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Rao, Satish S. C.; Rattanakovit, Kulthep; Patcharatrakul, Tanisa. "Diagnosis and management of chronic constipation in adults". Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 13 (5). 2016: 295–305. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.53. PMID27033126.
Aboumarzouk, Omar M; Agarwal, Trisha; Antakia, Ramez; Shariff, Umar; Nelson, Richard L. "Cisapride for Intestinal Constipation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (ingilis) (1). 19 yanvar 2011: CD007780. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007780.pub2. PMID21249695.
Wald, A.; Scarpignato, C.; Mueller-Lissner, S.; Kamm, M. A.; Hinkel, U.; Helfrich, I.; Schuijt, C.; Mandel, K. G. "A multinational survey of prevalence and patterns of laxative use among adults with self-defined constipation". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics (ingilis). 28 (7). 1 oktyabr 2008: 917–930. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03806.x. ISSN1365-2036. PMID18644012.
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nih.gov
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Chatoor D, Emmnauel A. "Constipation and evacuation disorders". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 23 (4). 2009: 517–30. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001. PMID19647687.
Brenner, DM; Shah, M. "Chronic Constipation". Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 45 (2). June 2016: 205–16. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.013. PMID27261894.
Andromanakos N, Skandalakis P, Troupis T, Filippou D. "Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: Pathophysiology, evaluation and management". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 21 (4). 2006: 638–646. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. PMID16677147.
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Basilisco, Guido; Coletta, Marina. "Chronic constipation: A critical review". Digestive and Liver Disease. 45 (11). 2013: 886–893. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2013.03.016. PMID23639342.
McCallum IJ, Ong S, Mercer-Jones M. "Chronic constipation in adults". BMJ. 338. 2009: b831. doi:10.1136/bmj.b831. PMID19304766.
Gallegos-Orozco JF, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Sterler SM, Stoa JM. "Chronic constipation in the elderly". The American Journal of Gastroenterology (Review). 107 (1). January 2012: 18–25. doi:10.1038/ajg.2011.349. PMID21989145.
Rao, Satish S. C.; Rattanakovit, Kulthep; Patcharatrakul, Tanisa. "Diagnosis and management of chronic constipation in adults". Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 13 (5). 2016: 295–305. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.53. PMID27033126.
Aboumarzouk, Omar M; Agarwal, Trisha; Antakia, Ramez; Shariff, Umar; Nelson, Richard L. "Cisapride for Intestinal Constipation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (ingilis) (1). 19 yanvar 2011: CD007780. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007780.pub2. PMID21249695.
Wald, A.; Scarpignato, C.; Mueller-Lissner, S.; Kamm, M. A.; Hinkel, U.; Helfrich, I.; Schuijt, C.; Mandel, K. G. "A multinational survey of prevalence and patterns of laxative use among adults with self-defined constipation". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics (ingilis). 28 (7). 1 oktyabr 2008: 917–930. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03806.x. ISSN1365-2036. PMID18644012.
Sonnenberg A, Koch TR. "Epidemiology of constipation in the United States". Dis Colon Rectum. 32 (1). 1989: 1–8. doi:10.1007/BF02554713. PMID2910654.
niddk.nih.gov
"Constipation". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. fevral 2015. 15 mart 2017 tarixində orijinalından arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 14 mart 2017.
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tdmu.edu.ua
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web.archive.org
"Constipation". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. fevral 2015. 15 mart 2017 tarixində orijinalından arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 14 mart 2017.
"Constipation overview". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 8 sentyabr 2015 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 10 oktyabr 2015.
"Constipation". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. 12 July 2021 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 10 July 2021.
"high enema". Medical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 26 February 2018 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 17 February 2018.
"Administering an Enema". Care of patients. Ternopil State Medical University. 14 July 2015. 23 February 2018 tarixində orijinalından arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 17 February 2018.
Rhodora Cruz. "Types of Enemas". Fundamentals of Nursing Practice. Professional Education, Testing and Certification Organization International. 1 February 2018 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 17 February 2018.
Jamshed, Namirah; Lee, Zone-En; Olden, Kevin W. "Diagnostic approach to chronic constipation in adults". American Family Physician. 84 (3). 2011-08-01: 299–306. ISSN1532-0650. PMID21842777.
Wald, A.; Scarpignato, C.; Mueller-Lissner, S.; Kamm, M. A.; Hinkel, U.; Helfrich, I.; Schuijt, C.; Mandel, K. G. "A multinational survey of prevalence and patterns of laxative use among adults with self-defined constipation". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics (ingilis). 28 (7). 1 oktyabr 2008: 917–930. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03806.x. ISSN1365-2036. PMID18644012.