-505863-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-03. From Toynbee's point of view, Soka Gakkai was exactly what his vision of the historical moment expected, for it was a new church, arising on the fringes of the 'post-Christian' world.... Convergence of East and West was, indeed, what Toynbee and Ikeda sought and thought they had found in their dialogue. In a preface, written in the third person, Toynbee emphasized and tried to explain this circumstance. 'They agree that a human being ought to be perpetually striving to overcome his innate propensity to try to exploit the rest of the universe and that he ought to be trying, instead, to put himself at the service of the universe so unreservedly that his ego will become identical with an ultimate reality, which for a Buddhist is the Buddha state. They agree in believing that this ultimate reality is not a humanlike divine personality.' He explained these and other agreements as reflecting the 'birth of a common worldwide civilization that has originated in a technological framework of Western origin but is now being enriched spiritually by contributions from all the historic regional civilizations.' ... [Ikeda's] dialogue with Toynbee is the longest and most serious text in which East and West—that is, Ikeda and a famous representative of the mission field that Ikeda sees before him—have agreed with each other. In the unlikely event that Soka Gakkai lives up to its leader's hopes and realizes Toynbee's expectations by flourishing in the Western world, this dialogue might, like the letters of St. Paul, achieve the status of sacred scripture and thus become by far the most important of all of Toynbee's works.
  • Martin Lewis and Kären Wigen in their book, The Myth of Continents (1997): "In physical, cultural and historical diversity, China and الهند are comparable to the entire European landmass, not to a single European country. A better (if still imperfect) analogy would compare فرنسا, not to India as a whole, but to a single Indian state, such as Uttar Pradesh." Lewis، Martin W.؛ Kären E. Wigen (1997). The Myth of Continents: a Critique of Metageography. Berkeley: University of California Press. ص. ?. ISBN:978-0-520-20742-4. ,. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-07-05.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link)
  • Farmer، Edward L. (1985). "Civilization as a Unit of World History: Eurasia and Europe's Place in It". The History Teacher. ج. 18 ع. 3: 345–363. DOI:10.2307/493055. JSTOR:493055.
  • 1889-1975.، Toynbee, Arnold (1987, ©1957). A study of history. Somervell, D. C. (David Churchill), 1885-1965., Rogers D. Spotswood Collection. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN:978-0195050813. OCLC:16276526. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ= و|سنة= لا يطابق |تاريخ= (مساعدة) والوسيط |الأخير= يحوي أسماء رقمية (مساعدة)صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link)
  • Olumide، Yetunde M.؛ Akinkugbe، Ayesha O.؛ Altraide، Dan؛ Mohammed، Tahir؛ Ahamefule، Ngozi؛ Ayanlowo، Shola؛ Onyekonwu، Chinwe؛ Essen، Nyomudim (2008). "Complications of chronic use of skin lightening cosmetics". International Journal of Dermatology. ج. 47 ع. 4: 344–353. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.02719.x. ISSN:0011-9059.

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  • Clossey، Luke؛ Guyatt، Nicholas (2013). "It's a Small World After All". Small World History. Simon Fraser University. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-08-10. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-12-24.

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  • Hanafi، Hassan. "The Middle East, in whose world? (Primary Reflections)". Nordic Society for Middle Eastern Studies (The fourth Nordic conference on Middle Eastern Studies: The Middle East in globalizing world Oslo, 13–16 August 1998). مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-10-18. ("unedited paper as given at the Oslo conference. An updated and edited version has been published in Utvik and Vikør, The Middle East in a Globalized World, Bergen/London 2000, 1-9. Please quote or refer only to the published article") "The expression Middle East is an old British label based on a British Western perception of the East divided into middle or near and far".

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