«mtDNA Variation among Greenland Eskimos. The Edge of the Beringian Expansion». Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research,University of Cambridge, Cambridge, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 2000. [Consulta: 22 novembre 2009]. «The relatively lower coalescence time of the entire haplogroup A2 including the shared sub-arctic branches A2b (Siberians and Inuit) and A2a (Eskimos and Na-Dené) is probably due to secondary expansions of haplogroup A2 from the Beringia area, which would have averaged the overall internal variation of haplogroup A2 in North America.»
«First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover – Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News». [Consulta: 18 novembre 2009]. «Archaeological evidence, in fact, recognizes that people started to leave Beringia for the New World around 40,000 years ago, but rapid expansion into North America didn't occur until about 15,000 years ago, when the ice had literally broken»page 2
Zegura SL, Karafet TM, Zhivotovsky LA, Hammer MF «High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas». Molecular Biology and Evolution, 21, 1, gener 2004, pàg. 164–75. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msh009. PMID: 14595095.
Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).
«Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q» (Verbal tutorial possible). Genebase Systems, 2008. Arxivat de l'original el 2011-01-21. [Consulta: 21 novembre 2009]. «Haplogroups are defined by unique mutation events such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs. These SNPs mark the branch of a haplogroup, and indicate that all descendents of that haplogroup at one time shared a common ancestor. The Y-DNA SNP mutations were passed from father to son over thousands of years. Over time, additional SNPs occur within a haplogroup, leading to new lineages. These new lineages are considered subclades of the haplogroup. Each time a new mutation occurs, there is a new branch in the haplogroup, and therefore a new subclade. Haplogroup Q, possibly the youngest of the 20 Y-chromosome haplogroups, originated with the SNP mutation M242 in a man from Haplogroup P that likely lived in Siberia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years before present»
genetics.org
«Native American Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Indicates That the Amerind and the Nadene Populations Were Founded by Two Independent Migrations». Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Departments of Biochemistry and Anthropology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. Genetics Society of America. Vol 130, 153-162. [Consulta: 28 novembre 2009]. «The divergence time for the Nadene portion of the HaeIII np 663 lineage was about 6,000-10,000 years. Hence, the ancestral Nadene migrated from Asia independently and considerably more recently than the progenitors of the Amerinds»
Than, Ker. «New World Settlers Took 20,000-Year Pit Stop». National Geographic Society, 2008. [Consulta: 23 gener 2010]. «Over time descendants developed a unique culture-one that was different from the original migrants' way of life in Asia but which contained seeds of the new cultures that would eventually appear throughout the Americas»
Zegura SL, Karafet TM, Zhivotovsky LA, Hammer MF «High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas». Molecular Biology and Evolution, 21, 1, gener 2004, pàg. 164–75. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msh009. PMID: 14595095.
«Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas» (PDF). Department of Biology, University College, London; Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela; Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; 5Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; 6Laboratorio de Genética Humana, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá; Victoria Hospital, Prince Albert, Canada; Subassembly of Medical Sciences, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Université de Montréal. University College London 73:524–539, 2003. [Consulta: 22 gener 2010].
«Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q» (Verbal tutorial possible). Genebase Systems, 2008. Arxivat de l'original el 2011-01-21. [Consulta: 21 novembre 2009]. «Haplogroups are defined by unique mutation events such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs. These SNPs mark the branch of a haplogroup, and indicate that all descendents of that haplogroup at one time shared a common ancestor. The Y-DNA SNP mutations were passed from father to son over thousands of years. Over time, additional SNPs occur within a haplogroup, leading to new lineages. These new lineages are considered subclades of the haplogroup. Each time a new mutation occurs, there is a new branch in the haplogroup, and therefore a new subclade. Haplogroup Q, possibly the youngest of the 20 Y-chromosome haplogroups, originated with the SNP mutation M242 in a man from Haplogroup P that likely lived in Siberia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years before present»
