Hipòtesi multiregional (Catalan Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Hipòtesi multiregional" in Catalan language version.

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J. Hardy, A. Pittman, A. Myers, K. Gwinn-Hardy, H. C. Fung, R. de Silva, M. Hutton and J. Duckworth «Evidence suggesting that Homo neanderthalensis contributed the H2 MAPT haplotype to Homo sapiens». Biochemical Society Transactions, 33, part 4, 2005, pàg. 582–585.

biomedcentral.com

NAT2 SNPs lineages cluster in sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, and East Asia, with genetic distances scaling with geographic distances. Sabbagh, A.; Langaney, A.; Darlu, P.; Gérard, N.; Krishnamoorthy, R.; Poloni, E. S. «Worldwide distribution of NAT2 diversity: Implications for NAT2 evolutionary history» (Free full text). BMC genetics, 9, February 2008, pàg. 21. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-9-21. PMC: 2292740. PMID: 18304320. Also see map; may resize browser window.

doi.org

dx.doi.org

R. G. Bednarik «The Expulsion of Eve». Developments in Primatology, 2011, pàg. 25–55. Arxivat de l'original el 24 de setembre 2015. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9353-3_2 [Consulta: 10 novembre 2011]. Arxivat 24 de setembre 2015 a Wayback Machine.
Wolpoff, MH; Hawks, J; Caspari, R «Multiregional, not multiple origins» (pdf). American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 112, 1, 2000, pàg. 129–36. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200005)112:1<129::AID-AJPA11>3.0.CO;2-K. PMID: 10766948.
Wolpoff, M. H.; J. N. Spuhler, F. H. Smith, J. Radovcic, G. Pope, D. W. Frayer, R. Eckhardt and G. Clark (1988). "Modern Human Origins". Science 241 (4867): 772–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.3136545
Hua Liu, et al. «A Geographically Explicit Genetic Model of Worldwide Human-Settlement History». American Journal of Human Genetics, 79, 2, 2006, pàg. 230–237. DOI: 10.1086/505436. PMC: 1559480. PMID: 16826514.
Weaver, Timothy D.; Charles C. Roseman «New developments in the genetic evidence for modern human origins». Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. Wiley–Liss, 17, 1, 2008, pàg. 69–80. DOI: 10.1002/evan.20161.^{[Enllaç no actiu]}
Lahr, M. M. «The Multiregional Model of Modern Human Origins: A Reassessment of its Morphological Basis». Journal of Human Evolution, 26, 1994, pàg. 23–56. DOI: 10.1006/jhev.1994.1003.
Plagnol V, Wall JD «Possible ancestral structure in human populations». PLoS Genet., 2, 7, July 2006, pàg. e105. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020105. PMC: 1523253. PMID: 16895447.
Wolpoff, MH; JN Spuhler, FH Smith, J Radovcic, G Pope, DW Frayer, R Eckhardt, and G Clark «Modern human origins». Science, 241, 4867, 1988, pàg. 772–774. Bibcode: 1988Sci...241..772W. DOI: 10.1126/science.3136545. PMID: 3136545.
Wolpoff, Milford H.; John Hawks, David W. Frayer, Keith Hunley «Modern Human Ancestry at the Peripheries: A Test of the Replacement Theory». Science. AAAS, 291, 5502, 2001, pàg. 293–297. Bibcode: 2001Sci...291..293W. DOI: 10.1126/science.291.5502.293. PMID: 11209077.
Analysis of the full brain case shape confirms the idea that dispersal from a single population could not explain the early modern human variability, but does not confirm ties to regional archaic humans. Gunz, P., et. al. «Early modern human diversity suggests subdivided population structure and a complex out-of-Africa scenario». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 15, 14-04-2009, pàg. 6094–6098. Bibcode: 2009PNAS..106.6094G. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0808160106. PMC: 2669363. PMID: 19307568.
Shang et al.; Tong, H.; Zhang, S.; Chen, F.; Trinkaus, E. «An early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian, China» (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 16, 1999, pàg. 6573–8. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..104.6573S. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702169104. ISSN: 0027-8424. PMC: 1871827. PMID: 17416672.
Wolpoff, Milford; Bruce Mannheim, Alan Mann, John Hawks, Rachel Caspari, Karen R. Rosenberg, David W. Frayer, George W. Gill and Geoffrey Clark «Why not the Neandertals?». World Archaeology, 36, 4, 2004, pàg. 527. DOI: 10.1080/0043824042000303700.
Harvati, Katerina; Stephen R. Frost and Kieran P McNulty «Neanderthal taxonomy reconsidered: Implications of 3D primate models of intra- and interspecific differences». PNAS, 101, 5, 2004, pàg. 1147–1152. Bibcode: 2004PNAS..101.1147H. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308085100. PMC: 337021. PMID: 14745010.
Pearson, Osbjorn M. «Has the Combination of Genetic and Fossil Evidence Solved the Riddle of Modern Human Origins?». Evolutionary Anthropology, 13, 4, 2004, pàg. 145–159. DOI: 10.1002/evan.20017.
Duarte C., 2. Maurício J., Pettitt P., Souto P., Trinkaus E., van der Plicht H., Zilhão J. «The early Upper Paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and modern human emergence in Iberia». Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96, 13, 1999, pàg. 7604–7609. Bibcode: 1999PNAS...96.7604D. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.13.7604. PMC: 22133. PMID: 10377462.
Trinkaus, E.; Moldovan, O.; Milota, S.; Bîlgăr, A.; Sarcina, L.; Athreya, S.; Bailey, S. E.; Rodrigo, R.; Mircea, G.; Higham, T.; Ramsey, C. B.; van der Plicht, J. «An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania» (free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 20, setembre 2003, pàg. 11231–11236. Bibcode: 2003PNAS..10011231T. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2035108100. ISSN: 0027-8424. PMC: 208740. PMID: 14504393. «When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0,15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and −890 B.P.»
Tattersall, Ian, and Schwartz, Jeffrey H. «Hominids and hybrids: The place of Neanderthals in human evolution». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 13, 1999, pàg. 7117–7119. Bibcode: 1999PNAS...96.7117T. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.13.7117. PMC: 33580. PMID: 10377375.
Yotova, Vania; Lefebvre, Jean-Francois; Moreau, Claudia; Gbeha, Elias; Hovhannesyan, Kristine; Bourgeois, Stephane; Bédarida, Sandra; Azevedo, Luisa; Amorim, Antonio; 2 «An X-Linked Haplotype of Neandertal Origin Is Present Among All Non-African Populations». Molecular Biology and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 28, 7, pàg. 1957–1962. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msr024.
Reich et. al. «Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania». The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89, 4, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005.
Cann, Rebecca L., Stoneking, Mark, and Wilson, Allan C. «Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution». Nature, 325, 6099, 01-01-1987, pàg. 31–36. Arxivat de l'original el 2010-11-22. Bibcode: 1987Natur.325...31C. DOI: 10.1038/325031a0. PMID: 3025745 [Consulta: 6 desembre 2013]. Arxivat 2010-08-13 a Wayback Machine.
Hodgson, JA; Disotell TR «No evidence of a Neanderthal contribution to modern human diversity». Genome Biology. BioMed Central, 9, 2, 2008, pàg. 206. Arxivat de l'original el 2013-12-13. DOI: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-2-206. PMC: 2374707. PMID: 18304371 [Consulta: 6 desembre 2013]. Arxivat 2013-12-13 a Wayback Machine.
Krause, Johannes, et al «The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia». Nature, 464, 7290, 24-03-2010, pàg. 894–897. Bibcode: 2010Natur.464..894K. DOI: 10.1038/nature08976. PMID: 20336068.
Relethford, J. H. «Genetic evidence and the modern human origins debate». Heredity. Macmillan, 100, 6, 05-03-2008, pàg. 555–63. DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2008.14. PMID: 18322457.
Hammer, M. F.; Garrigan, D.; Wood, E.; Wilder, J. A.; Mobasher, Z.; Bigham, A.; Krenz, J. G.; Nachman, M. W. «Heterogeneous patterns of variation among multiple human x-linked Loci: the possible role of diversity-reducing selection in non-africans» (Free full text). Genetics, 167, 4, August 2004, pàg. 1841–53. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.103.025361. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 1470985. PMID: 15342522. La discussió addicional d'aquests resultats està disponible en un vídeo d'una presentació realitzada per la Hammer en http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ff0jwWaPlnU (video) de 40 a 50 minutes en video.
The CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase CMAH pseudogene shows 2.9 Mya coalescence time. Hayakawa, T; Aki, I; Varki, A; Satta, Y; Takahata, N «Fixation of the Human-Specific CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase Pseudogene and Implications of Haplotype Diversity for Human Evolution». Genetics, 172, 2, February 2006, pàg. 1139–46. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.046995. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 1456212. PMID: 16272417.
The CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase CMAH pseudogene shows 2.9 Mya coalescence time. Hayakawa, T; Aki, I; Varki, A; Satta, Y; Takahata, N «Fixation of the Human-Specific CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase Pseudogene and Implications of Haplotype Diversity for Human Evolution». Genetics, 172, 2, February 2006, pàg. 1139–46. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.046995. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 1456212. PMID: 16272417.
The PDHA1 (pyruvate dehydrogenase) locus on the X chromosome has an estimated coalescence time of 1.86 Mya, inconsistent with a recent species origin, although the worldwide lineage pattern is unlike other autosomal sites and may be consistent with recent dispersal from Africa. Rosalind M. Harding «More on the X files». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96, 6, 16-03-1999, pàg. 2582–2584. Bibcode: 1999PNAS...96.2582H. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.6.2582.
A second group finds the same ancient origin for PDHA1, but finds no evidence of a recent expansion, consistent with other autosomal and X chromosome sites and contrary to mitochondrial data. Harris, E. E.; Jody Hey «X chromosome evidence for ancient human histories». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96, 6, 1999, pàg. 3320–4. Bibcode: 1999PNAS...96.3320H. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.6.3320. PMC: 15940. PMID: 10077682.
The ASAH1 gene has two recently differentiated lineages with a coalescence time 2.4±.4 Mya not explainable by balancing selection. The V lineage shows evidence of recent positive selection. The lineage pattern may be the result of hybridization during a recent range expansion from Africa with the V lineage tracing to archaic humans from outside Africa, though it is also consistent with a mixture of two long isolated groups within Africa; it is not consistent with a recent origination of a modern human species that replaced archaic forms without interbreeding. Kim, Hl; Satta, Y «Population Genetic Analysis of the N-Acylsphingosine Amidohydrolase Gene Associated With Mental Activity in Humans» (Free full text). Genetics, 178, 3, March 2008, pàg. 1505–15. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.083691. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 2278054. PMID: 18245333. «"It is speculated that, when modern humans dispersed from Africa, admixture of the distinct V and M lineages occurred and the V lineage has since spread in the entire population by possible positive selection."»
Daniel Garrigan, Zahra Mobasher, Sarah B. Kingan, Jason A. Wilder and Michael F. Hammer «Deep Haplotype Divergence and Long-Range Linkage Disequilibrium at Xp21.1 Provide Evidence That Humans Descend From a Structured Ancestral Population». Genetics, 170, 4, August 2005, pàg. 1849–1856. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.041095. PMC: 1449746. PMID: 15937130.
NAT2 SNPs lineages cluster in sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, and East Asia, with genetic distances scaling with geographic distances. Sabbagh, A.; Langaney, A.; Darlu, P.; Gérard, N.; Krishnamoorthy, R.; Poloni, E. S. «Worldwide distribution of NAT2 diversity: Implications for NAT2 evolutionary history» (Free full text). BMC genetics, 9, February 2008, pàg. 21. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-9-21. PMC: 2292740. PMID: 18304320. Also see map; may resize browser window.
The NAT1 lineage tree is rooted in Eurasia with a coalescence time of 2.0 Mya that cannot be explained by balancing selection and with the NAT1*11A haplotype absent from subsaharan Africa. Patin, E.; Barreiro, L. B.; Sabeti, P. C.; Austerlitz, F.; Luca, F.; Sajantila, A.; Behar, D. M. Semino, O.; Sakuntabhai, A.; Guiso, N.; Gicquel, B.; Mcelreavey, K.; Harding, R. M.; Heyer, E.; Quintana-Murci, L. «Deciphering the Ancient and Complex Evolutionary History of Human Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Genes». American Journal of Human Genetics, 78, 3, March 2006, pàg. 423–36. DOI: 10.1086/500614. ISSN: 0002-9297. PMC: 1380286. PMID: 16416399.
Garrigan, D.; Mobasher, Z.; Severson, T.; Wilder, J. A.; Hammer, M. F. «Evidence for archaic Asian ancestry on the human X chromosome» (Free full text). Molecular Biology and Evolution, 22, 2, February 2005, pàg. 189–92. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msi013. ISSN: 0737-4038. PMID: 15483323.
Cox, M. P.; Mendez, F. L.; Karafet, T. M.; Pilkington, M. M.; Kingan, S. B.; Destro-Bisol, G.; Strassmann, B. I.; Hammer, M. F. «Testing for Archaic Hominin Admixture on the X Chromosome: Model Likelihoods for the Modern Human RRM2P4 Region From Summaries of Genealogical Topology Under the Structured Coalescent» (Free full text). Genetics, 178, 1, January 2008, pàg. 427–37. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.080432. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 2206091. PMID: 18202385.
Zody, M. C.; Jiang, Z.; Fung, H. C.; Antonacci, F. Hillier, L. W.; Cardone, M. F.; Graves, T. A.; Kidd, J. M.; Cheng, Z.; Abouelleil, A.; Chen, L.; Wallis, J.; Glasscock, J.; Wilson, R. K.; Reily, A. D.; Duckworth, J.; Ventura, M.; Hardy, J.; Warren, W. C.; Eichler, E. E. «Evolutionary Toggling of the MAPT 17q21.31 Inversion Region». Nature Genetics, 40, 9, August 2008, pàg. 1076–83. DOI: 10.1038/ng.193. ISSN: 1061-4036. PMC: 2684794. PMID: 19165922.
Almos, P. Z.; Horváth, S.; Czibula, A.; Raskó, I.; Sipos, B.; Bihari, P.; Béres, J.; Juhász, A.; Janka, Z.; Kálmán, J. «H1 tau haplotype-related genomic variation at 17q21.3 as an Asian heritage of the European Gypsy population». Heredity, 101, 5, November 2008, pàg. 416–9. DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2008.70. ISSN: 0018-067X. PMID: 18648385.
Stefansson H., Helgason A., Thorleifsson G., Steinthorsdottir V., Masson G., Barnard J., Baker A., Jonasdottir A., Ingason A., Gudnadottir V. G., et. al. «A common inversion under selection in Europeans». Nature Genetics, 37, 2, 16-01-2005, pàg. 129–137. DOI: 10.1038/ng1508. PMID: 15654335.
Evans, P. D.; Mekel-Bobrov, N.; Vallender, E. J.; Hudson, R. R.; Lahn, B. T. «Evidence that the adaptive allele of the brain size gene microcephalin introgressed into Homo sapiens from an archaic Homo lineage» (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 48, November 2006, pàg. 18178–83. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..10318178E. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606966103. ISSN: 0027-8424. PMC: 1635020. PMID: 17090677.
Trinkaus, E. «European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals» (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 18, maig 2007, pàg. 7367–72. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..104.7367T. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702214104. ISSN: 0027-8424. PMC: 1863481. PMID: 17452632.
Evans, P. D.; Gilbert, S. L.; Mekel-Bobrov, N.; Vallender, E. J.; Anderson, J. R.; Vaez-Azizi, L. M.; Tishkoff, S. A.; Hudson, R. R.; Lahn, B. T. «Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans». Science, 309, 5741, setembre 2005, pàg. 1717–20. Bibcode: 2005Sci...309.1717E. DOI: 10.1126/science.1113722. ISSN: 0036-8075. PMID: 16151009.
Templeton, Alan R. «Haplotype Trees and Modern Human Origins». Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 48, S41, 2005, pàg. 33–59. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20351.
Noonan, James P., et. al. «Sequencing and Analysis of Neanderthal Genomic DNA». Science, 314, 5802, 17-11-2006, pàg. 1113–1118. Bibcode: 2006Sci...314.1113N. DOI: 10.1126/science.1131412. PMC: 2583069. PMID: 17110569.
Green, Richard E., et. al. «A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome». Science, 328, 5979, 07-05-2010, pàg. 710–722. Bibcode: 2010Sci...328..710G. DOI: 10.1126/science.1188021. PMID: 20448178.
Reich, David, et al «Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia». Nature, 468, 7327, 23-12-2010, pàg. 1053–1060. Bibcode: 2010Natur.468.1053R. DOI: 10.1038/nature09710. PMID: 21179161.
Laurent Abi-Rached, et. al. «The Shaping of Modern Human Immune Systems by Multiregional Admixture with Archaic Humans». Science, 334, 6052, 25-08-2011, pàg. 89–94. Bibcode: 2011Sci...334...89A. DOI: 10.1126/science.1209202. PMID: 21868630.
* Witherspoon, D. J.; Wooding, S.; Rogers, A. R.; Marchani, E. E.; Watkins, W. S.; Batzer, M. A.; Jorde, L. B. «Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations». Genetics, 176, 1, 2007, pàg. 351–9. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.067355. PMC: 1893020. PMID: 17339205.
Witherspoon DJ, Wooding S, Rogers AR, et al. «Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations». Genetics, 176, 1, maig 2007, pàg. 351–9. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.067355. PMC: 1893020. PMID: 17339205.
Fagundes, N. J.; Ray N., Beaumont M., Neuenschwander S., Salzano F. M., Bonatto S. L., Excoffier L. «Statistical evaluation of alternative models of human evolution». Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104, 45, 2007, pàg. 17614–9. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..10417614F. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708280104. PMC: 2077041. PMID: 17978179.

genetics.org

Hammer, M. F.; Garrigan, D.; Wood, E.; Wilder, J. A.; Mobasher, Z.; Bigham, A.; Krenz, J. G.; Nachman, M. W. «Heterogeneous patterns of variation among multiple human x-linked Loci: the possible role of diversity-reducing selection in non-africans» (Free full text). Genetics, 167, 4, August 2004, pàg. 1841–53. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.103.025361. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 1470985. PMID: 15342522. La discussió addicional d'aquests resultats està disponible en un vídeo d'una presentació realitzada per la Hammer en http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ff0jwWaPlnU (video) de 40 a 50 minutes en video.
The ASAH1 gene has two recently differentiated lineages with a coalescence time 2.4±.4 Mya not explainable by balancing selection. The V lineage shows evidence of recent positive selection. The lineage pattern may be the result of hybridization during a recent range expansion from Africa with the V lineage tracing to archaic humans from outside Africa, though it is also consistent with a mixture of two long isolated groups within Africa; it is not consistent with a recent origination of a modern human species that replaced archaic forms without interbreeding. Kim, Hl; Satta, Y «Population Genetic Analysis of the N-Acylsphingosine Amidohydrolase Gene Associated With Mental Activity in Humans» (Free full text). Genetics, 178, 3, March 2008, pàg. 1505–15. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.083691. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 2278054. PMID: 18245333. «"It is speculated that, when modern humans dispersed from Africa, admixture of the distinct V and M lineages occurred and the V lineage has since spread in the entire population by possible positive selection."»
Daniel Garrigan, Zahra Mobasher, Sarah B. Kingan, Jason A. Wilder and Michael F. Hammer «Deep Haplotype Divergence and Long-Range Linkage Disequilibrium at Xp21.1 Provide Evidence That Humans Descend From a Structured Ancestral Population». Genetics, 170, 4, August 2005, pàg. 1849–1856. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.041095. PMC: 1449746. PMID: 15937130.
Cox, M. P.; Mendez, F. L.; Karafet, T. M.; Pilkington, M. M.; Kingan, S. B.; Destro-Bisol, G.; Strassmann, B. I.; Hammer, M. F. «Testing for Archaic Hominin Admixture on the X Chromosome: Model Likelihoods for the Modern Human RRM2P4 Region From Summaries of Genealogical Topology Under the Structured Coalescent» (Free full text). Genetics, 178, 1, January 2008, pàg. 427–37. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.080432. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 2206091. PMID: 18202385.
Stefansson H., Helgason A., Thorleifsson G., Steinthorsdottir V., Masson G., Barnard J., Baker A., Jonasdottir A., Ingason A., Gudnadottir V. G., et. al. «A common inversion under selection in Europeans». Nature Genetics, 37, 2, 16-01-2005, pàg. 129–137. DOI: 10.1038/ng1508. PMID: 15654335.

genomebiology.com

Hodgson, JA; Disotell TR «No evidence of a Neanderthal contribution to modern human diversity». Genome Biology. BioMed Central, 9, 2, 2008, pàg. 206. Arxivat de l'original el 2013-12-13. DOI: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-2-206. PMC: 2374707. PMID: 18304371 [Consulta: 6 desembre 2013]. Arxivat 2013-12-13 a Wayback Machine.

google.cat

books.google.cat

McBride B, Haviland WE, Prins HEL, Walrath D. The Essence of Anthropology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2009, p. 90. ISBN 978-0-495-59981-4.
Reid GBR, Hetherington R. The climate connection: climate change and modern human evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 64. ISBN 0-521-14723-9.
Meredith M. Born in Africa: The Quest for the Origins of Human Life. Nova York: PublicAffairs, 2011. ISBN 1-58648-663-2. ^{[Enllaç no actiu]}

harvard.edu

adsabs.harvard.edu

Wolpoff, MH; JN Spuhler, FH Smith, J Radovcic, G Pope, DW Frayer, R Eckhardt, and G Clark «Modern human origins». Science, 241, 4867, 1988, pàg. 772–774. Bibcode: 1988Sci...241..772W. DOI: 10.1126/science.3136545. PMID: 3136545.
Wolpoff, Milford H.; John Hawks, David W. Frayer, Keith Hunley «Modern Human Ancestry at the Peripheries: A Test of the Replacement Theory». Science. AAAS, 291, 5502, 2001, pàg. 293–297. Bibcode: 2001Sci...291..293W. DOI: 10.1126/science.291.5502.293. PMID: 11209077.
Analysis of the full brain case shape confirms the idea that dispersal from a single population could not explain the early modern human variability, but does not confirm ties to regional archaic humans. Gunz, P., et. al. «Early modern human diversity suggests subdivided population structure and a complex out-of-Africa scenario». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 15, 14-04-2009, pàg. 6094–6098. Bibcode: 2009PNAS..106.6094G. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0808160106. PMC: 2669363. PMID: 19307568.
Shang et al.; Tong, H.; Zhang, S.; Chen, F.; Trinkaus, E. «An early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian, China» (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 16, 1999, pàg. 6573–8. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..104.6573S. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702169104. ISSN: 0027-8424. PMC: 1871827. PMID: 17416672.
Harvati, Katerina; Stephen R. Frost and Kieran P McNulty «Neanderthal taxonomy reconsidered: Implications of 3D primate models of intra- and interspecific differences». PNAS, 101, 5, 2004, pàg. 1147–1152. Bibcode: 2004PNAS..101.1147H. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308085100. PMC: 337021. PMID: 14745010.
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Duarte C., 2. Maurício J., Pettitt P., Souto P., Trinkaus E., van der Plicht H., Zilhão J. «The early Upper Paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and modern human emergence in Iberia». Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96, 13, 1999, pàg. 7604–7609. Bibcode: 1999PNAS...96.7604D. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.13.7604. PMC: 22133. PMID: 10377462.
Trinkaus, E.; Moldovan, O.; Milota, S.; Bîlgăr, A.; Sarcina, L.; Athreya, S.; Bailey, S. E.; Rodrigo, R.; Mircea, G.; Higham, T.; Ramsey, C. B.; van der Plicht, J. «An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania» (free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 20, setembre 2003, pàg. 11231–11236. Bibcode: 2003PNAS..10011231T. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2035108100. ISSN: 0027-8424. PMC: 208740. PMID: 14504393. «When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0,15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and −890 B.P.»
Tattersall, Ian, and Schwartz, Jeffrey H. «Hominids and hybrids: The place of Neanderthals in human evolution». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 13, 1999, pàg. 7117–7119. Bibcode: 1999PNAS...96.7117T. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.13.7117. PMC: 33580. PMID: 10377375.
Cann, Rebecca L., Stoneking, Mark, and Wilson, Allan C. «Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution». Nature, 325, 6099, 01-01-1987, pàg. 31–36. Arxivat de l'original el 2010-11-22. Bibcode: 1987Natur.325...31C. DOI: 10.1038/325031a0. PMID: 3025745 [Consulta: 6 desembre 2013]. Arxivat 2010-08-13 a Wayback Machine.
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Krause, Johannes, et al «The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia». Nature, 464, 7290, 24-03-2010, pàg. 894–897. Bibcode: 2010Natur.464..894K. DOI: 10.1038/nature08976. PMID: 20336068.
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The CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase CMAH pseudogene shows 2.9 Mya coalescence time. Hayakawa, T; Aki, I; Varki, A; Satta, Y; Takahata, N «Fixation of the Human-Specific CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase Pseudogene and Implications of Haplotype Diversity for Human Evolution». Genetics, 172, 2, February 2006, pàg. 1139–46. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.046995. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 1456212. PMID: 16272417.
The CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase CMAH pseudogene shows 2.9 Mya coalescence time. Hayakawa, T; Aki, I; Varki, A; Satta, Y; Takahata, N «Fixation of the Human-Specific CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase Pseudogene and Implications of Haplotype Diversity for Human Evolution». Genetics, 172, 2, February 2006, pàg. 1139–46. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.046995. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 1456212. PMID: 16272417.
A second group finds the same ancient origin for PDHA1, but finds no evidence of a recent expansion, consistent with other autosomal and X chromosome sites and contrary to mitochondrial data. Harris, E. E.; Jody Hey «X chromosome evidence for ancient human histories». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96, 6, 1999, pàg. 3320–4. Bibcode: 1999PNAS...96.3320H. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.6.3320. PMC: 15940. PMID: 10077682.
The ASAH1 gene has two recently differentiated lineages with a coalescence time 2.4±.4 Mya not explainable by balancing selection. The V lineage shows evidence of recent positive selection. The lineage pattern may be the result of hybridization during a recent range expansion from Africa with the V lineage tracing to archaic humans from outside Africa, though it is also consistent with a mixture of two long isolated groups within Africa; it is not consistent with a recent origination of a modern human species that replaced archaic forms without interbreeding. Kim, Hl; Satta, Y «Population Genetic Analysis of the N-Acylsphingosine Amidohydrolase Gene Associated With Mental Activity in Humans» (Free full text). Genetics, 178, 3, March 2008, pàg. 1505–15. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.083691. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 2278054. PMID: 18245333. «"It is speculated that, when modern humans dispersed from Africa, admixture of the distinct V and M lineages occurred and the V lineage has since spread in the entire population by possible positive selection."»
Daniel Garrigan, Zahra Mobasher, Sarah B. Kingan, Jason A. Wilder and Michael F. Hammer «Deep Haplotype Divergence and Long-Range Linkage Disequilibrium at Xp21.1 Provide Evidence That Humans Descend From a Structured Ancestral Population». Genetics, 170, 4, August 2005, pàg. 1849–1856. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.041095. PMC: 1449746. PMID: 15937130.
NAT2 SNPs lineages cluster in sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, and East Asia, with genetic distances scaling with geographic distances. Sabbagh, A.; Langaney, A.; Darlu, P.; Gérard, N.; Krishnamoorthy, R.; Poloni, E. S. «Worldwide distribution of NAT2 diversity: Implications for NAT2 evolutionary history» (Free full text). BMC genetics, 9, February 2008, pàg. 21. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-9-21. PMC: 2292740. PMID: 18304320. Also see map; may resize browser window.
The NAT1 lineage tree is rooted in Eurasia with a coalescence time of 2.0 Mya that cannot be explained by balancing selection and with the NAT1*11A haplotype absent from subsaharan Africa. Patin, E.; Barreiro, L. B.; Sabeti, P. C.; Austerlitz, F.; Luca, F.; Sajantila, A.; Behar, D. M. Semino, O.; Sakuntabhai, A.; Guiso, N.; Gicquel, B.; Mcelreavey, K.; Harding, R. M.; Heyer, E.; Quintana-Murci, L. «Deciphering the Ancient and Complex Evolutionary History of Human Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Genes». American Journal of Human Genetics, 78, 3, March 2006, pàg. 423–36. DOI: 10.1086/500614. ISSN: 0002-9297. PMC: 1380286. PMID: 16416399.
Garrigan, D.; Mobasher, Z.; Severson, T.; Wilder, J. A.; Hammer, M. F. «Evidence for archaic Asian ancestry on the human X chromosome» (Free full text). Molecular Biology and Evolution, 22, 2, February 2005, pàg. 189–92. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msi013. ISSN: 0737-4038. PMID: 15483323.
Cox, M. P.; Mendez, F. L.; Karafet, T. M.; Pilkington, M. M.; Kingan, S. B.; Destro-Bisol, G.; Strassmann, B. I.; Hammer, M. F. «Testing for Archaic Hominin Admixture on the X Chromosome: Model Likelihoods for the Modern Human RRM2P4 Region From Summaries of Genealogical Topology Under the Structured Coalescent» (Free full text). Genetics, 178, 1, January 2008, pàg. 427–37. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.080432. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 2206091. PMID: 18202385.
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oxfordjournals.org

mbe.oxfordjournals.org

Yotova, Vania; Lefebvre, Jean-Francois; Moreau, Claudia; Gbeha, Elias; Hovhannesyan, Kristine; Bourgeois, Stephane; Bédarida, Sandra; Azevedo, Luisa; Amorim, Antonio; 2 «An X-Linked Haplotype of Neandertal Origin Is Present Among All Non-African Populations». Molecular Biology and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 28, 7, pàg. 1957–1962. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msr024.
Hammer, M. F., et. al." «Out of Africa and Back Again: Nested Cladistic Analysis of Human Y Chromosome Variation». Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 15, 4, 1998, pàg. 427–441. PMID: 9549093.
Garrigan, D.; Mobasher, Z.; Severson, T.; Wilder, J. A.; Hammer, M. F. «Evidence for archaic Asian ancestry on the human X chromosome» (Free full text). Molecular Biology and Evolution, 22, 2, February 2005, pàg. 189–92. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msi013. ISSN: 0737-4038. PMID: 15483323.

pnas.org

Analysis of the full brain case shape confirms the idea that dispersal from a single population could not explain the early modern human variability, but does not confirm ties to regional archaic humans. Gunz, P., et. al. «Early modern human diversity suggests subdivided population structure and a complex out-of-Africa scenario». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 15, 14-04-2009, pàg. 6094–6098. Bibcode: 2009PNAS..106.6094G. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0808160106. PMC: 2669363. PMID: 19307568.
Shang et al.; Tong, H.; Zhang, S.; Chen, F.; Trinkaus, E. «An early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian, China» (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 16, 1999, pàg. 6573–8. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..104.6573S. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702169104. ISSN: 0027-8424. PMC: 1871827. PMID: 17416672.
Harvati, Katerina; Stephen R. Frost and Kieran P McNulty «Neanderthal taxonomy reconsidered: Implications of 3D primate models of intra- and interspecific differences». PNAS, 101, 5, 2004, pàg. 1147–1152. Bibcode: 2004PNAS..101.1147H. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308085100. PMC: 337021. PMID: 14745010.
Duarte C., 2. Maurício J., Pettitt P., Souto P., Trinkaus E., van der Plicht H., Zilhão J. «The early Upper Paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and modern human emergence in Iberia». Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96, 13, 1999, pàg. 7604–7609. Bibcode: 1999PNAS...96.7604D. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.13.7604. PMC: 22133. PMID: 10377462.
Trinkaus, E.; Moldovan, O.; Milota, S.; Bîlgăr, A.; Sarcina, L.; Athreya, S.; Bailey, S. E.; Rodrigo, R.; Mircea, G.; Higham, T.; Ramsey, C. B.; van der Plicht, J. «An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania» (free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 20, setembre 2003, pàg. 11231–11236. Bibcode: 2003PNAS..10011231T. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2035108100. ISSN: 0027-8424. PMC: 208740. PMID: 14504393. «When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0,15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and −890 B.P.»
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The PDHA1 (pyruvate dehydrogenase) locus on the X chromosome has an estimated coalescence time of 1.86 Mya, inconsistent with a recent species origin, although the worldwide lineage pattern is unlike other autosomal sites and may be consistent with recent dispersal from Africa. Rosalind M. Harding «More on the X files». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96, 6, 16-03-1999, pàg. 2582–2584. Bibcode: 1999PNAS...96.2582H. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.6.2582.
A second group finds the same ancient origin for PDHA1, but finds no evidence of a recent expansion, consistent with other autosomal and X chromosome sites and contrary to mitochondrial data. Harris, E. E.; Jody Hey «X chromosome evidence for ancient human histories». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96, 6, 1999, pàg. 3320–4. Bibcode: 1999PNAS...96.3320H. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.6.3320. PMC: 15940. PMID: 10077682.
Evans, P. D.; Mekel-Bobrov, N.; Vallender, E. J.; Hudson, R. R.; Lahn, B. T. «Evidence that the adaptive allele of the brain size gene microcephalin introgressed into Homo sapiens from an archaic Homo lineage» (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 48, November 2006, pàg. 18178–83. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..10318178E. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606966103. ISSN: 0027-8424. PMC: 1635020. PMID: 17090677.
Trinkaus, E. «European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals» (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 18, maig 2007, pàg. 7367–72. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..104.7367T. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702214104. ISSN: 0027-8424. PMC: 1863481. PMID: 17452632.
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sciencemag.org

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springer.com

R. G. Bednarik «The Expulsion of Eve». Developments in Primatology, 2011, pàg. 25–55. Arxivat de l'original el 24 de setembre 2015. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9353-3_2 [Consulta: 10 novembre 2011]. Arxivat 24 de setembre 2015 a Wayback Machine.

umich.edu

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web.archive.org

R. G. Bednarik «The Expulsion of Eve». Developments in Primatology, 2011, pàg. 25–55. Arxivat de l'original el 24 de setembre 2015. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9353-3_2 [Consulta: 10 novembre 2011]. Arxivat 24 de setembre 2015 a Wayback Machine.
Cann, Rebecca L., Stoneking, Mark, and Wilson, Allan C. «Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution». Nature, 325, 6099, 01-01-1987, pàg. 31–36. Arxivat de l'original el 2010-11-22. Bibcode: 1987Natur.325...31C. DOI: 10.1038/325031a0. PMID: 3025745 [Consulta: 6 desembre 2013]. Arxivat 2010-08-13 a Wayback Machine.
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webcitation.org

Cann, Rebecca L., Stoneking, Mark, and Wilson, Allan C. «Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution». Nature, 325, 6099, 01-01-1987, pàg. 31–36. Arxivat de l'original el 2010-11-22. Bibcode: 1987Natur.325...31C. DOI: 10.1038/325031a0. PMID: 3025745 [Consulta: 6 desembre 2013]. Arxivat 2010-08-13 a Wayback Machine.

wiley.com

www3.interscience.wiley.com

Weaver, Timothy D.; Charles C. Roseman «New developments in the genetic evidence for modern human origins». Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. Wiley–Liss, 17, 1, 2008, pàg. 69–80. DOI: 10.1002/evan.20161.^{[Enllaç no actiu]}

worldcat.org

Shang et al.; Tong, H.; Zhang, S.; Chen, F.; Trinkaus, E. «An early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian, China» (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 16, 1999, pàg. 6573–8. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..104.6573S. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702169104. ISSN: 0027-8424. PMC: 1871827. PMID: 17416672.
Trinkaus, E.; Moldovan, O.; Milota, S.; Bîlgăr, A.; Sarcina, L.; Athreya, S.; Bailey, S. E.; Rodrigo, R.; Mircea, G.; Higham, T.; Ramsey, C. B.; van der Plicht, J. «An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania» (free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 20, setembre 2003, pàg. 11231–11236. Bibcode: 2003PNAS..10011231T. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2035108100. ISSN: 0027-8424. PMC: 208740. PMID: 14504393. «When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0,15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and −890 B.P.»
Hammer, M. F.; Garrigan, D.; Wood, E.; Wilder, J. A.; Mobasher, Z.; Bigham, A.; Krenz, J. G.; Nachman, M. W. «Heterogeneous patterns of variation among multiple human x-linked Loci: the possible role of diversity-reducing selection in non-africans» (Free full text). Genetics, 167, 4, August 2004, pàg. 1841–53. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.103.025361. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 1470985. PMID: 15342522. La discussió addicional d'aquests resultats està disponible en un vídeo d'una presentació realitzada per la Hammer en http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ff0jwWaPlnU (video) de 40 a 50 minutes en video.
The CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase CMAH pseudogene shows 2.9 Mya coalescence time. Hayakawa, T; Aki, I; Varki, A; Satta, Y; Takahata, N «Fixation of the Human-Specific CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase Pseudogene and Implications of Haplotype Diversity for Human Evolution». Genetics, 172, 2, February 2006, pàg. 1139–46. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.046995. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 1456212. PMID: 16272417.
The CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase CMAH pseudogene shows 2.9 Mya coalescence time. Hayakawa, T; Aki, I; Varki, A; Satta, Y; Takahata, N «Fixation of the Human-Specific CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase Pseudogene and Implications of Haplotype Diversity for Human Evolution». Genetics, 172, 2, February 2006, pàg. 1139–46. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.046995. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 1456212. PMID: 16272417.
The ASAH1 gene has two recently differentiated lineages with a coalescence time 2.4±.4 Mya not explainable by balancing selection. The V lineage shows evidence of recent positive selection. The lineage pattern may be the result of hybridization during a recent range expansion from Africa with the V lineage tracing to archaic humans from outside Africa, though it is also consistent with a mixture of two long isolated groups within Africa; it is not consistent with a recent origination of a modern human species that replaced archaic forms without interbreeding. Kim, Hl; Satta, Y «Population Genetic Analysis of the N-Acylsphingosine Amidohydrolase Gene Associated With Mental Activity in Humans» (Free full text). Genetics, 178, 3, March 2008, pàg. 1505–15. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.083691. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 2278054. PMID: 18245333. «"It is speculated that, when modern humans dispersed from Africa, admixture of the distinct V and M lineages occurred and the V lineage has since spread in the entire population by possible positive selection."»
The NAT1 lineage tree is rooted in Eurasia with a coalescence time of 2.0 Mya that cannot be explained by balancing selection and with the NAT1*11A haplotype absent from subsaharan Africa. Patin, E.; Barreiro, L. B.; Sabeti, P. C.; Austerlitz, F.; Luca, F.; Sajantila, A.; Behar, D. M. Semino, O.; Sakuntabhai, A.; Guiso, N.; Gicquel, B.; Mcelreavey, K.; Harding, R. M.; Heyer, E.; Quintana-Murci, L. «Deciphering the Ancient and Complex Evolutionary History of Human Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Genes». American Journal of Human Genetics, 78, 3, March 2006, pàg. 423–36. DOI: 10.1086/500614. ISSN: 0002-9297. PMC: 1380286. PMID: 16416399.
Garrigan, D.; Mobasher, Z.; Severson, T.; Wilder, J. A.; Hammer, M. F. «Evidence for archaic Asian ancestry on the human X chromosome» (Free full text). Molecular Biology and Evolution, 22, 2, February 2005, pàg. 189–92. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msi013. ISSN: 0737-4038. PMID: 15483323.
Cox, M. P.; Mendez, F. L.; Karafet, T. M.; Pilkington, M. M.; Kingan, S. B.; Destro-Bisol, G.; Strassmann, B. I.; Hammer, M. F. «Testing for Archaic Hominin Admixture on the X Chromosome: Model Likelihoods for the Modern Human RRM2P4 Region From Summaries of Genealogical Topology Under the Structured Coalescent» (Free full text). Genetics, 178, 1, January 2008, pàg. 427–37. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.080432. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 2206091. PMID: 18202385.
Zody, M. C.; Jiang, Z.; Fung, H. C.; Antonacci, F. Hillier, L. W.; Cardone, M. F.; Graves, T. A.; Kidd, J. M.; Cheng, Z.; Abouelleil, A.; Chen, L.; Wallis, J.; Glasscock, J.; Wilson, R. K.; Reily, A. D.; Duckworth, J.; Ventura, M.; Hardy, J.; Warren, W. C.; Eichler, E. E. «Evolutionary Toggling of the MAPT 17q21.31 Inversion Region». Nature Genetics, 40, 9, August 2008, pàg. 1076–83. DOI: 10.1038/ng.193. ISSN: 1061-4036. PMC: 2684794. PMID: 19165922.
Almos, P. Z.; Horváth, S.; Czibula, A.; Raskó, I.; Sipos, B.; Bihari, P.; Béres, J.; Juhász, A.; Janka, Z.; Kálmán, J. «H1 tau haplotype-related genomic variation at 17q21.3 as an Asian heritage of the European Gypsy population». Heredity, 101, 5, November 2008, pàg. 416–9. DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2008.70. ISSN: 0018-067X. PMID: 18648385.
Evans, P. D.; Mekel-Bobrov, N.; Vallender, E. J.; Hudson, R. R.; Lahn, B. T. «Evidence that the adaptive allele of the brain size gene microcephalin introgressed into Homo sapiens from an archaic Homo lineage» (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 48, November 2006, pàg. 18178–83. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..10318178E. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606966103. ISSN: 0027-8424. PMC: 1635020. PMID: 17090677.
Trinkaus, E. «European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals» (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 18, maig 2007, pàg. 7367–72. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..104.7367T. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702214104. ISSN: 0027-8424. PMC: 1863481. PMID: 17452632.
Evans, P. D.; Gilbert, S. L.; Mekel-Bobrov, N.; Vallender, E. J.; Anderson, J. R.; Vaez-Azizi, L. M.; Tishkoff, S. A.; Hudson, R. R.; Lahn, B. T. «Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans». Science, 309, 5741, setembre 2005, pàg. 1717–20. Bibcode: 2005Sci...309.1717E. DOI: 10.1126/science.1113722. ISSN: 0036-8075. PMID: 16151009.

wustl.edu

artsci.wustl.edu

Cann, Rebecca L., Stoneking, Mark, and Wilson, Allan C. «Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution». Nature, 325, 6099, 01-01-1987, pàg. 31–36. Arxivat de l'original el 2010-11-22. Bibcode: 1987Natur.325...31C. DOI: 10.1038/325031a0. PMID: 3025745 [Consulta: 6 desembre 2013]. Arxivat 2010-08-13 a Wayback Machine.

youtube.com

Hammer, M. F.; Garrigan, D.; Wood, E.; Wilder, J. A.; Mobasher, Z.; Bigham, A.; Krenz, J. G.; Nachman, M. W. «Heterogeneous patterns of variation among multiple human x-linked Loci: the possible role of diversity-reducing selection in non-africans» (Free full text). Genetics, 167, 4, August 2004, pàg. 1841–53. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.103.025361. ISSN: 0016-6731. PMC: 1470985. PMID: 15342522. La discussió addicional d'aquests resultats està disponible en un vídeo d'una presentació realitzada per la Hammer en http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ff0jwWaPlnU (video) de 40 a 50 minutes en video.