Wolpoff, M. H.; J. N. Spuhler, F. H. Smith, J. Radovcic, G. Pope, D. W. Frayer, R. Eckhardt and G. Clark (1988). "Modern Human Origins". Science 241 (4867): 772–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.3136545
Hua Liu, et al. «A Geographically Explicit Genetic Model of Worldwide Human-Settlement History». American Journal of Human Genetics, 79, 2, 2006, pàg. 230–237. DOI: 10.1086/505436. PMC: 1559480. PMID: 16826514.
Lahr, M. M. «The Multiregional Model of Modern Human Origins: A Reassessment of its Morphological Basis». Journal of Human Evolution, 26, 1994, pàg. 23–56. DOI: 10.1006/jhev.1994.1003.
Wolpoff, Milford; Bruce Mannheim, Alan Mann, John Hawks, Rachel Caspari, Karen R. Rosenberg, David W. Frayer, George W. Gill and Geoffrey Clark «Why not the Neandertals?». World Archaeology, 36, 4, 2004, pàg. 527. DOI: 10.1080/0043824042000303700.
Pearson, Osbjorn M. «Has the Combination of Genetic and Fossil Evidence Solved the Riddle of Modern Human Origins?». Evolutionary Anthropology, 13, 4, 2004, pàg. 145–159. DOI: 10.1002/evan.20017.
Trinkaus, E.; Moldovan, O.; Milota, S.; Bîlgăr, A.; Sarcina, L.; Athreya, S.; Bailey, S. E.; Rodrigo, R.; Mircea, G.; Higham, T.; Ramsey, C. B.; van der Plicht, J. «An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania» (free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 20, setembre 2003, pàg. 11231–11236. Bibcode: 2003PNAS..10011231T. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2035108100. ISSN: 0027-8424. PMC: 208740. PMID: 14504393. «When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0,15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and −890 B.P.»
Relethford, J. H. «Genetic evidence and the modern human origins debate». Heredity. Macmillan, 100, 6, 05-03-2008, pàg. 555–63. DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2008.14. PMID: 18322457.
The CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase CMAH pseudogene shows 2.9 Mya coalescence time. Hayakawa, T; Aki, I; Varki, A; Satta, Y; Takahata, N «Fixation of the Human-Specific CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase Pseudogene and Implications of Haplotype Diversity for Human Evolution». Genetics, 172, 2, February 2006, pàg. 1139–46. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.046995. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 1456212. PMID: 16272417.
The CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase CMAH pseudogene shows 2.9 Mya coalescence time. Hayakawa, T; Aki, I; Varki, A; Satta, Y; Takahata, N «Fixation of the Human-Specific CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase Pseudogene and Implications of Haplotype Diversity for Human Evolution». Genetics, 172, 2, February 2006, pàg. 1139–46. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.046995. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 1456212. PMID: 16272417.
The PDHA1 (pyruvate dehydrogenase) locus on the X chromosome has an estimated coalescence time of 1.86 Mya, inconsistent with a recent species origin, although the worldwide lineage pattern is unlike other autosomal sites and may be consistent with recent dispersal from Africa. Rosalind M. Harding «More on the X files». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96, 6, 16-03-1999, pàg. 2582–2584. Bibcode: 1999PNAS...96.2582H. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.6.2582.
The ASAH1 gene has two recently differentiated lineages with a coalescence time 2.4±.4 Mya not explainable by balancing selection. The V lineage shows evidence of recent positive selection. The lineage pattern may be the result of hybridization during a recent range expansion from Africa with the V lineage tracing to archaic humans from outside Africa, though it is also consistent with a mixture of two long isolated groups within Africa; it is not consistent with a recent origination of a modern human species that replaced archaic forms without interbreeding. Kim, Hl; Satta, Y «Population Genetic Analysis of the N-Acylsphingosine Amidohydrolase Gene Associated With Mental Activity in Humans» (Free full text). Genetics, 178, 3, March 2008, pàg. 1505–15. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.083691. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 2278054. PMID: 18245333. «"It is speculated that, when modern humans dispersed from Africa, admixture of the distinct V and M lineages occurred and the V lineage has since spread in the entire population by possible positive selection."»
The NAT1 lineage tree is rooted in Eurasia with a coalescence time of 2.0 Mya that cannot be explained by balancing selection and with the NAT1*11A haplotype absent from subsaharan Africa. Patin, E.; Barreiro, L. B.; Sabeti, P. C.; Austerlitz, F.; Luca, F.; Sajantila, A.; Behar, D. M. Semino, O.; Sakuntabhai, A.; Guiso, N.; Gicquel, B.; Mcelreavey, K.; Harding, R. M.; Heyer, E.; Quintana-Murci, L. «Deciphering the Ancient and Complex Evolutionary History of Human Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Genes». American Journal of Human Genetics, 78, 3, March 2006, pàg. 423–36. DOI: 10.1086/500614. ISSN: 0002-9297. PMC: 1380286. PMID: 16416399.
Zody, M. C.; Jiang, Z.; Fung, H. C.; Antonacci, F. Hillier, L. W.; Cardone, M. F.; Graves, T. A.; Kidd, J. M.; Cheng, Z.; Abouelleil, A.; Chen, L.; Wallis, J.; Glasscock, J.; Wilson, R. K.; Reily, A. D.; Duckworth, J.; Ventura, M.; Hardy, J.; Warren, W. C.; Eichler, E. E. «Evolutionary Toggling of the MAPT 17q21.31 Inversion Region». Nature Genetics, 40, 9, August 2008, pàg. 1076–83. DOI: 10.1038/ng.193. ISSN: 1061-4036. PMC: 2684794. PMID: 19165922.
Almos, P. Z.; Horváth, S.; Czibula, A.; Raskó, I.; Sipos, B.; Bihari, P.; Béres, J.; Juhász, A.; Janka, Z.; Kálmán, J. «H1 tau haplotype-related genomic variation at 17q21.3 as an Asian heritage of the European Gypsy population». Heredity, 101, 5, November 2008, pàg. 416–9. DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2008.70. ISSN: 0018-067X. PMID: 18648385.
Evans, P. D.; Gilbert, S. L.; Mekel-Bobrov, N.; Vallender, E. J.; Anderson, J. R.; Vaez-Azizi, L. M.; Tishkoff, S. A.; Hudson, R. R.; Lahn, B. T. «Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans». Science, 309, 5741, setembre 2005, pàg. 1717–20. Bibcode: 2005Sci...309.1717E. DOI: 10.1126/science.1113722. ISSN: 0036-8075. PMID: 16151009.
* Witherspoon, D. J.; Wooding, S.; Rogers, A. R.; Marchani, E. E.; Watkins, W. S.; Batzer, M. A.; Jorde, L. B. «Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations». Genetics, 176, 1, 2007, pàg. 351–9. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.067355. PMC: 1893020. PMID: 17339205.
Witherspoon DJ, Wooding S, Rogers AR, et al. «Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations». Genetics, 176, 1, maig 2007, pàg. 351–9. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.067355. PMC: 1893020. PMID: 17339205.
The ASAH1 gene has two recently differentiated lineages with a coalescence time 2.4±.4 Mya not explainable by balancing selection. The V lineage shows evidence of recent positive selection. The lineage pattern may be the result of hybridization during a recent range expansion from Africa with the V lineage tracing to archaic humans from outside Africa, though it is also consistent with a mixture of two long isolated groups within Africa; it is not consistent with a recent origination of a modern human species that replaced archaic forms without interbreeding. Kim, Hl; Satta, Y «Population Genetic Analysis of the N-Acylsphingosine Amidohydrolase Gene Associated With Mental Activity in Humans» (Free full text). Genetics, 178, 3, March 2008, pàg. 1505–15. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.083691. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 2278054. PMID: 18245333. «"It is speculated that, when modern humans dispersed from Africa, admixture of the distinct V and M lineages occurred and the V lineage has since spread in the entire population by possible positive selection."»
Trinkaus, E.; Moldovan, O.; Milota, S.; Bîlgăr, A.; Sarcina, L.; Athreya, S.; Bailey, S. E.; Rodrigo, R.; Mircea, G.; Higham, T.; Ramsey, C. B.; van der Plicht, J. «An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania» (free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 20, setembre 2003, pàg. 11231–11236. Bibcode: 2003PNAS..10011231T. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2035108100. ISSN: 0027-8424. PMC: 208740. PMID: 14504393. «When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0,15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and −890 B.P.»
The PDHA1 (pyruvate dehydrogenase) locus on the X chromosome has an estimated coalescence time of 1.86 Mya, inconsistent with a recent species origin, although the worldwide lineage pattern is unlike other autosomal sites and may be consistent with recent dispersal from Africa. Rosalind M. Harding «More on the X files». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96, 6, 16-03-1999, pàg. 2582–2584. Bibcode: 1999PNAS...96.2582H. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.6.2582.
Evans, P. D.; Gilbert, S. L.; Mekel-Bobrov, N.; Vallender, E. J.; Anderson, J. R.; Vaez-Azizi, L. M.; Tishkoff, S. A.; Hudson, R. R.; Lahn, B. T. «Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans». Science, 309, 5741, setembre 2005, pàg. 1717–20. Bibcode: 2005Sci...309.1717E. DOI: 10.1126/science.1113722. ISSN: 0036-8075. PMID: 16151009.
Hua Liu, et al. «A Geographically Explicit Genetic Model of Worldwide Human-Settlement History». American Journal of Human Genetics, 79, 2, 2006, pàg. 230–237. DOI: 10.1086/505436. PMC: 1559480. PMID: 16826514.
Trinkaus, E.; Moldovan, O.; Milota, S.; Bîlgăr, A.; Sarcina, L.; Athreya, S.; Bailey, S. E.; Rodrigo, R.; Mircea, G.; Higham, T.; Ramsey, C. B.; van der Plicht, J. «An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania» (free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 20, setembre 2003, pàg. 11231–11236. Bibcode: 2003PNAS..10011231T. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2035108100. ISSN: 0027-8424. PMC: 208740. PMID: 14504393. «When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0,15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and −890 B.P.»
Relethford, J. H. «Genetic evidence and the modern human origins debate». Heredity. Macmillan, 100, 6, 05-03-2008, pàg. 555–63. DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2008.14. PMID: 18322457.
The ASAH1 gene has two recently differentiated lineages with a coalescence time 2.4±.4 Mya not explainable by balancing selection. The V lineage shows evidence of recent positive selection. The lineage pattern may be the result of hybridization during a recent range expansion from Africa with the V lineage tracing to archaic humans from outside Africa, though it is also consistent with a mixture of two long isolated groups within Africa; it is not consistent with a recent origination of a modern human species that replaced archaic forms without interbreeding. Kim, Hl; Satta, Y «Population Genetic Analysis of the N-Acylsphingosine Amidohydrolase Gene Associated With Mental Activity in Humans» (Free full text). Genetics, 178, 3, March 2008, pàg. 1505–15. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.083691. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 2278054. PMID: 18245333. «"It is speculated that, when modern humans dispersed from Africa, admixture of the distinct V and M lineages occurred and the V lineage has since spread in the entire population by possible positive selection."»
The NAT1 lineage tree is rooted in Eurasia with a coalescence time of 2.0 Mya that cannot be explained by balancing selection and with the NAT1*11A haplotype absent from subsaharan Africa. Patin, E.; Barreiro, L. B.; Sabeti, P. C.; Austerlitz, F.; Luca, F.; Sajantila, A.; Behar, D. M. Semino, O.; Sakuntabhai, A.; Guiso, N.; Gicquel, B.; Mcelreavey, K.; Harding, R. M.; Heyer, E.; Quintana-Murci, L. «Deciphering the Ancient and Complex Evolutionary History of Human Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Genes». American Journal of Human Genetics, 78, 3, March 2006, pàg. 423–36. DOI: 10.1086/500614. ISSN: 0002-9297. PMC: 1380286. PMID: 16416399.
Zody, M. C.; Jiang, Z.; Fung, H. C.; Antonacci, F. Hillier, L. W.; Cardone, M. F.; Graves, T. A.; Kidd, J. M.; Cheng, Z.; Abouelleil, A.; Chen, L.; Wallis, J.; Glasscock, J.; Wilson, R. K.; Reily, A. D.; Duckworth, J.; Ventura, M.; Hardy, J.; Warren, W. C.; Eichler, E. E. «Evolutionary Toggling of the MAPT 17q21.31 Inversion Region». Nature Genetics, 40, 9, August 2008, pàg. 1076–83. DOI: 10.1038/ng.193. ISSN: 1061-4036. PMC: 2684794. PMID: 19165922.
Almos, P. Z.; Horváth, S.; Czibula, A.; Raskó, I.; Sipos, B.; Bihari, P.; Béres, J.; Juhász, A.; Janka, Z.; Kálmán, J. «H1 tau haplotype-related genomic variation at 17q21.3 as an Asian heritage of the European Gypsy population». Heredity, 101, 5, November 2008, pàg. 416–9. DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2008.70. ISSN: 0018-067X. PMID: 18648385.
Evans, P. D.; Gilbert, S. L.; Mekel-Bobrov, N.; Vallender, E. J.; Anderson, J. R.; Vaez-Azizi, L. M.; Tishkoff, S. A.; Hudson, R. R.; Lahn, B. T. «Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans». Science, 309, 5741, setembre 2005, pàg. 1717–20. Bibcode: 2005Sci...309.1717E. DOI: 10.1126/science.1113722. ISSN: 0036-8075. PMID: 16151009.
* Witherspoon, D. J.; Wooding, S.; Rogers, A. R.; Marchani, E. E.; Watkins, W. S.; Batzer, M. A.; Jorde, L. B. «Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations». Genetics, 176, 1, 2007, pàg. 351–9. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.067355. PMC: 1893020. PMID: 17339205.
Witherspoon DJ, Wooding S, Rogers AR, et al. «Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations». Genetics, 176, 1, maig 2007, pàg. 351–9. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.067355. PMC: 1893020. PMID: 17339205.
Trinkaus, E.; Moldovan, O.; Milota, S.; Bîlgăr, A.; Sarcina, L.; Athreya, S.; Bailey, S. E.; Rodrigo, R.; Mircea, G.; Higham, T.; Ramsey, C. B.; van der Plicht, J. «An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania» (free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 20, setembre 2003, pàg. 11231–11236. Bibcode: 2003PNAS..10011231T. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2035108100. ISSN: 0027-8424. PMC: 208740. PMID: 14504393. «When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0,15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and −890 B.P.»
The PDHA1 (pyruvate dehydrogenase) locus on the X chromosome has an estimated coalescence time of 1.86 Mya, inconsistent with a recent species origin, although the worldwide lineage pattern is unlike other autosomal sites and may be consistent with recent dispersal from Africa. Rosalind M. Harding «More on the X files». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96, 6, 16-03-1999, pàg. 2582–2584. Bibcode: 1999PNAS...96.2582H. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.6.2582.
Trinkaus, E.; Moldovan, O.; Milota, S.; Bîlgăr, A.; Sarcina, L.; Athreya, S.; Bailey, S. E.; Rodrigo, R.; Mircea, G.; Higham, T.; Ramsey, C. B.; van der Plicht, J. «An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania» (free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 20, setembre 2003, pàg. 11231–11236. Bibcode: 2003PNAS..10011231T. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2035108100. ISSN: 0027-8424. PMC: 208740. PMID: 14504393. «When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0,15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and −890 B.P.»
The CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase CMAH pseudogene shows 2.9 Mya coalescence time. Hayakawa, T; Aki, I; Varki, A; Satta, Y; Takahata, N «Fixation of the Human-Specific CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase Pseudogene and Implications of Haplotype Diversity for Human Evolution». Genetics, 172, 2, February 2006, pàg. 1139–46. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.046995. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 1456212. PMID: 16272417.
The CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase CMAH pseudogene shows 2.9 Mya coalescence time. Hayakawa, T; Aki, I; Varki, A; Satta, Y; Takahata, N «Fixation of the Human-Specific CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase Pseudogene and Implications of Haplotype Diversity for Human Evolution». Genetics, 172, 2, February 2006, pàg. 1139–46. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.046995. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 1456212. PMID: 16272417.
The ASAH1 gene has two recently differentiated lineages with a coalescence time 2.4±.4 Mya not explainable by balancing selection. The V lineage shows evidence of recent positive selection. The lineage pattern may be the result of hybridization during a recent range expansion from Africa with the V lineage tracing to archaic humans from outside Africa, though it is also consistent with a mixture of two long isolated groups within Africa; it is not consistent with a recent origination of a modern human species that replaced archaic forms without interbreeding. Kim, Hl; Satta, Y «Population Genetic Analysis of the N-Acylsphingosine Amidohydrolase Gene Associated With Mental Activity in Humans» (Free full text). Genetics, 178, 3, March 2008, pàg. 1505–15. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.083691. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 2278054. PMID: 18245333. «"It is speculated that, when modern humans dispersed from Africa, admixture of the distinct V and M lineages occurred and the V lineage has since spread in the entire population by possible positive selection."»
The NAT1 lineage tree is rooted in Eurasia with a coalescence time of 2.0 Mya that cannot be explained by balancing selection and with the NAT1*11A haplotype absent from subsaharan Africa. Patin, E.; Barreiro, L. B.; Sabeti, P. C.; Austerlitz, F.; Luca, F.; Sajantila, A.; Behar, D. M. Semino, O.; Sakuntabhai, A.; Guiso, N.; Gicquel, B.; Mcelreavey, K.; Harding, R. M.; Heyer, E.; Quintana-Murci, L. «Deciphering the Ancient and Complex Evolutionary History of Human Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Genes». American Journal of Human Genetics, 78, 3, March 2006, pàg. 423–36. DOI: 10.1086/500614. ISSN: 0002-9297. PMC: 1380286. PMID: 16416399.
Zody, M. C.; Jiang, Z.; Fung, H. C.; Antonacci, F. Hillier, L. W.; Cardone, M. F.; Graves, T. A.; Kidd, J. M.; Cheng, Z.; Abouelleil, A.; Chen, L.; Wallis, J.; Glasscock, J.; Wilson, R. K.; Reily, A. D.; Duckworth, J.; Ventura, M.; Hardy, J.; Warren, W. C.; Eichler, E. E. «Evolutionary Toggling of the MAPT 17q21.31 Inversion Region». Nature Genetics, 40, 9, August 2008, pàg. 1076–83. DOI: 10.1038/ng.193. ISSN: 1061-4036. PMC: 2684794. PMID: 19165922.
Almos, P. Z.; Horváth, S.; Czibula, A.; Raskó, I.; Sipos, B.; Bihari, P.; Béres, J.; Juhász, A.; Janka, Z.; Kálmán, J. «H1 tau haplotype-related genomic variation at 17q21.3 as an Asian heritage of the European Gypsy population». Heredity, 101, 5, November 2008, pàg. 416–9. DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2008.70. ISSN: 0018-067X. PMID: 18648385.
Evans, P. D.; Gilbert, S. L.; Mekel-Bobrov, N.; Vallender, E. J.; Anderson, J. R.; Vaez-Azizi, L. M.; Tishkoff, S. A.; Hudson, R. R.; Lahn, B. T. «Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans». Science, 309, 5741, setembre 2005, pàg. 1717–20. Bibcode: 2005Sci...309.1717E. DOI: 10.1126/science.1113722. ISSN: 0036-8075. PMID: 16151009.