A recent paper (P.P. Parekh, T.M. Semkow, M.A. Torres, D.K. Haines, J.M. Cooper, P.M. Rosenberg and M.E. Kitto. Radioactivity in Trinitite six decades later. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2006, roč. 85, s. 103–120. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.01.017.) reports the levels of long-lived radioisotopes in the trinitite. The trinitite was formed from feldspar and quartz melted by the heat. The 152Eu and 154Eu was mainly formed by the neutron activation of europium in the soil; it is clear that the level of radioactivity for these isotopes is highest where the neutron dose to the soil was larger. Some of the 60Co is generated by activation of the cobalt in the soil, but some was also generated by the activation of the cobalt in the steel (100 ft) tower. This 60Co from the tower would have been scattered over the site, reducing the difference in the soil levels.
The 133Ba and 241Am are from the neutron activation of barium and plutonium inside the bomb. The barium was present in the form of the nitrate in the chemical explosives used while the plutonium was the fissile fuel used.
The 137Cs level is higher in the sample which was farther away from the ground zero point; this is thought to be because the precursors to the 137Cs (137I and 137Xe) and the cesium to a lesser degree are volatile. The natural radioisotopes in the glass are about the same in both locations.
idnes.cz
První atomovka zabíjela ještě před Hirošimou www.idnes.cz
Robert E. Hermes, William B. Strickfaden, Jim Eckles. A New Look at Trinitite. Nuclear Weapons Journal. 2005, s. 2–7. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
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Manhattan Project Chronology at Atomic Archive.com. www.atomicarchive.com [online]. [cit. 2009-08-11]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2008-10-30.
Trinity Site [online]. [cit. 2007-07-16]. (White Sands Missile Range). Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2008-06-01.
Countdown [PDF]. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, ca. 1967-1971 [cit. 2008-01-24]. (Los Alamos: Beginning of an Era, 1943-1945). Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2008-02-27.
Variants on this quotation exist, both by Oppenheimer and by others. A more common translation of the passage, from Arthur W. Ryder (from whom Oppenheimer studied Sanskrit at Berkeley in the 1930s), is:
Death am I, and my present task
Destruction. (11:32)
Since the Gita's first translation into English in 1785, most experts have translated not "Death" but instead "Time". A further elaboration of the supposed Oppenheimer quote often cited is taken from Robert Jungk's 1958 Brighter than a Thousand Suns:
If the radiance of a thousand suns
were to burst into the sky,
that would be like
the splendor of the Mighty One—
I am become Death, the shatterer of Worlds.
For an extensive discussion of the quote, its various translations, and its various reported forms, see James A. Hijiya, "The Gita of Robert Oppenheimer" Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 144:2 (June 2000). [1].
Chronology on Decision to Bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki [online]. [cit. 2009-08-15]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2009-08-27.
The Trinity Test: Eyewitnesses. larrycalloway.com [online]. [cit. 2009-08-15]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2005-10-18.
Operation Crossroads: Fact Sheet [online]. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY—NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER, 2002-08-11 [cit. 2008-01-24]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2012-10-24.
