Devşirmə (Azerbaijani Wikipedia)
Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Devşirmə" in Azerbaijani language version.
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archive.org
- Malcolm, Noel. Kosovo : a short history. London : Macmillan. 1998. 96. ISBN 978-0-333-66612-8.
- Goodwin, Godfrey. The Janissaries. London : Saqi. 1997. 40. ISBN 978-0-86356-049-1.
- Lewis, Bernard. Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry. Oxford University Press. 1992. səh. 65. ISBN 978-0-19-505326-5.
- Lewis, Raphaela. Everyday life in Ottoman Turkey (ingilis). New York, NY : Dorset Press. 1988. 25. ISBN 978-0-88029-175-0.
- Barkey, Karen. Empire of difference : the Ottomans in comparative perspective. Cambridge University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-521-71533-1.
asj-oa.am
hpj.asj-oa.am
- (erm.) Zulalyan, Manvel. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230606001238/http://hpj.asj-oa.am/41/ Arxivləşdirilib 2023-06-06 at the Wayback Machine «Դեվշիրմեն» (մանկահավաքը) օսմանյան կայսրության մեջ ըստ թուրքական և հայկական աղբյուրների [The "Devshirme" (Child-Gathering) in the Ottoman Empire According to Turkish and Armenian Sources] Patma-Banasirakan Handes 5-6/2-3 (1959): pp. 247–256.
bbc.co.uk
- http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml#section_4 Arxivləşdirilib 2011-06-28 at Wikiwix; "...and point out that many Christian families were hostile and resentful about it—which is perhaps underlined by the use of force to impose the system.".
books.google.com
- Itzkowitz, N. Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition. A Phoenix book. University of Chicago Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-226-09801-2. 2023-08-14 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2024-05-01.
- James L. Gelvin. The Modern Middle East: A History. Oxford University Press. 2016. səh. 80. ISBN 978-0-19-021886-7.
- Hanson, Victor Davis. Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power (ingilis). Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2007-12-18. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8. 2023-10-16 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2024-05-01.
- Charles Jelavich; Barbara Jelavich, redaktorlar The Balkans in Transition. University of California Press. 1963. səh. 68.
Politically, it meant that the devshirme class, composed primarily of descendants of the Balkan noble and rayah classes
- Kumar, Krishan. Visions of Empire How Five Imperial Regimes Shaped the World. Princeton University Press. 2019. səh. 68. ISBN 978-0-691-19280-2.
Lowry shows that not only Christian peasants but large numbers of the Byzantine-Balkan aristocracy were recruited into the Ottoman ruling elite
- William L. Cleveland. A History of the Modern Middle East. Routledge. 4 May 2018. ISBN 978-0-429-97513-4.
- Aksin Somel, Selcuk. The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. Scarecrow Press. 2010. səh. 67. ISBN 978-0-8108-7579-1.
The disappearance of this dynasty [ Çandarlı family ] was symptomatic with the rise of the class of slave administrators, who were much easier for the sultan to control than free administrators of noble origin.
- William L Cleveland and Martin Bunt; William L. Cleveland. A History of the Modern Middle East. ReadHowYouWant.com. July 2010. səh. 115. ISBN 978-1-4587-8155-0.
- Duindam, Jeroen. Dynasties A Global History of Power, 1300–1800. Cambridge University Press. 2016. səh. 196. ISBN 978-1-107-06068-5. 2023-07-12 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2024-05-01.
Dikici, 'Making of Ottoman court eunuchs', makes clear that white eunuchs could be recruited among devshirme boys, with the pages and their eunuch supervisors coming from the same background. They were sometimes castrated in the palace, whereas the harem's black eunuchs were more often castrated in their region of origin.
- John K. Cox. The History of Serbia. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2002. səh. 29. ISBN 978-0-313-31290-8.
- Clarence-Smith, W. Islam and the Abolition of Slavery. Hurst. 2020. səh. 49. ISBN 978-1-78738-415-6.
- Vryonis, Speros. "Seljuk Gulams and Ottoman Devshirmes". 1965. 2023-10-30 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2024-05-01.
- David Nicolle. Devshirme System // Alexander Mikaberidze (redaktor). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 22 July 2011. 273–. ISBN 978-1-59884-337-8.
This effectively enslaved some of the sultan's own non-Islamic subjects and was therefore illegal under Islamic law, which stipulated that conquered non-Muslims should be demilitarized and protected
- Peter F. Sugar. Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804. University of Washington Press. 1 July 2012. səh. 56. ISBN 978-0-295-80363-0.
- Jefferson, John. The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438–1444. BRILL. 17 August 2012. səh. 13. ISBN 978-90-04-21904-5. 16 July 2023 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 1 May 2024.
- Orientalski otdel. Inventory of Ottoman Turkish documents about Waqf preserved in the Oriental Department at the St. Cyril and Methodius National Library: Registers. Narodna biblioteka "Sv. sv. Kiril i Metodiĭ". 2003. səh. 243. ISBN 9789545230721.
Sehabeddin Pasa, devshirme conscript.
netau.net
warfare.netau.net
- Nasuh, Matrakci. "Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans". Süleymanname, Topkapi Sarai Museum, Ms Hazine 1517. 1588. 3 December 2018 tarixində orijinalından arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 20 November 2016.
sosyalarastirmalar.com
- Taskin, U. "Klasik donem Osmanli egitim kurumlari – Ottoman educational foundations in classical terms" (PDF). Journal of International Social Research. 1 (3). 2008: 343–366. 2020-04-05 tarixində arxivləşdirilib (PDF). İstifadə tarixi: 2024-05-01.
utah.edu
epubs.utah.edu
- Hain, Kathryn. "Devshirme is a Contested Practice". utah.edu. University of Utah. 13 June 2020 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 13 June 2020.
web.archive.org
- Nasuh, Matrakci. "Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans". Süleymanname, Topkapi Sarai Museum, Ms Hazine 1517. 1588. 3 December 2018 tarixində orijinalından arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 20 November 2016.
- Itzkowitz, N. Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition. A Phoenix book. University of Chicago Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-226-09801-2. 2023-08-14 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2024-05-01.
- Hain, Kathryn. "Devshirme is a Contested Practice". utah.edu. University of Utah. 13 June 2020 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 13 June 2020.
- Hanson, Victor Davis. Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power (ingilis). Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2007-12-18. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8. 2023-10-16 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2024-05-01.
- Duindam, Jeroen. Dynasties A Global History of Power, 1300–1800. Cambridge University Press. 2016. səh. 196. ISBN 978-1-107-06068-5. 2023-07-12 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2024-05-01.
Dikici, 'Making of Ottoman court eunuchs', makes clear that white eunuchs could be recruited among devshirme boys, with the pages and their eunuch supervisors coming from the same background. They were sometimes castrated in the palace, whereas the harem's black eunuchs were more often castrated in their region of origin.
- Vryonis, Speros. "Seljuk Gulams and Ottoman Devshirmes". 1965. 2023-10-30 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2024-05-01.
- Taskin, U. "Klasik donem Osmanli egitim kurumlari – Ottoman educational foundations in classical terms" (PDF). Journal of International Social Research. 1 (3). 2008: 343–366. 2020-04-05 tarixində arxivləşdirilib (PDF). İstifadə tarixi: 2024-05-01.
- Jefferson, John. The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438–1444. BRILL. 17 August 2012. səh. 13. ISBN 978-90-04-21904-5. 16 July 2023 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 1 May 2024.
wikipedia.org
nl.wikipedia.org
- Duindam, Jeroen. Dynasties A Global History of Power, 1300–1800. Cambridge University Press. 2016. səh. 196. ISBN 978-1-107-06068-5. 2023-07-12 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2024-05-01.
Dikici, 'Making of Ottoman court eunuchs', makes clear that white eunuchs could be recruited among devshirme boys, with the pages and their eunuch supervisors coming from the same background. They were sometimes castrated in the palace, whereas the harem's black eunuchs were more often castrated in their region of origin.
en.wikipedia.org
Kisholm, Hyu, redaktorJanissaries // Britannika Ensiklopediyası. 5 (XI). Cambridge University Press. 1911. 151–152.
wikiwix.com
archive.wikiwix.com
- http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml#section_4 Arxivləşdirilib 2011-06-28 at Wikiwix; "...and point out that many Christian families were hostile and resentful about it—which is perhaps underlined by the use of force to impose the system.".