Christiane Oelrich: Corona-Varianten bekommen neutrale Namen. In: aerztezeitung.de. 1. Juni 2021, abgerufen am 20. Januar 2022: „Indem Phänomene wie Viren nach Orten benannt werden, distanzierten sich Menschen davon, sagte Dr. Nilu Ahmed, Psychologin an der Universität Bristol. „Das überträgt Schuld auf die anderen und erlaubt denen, die das Narrativ nutzen, sich als Opfer zu inszenieren.“ So etwas könne auch falsche Annahmen fördern: So sei die Spanische Grippe […] erst in Spanien ausführlich dokumentiert worden.“
Andrew Rambaut, Edward C. Holmes, Áine O’Toole et al.: A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology. In: Nature Microbiology. Band5. Springer Nature, 15. Juli 2020, S.1403–1407; hier: S. 1404, doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5, PMID 32669681, PMC 7610519 (freier Volltext) – (englisch, nature.com [PDF; 1,7MB; abgerufen am 16. Januar 2022] Pango Nomenklatur): “We propose that major lineage labels begin with a letter. At the root of the phylogeny of SARS-CoV-2 are two lineages that we simply denote as lineages A and B. The earliest lineage A viruses, such as Wuhan/WH04/2020 (EPI_ISL_406801) […] Different nucleotides are present at those sites in viruses assigned to lineage B, of which Wuhan-Hu-1 (GenBank accession no. MN908947) sampled on 26 December 2019 is an early representative. […] To add further lineage designations, we […] estimated a maximum likelihood tree for these data […]. We defined further SARS-CoV-2 lineages, each descending from either lineage A or B, and assigned a numerical value (for example, lineage A.1 or lineage B.2). Lineage designations were made using the following set of conditions: (1) each descendant lineage should show phylogenetic evidence of emergence from an ancestral lineage into another geographically distinct population, implying substantial onward transmission in that population. […] (2) the lineages identified in step 1 can themselves act as ancestors for virus lineages that then emerge in other geographical areas or at later times, provided they satisfy criteria a–d. This results in a new lineage designation (for example, A.1.1); (3) the iterative procedure in step 2 can proceed for a maximum of three sublevels (for example, A.1.1.1) after which new descendant lineages are given a letter (in English alphabetical sequence from C) so A.1.1.1.1 would become C.1 and A.1.1.1.2 would become C.2.”, s. a. The Pango Nomenclature System – Other Documentation. (PDF) In: pango.network. Archiviert vom Original am 7. Januar 2022; abgerufen am 7. Januar 2022 (englisch, Querverweis der WHO von who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants auf pango.network).
Erik Alm, Eeva K. Broberg, Thomas Connor et al.: Geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 clades in the WHO European Region, January to June 2020. In: Eurosurveillance. Band25, Nr.32. ECDC, 13. August 2020, ISSN1560-7917, 2001410, doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.32.2001410, PMID 32794443, PMC 7427299 (freier Volltext) – (englisch, eurosurveillance.org [PDF; 968kB; abgerufen am 16. Januar 2022] cov-lineages.org stellt die Pango-Varianten dar): “Conclusions – Overall, the GISAID and Nextstrain nomenclatures provide similar pictures of the situation and may provide useful systems for genomic situation reporting globally. The cov-lineages.org nomenclature provides information at a finer scale and has the potential to provide early warning of expanding lineages that may represent regional outbreaks or later become dominant because of some selective advantage such as vaccine escape or increased transmissibility.”
Frank Konings, Mark D. Perkins, Jens H. Kuhn et al.: SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Interest and Concern naming scheme conducive for global discourse. In: Nature microbiology. Band6. Springer Nature, 9. Juni 2021, S.821–823, doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00932-w, PMID 34108654 (englisch, nature.com [PDF; 785kB; abgerufen am 20. Januar 2022] 47 Autoren): “A group convened and led by the Virus Evolution Working Group of the World Health Organization reports on its deliberations and announces a naming scheme that will enable clear communication about SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest and concern.”
Erik Alm, Eeva K. Broberg, Thomas Connor et al.: Geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 clades in the WHO European Region, January to June 2020. In: Eurosurveillance. Band25, Nr.32. ECDC, 13. August 2020, ISSN1560-7917, 2001410, doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.32.2001410, PMID 32794443, PMC 7427299 (freier Volltext) – (englisch, eurosurveillance.org [PDF; 968kB; abgerufen am 16. Januar 2022] cov-lineages.org stellt die Pango-Varianten dar): “Conclusions – Overall, the GISAID and Nextstrain nomenclatures provide similar pictures of the situation and may provide useful systems for genomic situation reporting globally. The cov-lineages.org nomenclature provides information at a finer scale and has the potential to provide early warning of expanding lineages that may represent regional outbreaks or later become dominant because of some selective advantage such as vaccine escape or increased transmissibility.”
JV Chamary: WHO Has Renamed Coronavirus Variants Using Greek Letters.Forbes.com, 31. Mai 2021, abgerufen am 20. Januar 2022 (englisch): „Pallen was part of WHO’s discussions to find better names, which was coordinated by virologist Frank Konings, who leads WHO’s Virus Evolution Working Group.“
Andrew Rambaut, Edward C. Holmes, Áine O’Toole et al.: A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology. In: Nature Microbiology. Band5. Springer Nature, 15. Juli 2020, S.1403–1407; hier: S. 1404, doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5, PMID 32669681, PMC 7610519 (freier Volltext) – (englisch, nature.com [PDF; 1,7MB; abgerufen am 16. Januar 2022] Pango Nomenklatur): “We propose that major lineage labels begin with a letter. At the root of the phylogeny of SARS-CoV-2 are two lineages that we simply denote as lineages A and B. The earliest lineage A viruses, such as Wuhan/WH04/2020 (EPI_ISL_406801) […] Different nucleotides are present at those sites in viruses assigned to lineage B, of which Wuhan-Hu-1 (GenBank accession no. MN908947) sampled on 26 December 2019 is an early representative. […] To add further lineage designations, we […] estimated a maximum likelihood tree for these data […]. We defined further SARS-CoV-2 lineages, each descending from either lineage A or B, and assigned a numerical value (for example, lineage A.1 or lineage B.2). Lineage designations were made using the following set of conditions: (1) each descendant lineage should show phylogenetic evidence of emergence from an ancestral lineage into another geographically distinct population, implying substantial onward transmission in that population. […] (2) the lineages identified in step 1 can themselves act as ancestors for virus lineages that then emerge in other geographical areas or at later times, provided they satisfy criteria a–d. This results in a new lineage designation (for example, A.1.1); (3) the iterative procedure in step 2 can proceed for a maximum of three sublevels (for example, A.1.1.1) after which new descendant lineages are given a letter (in English alphabetical sequence from C) so A.1.1.1.1 would become C.1 and A.1.1.1.2 would become C.2.”, s. a. The Pango Nomenclature System – Other Documentation. (PDF) In: pango.network. Archiviert vom Original am 7. Januar 2022; abgerufen am 7. Januar 2022 (englisch, Querverweis der WHO von who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants auf pango.network).
Frank Konings, Mark D. Perkins, Jens H. Kuhn et al.: SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Interest and Concern naming scheme conducive for global discourse. In: Nature microbiology. Band6. Springer Nature, 9. Juni 2021, S.821–823, doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00932-w, PMID 34108654 (englisch, nature.com [PDF; 785kB; abgerufen am 20. Januar 2022] 47 Autoren): “A group convened and led by the Virus Evolution Working Group of the World Health Organization reports on its deliberations and announces a naming scheme that will enable clear communication about SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest and concern.”
nih.gov
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Andrew Rambaut, Edward C. Holmes, Áine O’Toole et al.: A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology. In: Nature Microbiology. Band5. Springer Nature, 15. Juli 2020, S.1403–1407; hier: S. 1404, doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5, PMID 32669681, PMC 7610519 (freier Volltext) – (englisch, nature.com [PDF; 1,7MB; abgerufen am 16. Januar 2022] Pango Nomenklatur): “We propose that major lineage labels begin with a letter. At the root of the phylogeny of SARS-CoV-2 are two lineages that we simply denote as lineages A and B. The earliest lineage A viruses, such as Wuhan/WH04/2020 (EPI_ISL_406801) […] Different nucleotides are present at those sites in viruses assigned to lineage B, of which Wuhan-Hu-1 (GenBank accession no. MN908947) sampled on 26 December 2019 is an early representative. […] To add further lineage designations, we […] estimated a maximum likelihood tree for these data […]. We defined further SARS-CoV-2 lineages, each descending from either lineage A or B, and assigned a numerical value (for example, lineage A.1 or lineage B.2). Lineage designations were made using the following set of conditions: (1) each descendant lineage should show phylogenetic evidence of emergence from an ancestral lineage into another geographically distinct population, implying substantial onward transmission in that population. […] (2) the lineages identified in step 1 can themselves act as ancestors for virus lineages that then emerge in other geographical areas or at later times, provided they satisfy criteria a–d. This results in a new lineage designation (for example, A.1.1); (3) the iterative procedure in step 2 can proceed for a maximum of three sublevels (for example, A.1.1.1) after which new descendant lineages are given a letter (in English alphabetical sequence from C) so A.1.1.1.1 would become C.1 and A.1.1.1.2 would become C.2.”, s. a. The Pango Nomenclature System – Other Documentation. (PDF) In: pango.network. Archiviert vom Original am 7. Januar 2022; abgerufen am 7. Januar 2022 (englisch, Querverweis der WHO von who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants auf pango.network).
Erik Alm, Eeva K. Broberg, Thomas Connor et al.: Geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 clades in the WHO European Region, January to June 2020. In: Eurosurveillance. Band25, Nr.32. ECDC, 13. August 2020, ISSN1560-7917, 2001410, doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.32.2001410, PMID 32794443, PMC 7427299 (freier Volltext) – (englisch, eurosurveillance.org [PDF; 968kB; abgerufen am 16. Januar 2022] cov-lineages.org stellt die Pango-Varianten dar): “Conclusions – Overall, the GISAID and Nextstrain nomenclatures provide similar pictures of the situation and may provide useful systems for genomic situation reporting globally. The cov-lineages.org nomenclature provides information at a finer scale and has the potential to provide early warning of expanding lineages that may represent regional outbreaks or later become dominant because of some selective advantage such as vaccine escape or increased transmissibility.”
Frank Konings, Mark D. Perkins, Jens H. Kuhn et al.: SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Interest and Concern naming scheme conducive for global discourse. In: Nature microbiology. Band6. Springer Nature, 9. Juni 2021, S.821–823, doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00932-w, PMID 34108654 (englisch, nature.com [PDF; 785kB; abgerufen am 20. Januar 2022] 47 Autoren): “A group convened and led by the Virus Evolution Working Group of the World Health Organization reports on its deliberations and announces a naming scheme that will enable clear communication about SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest and concern.”
Andrew Rambaut, Edward C. Holmes, Áine O’Toole et al.: A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology. In: Nature Microbiology. Band5. Springer Nature, 15. Juli 2020, S.1403–1407; hier: S. 1404, doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5, PMID 32669681, PMC 7610519 (freier Volltext) – (englisch, nature.com [PDF; 1,7MB; abgerufen am 16. Januar 2022] Pango Nomenklatur): “We propose that major lineage labels begin with a letter. At the root of the phylogeny of SARS-CoV-2 are two lineages that we simply denote as lineages A and B. The earliest lineage A viruses, such as Wuhan/WH04/2020 (EPI_ISL_406801) […] Different nucleotides are present at those sites in viruses assigned to lineage B, of which Wuhan-Hu-1 (GenBank accession no. MN908947) sampled on 26 December 2019 is an early representative. […] To add further lineage designations, we […] estimated a maximum likelihood tree for these data […]. We defined further SARS-CoV-2 lineages, each descending from either lineage A or B, and assigned a numerical value (for example, lineage A.1 or lineage B.2). Lineage designations were made using the following set of conditions: (1) each descendant lineage should show phylogenetic evidence of emergence from an ancestral lineage into another geographically distinct population, implying substantial onward transmission in that population. […] (2) the lineages identified in step 1 can themselves act as ancestors for virus lineages that then emerge in other geographical areas or at later times, provided they satisfy criteria a–d. This results in a new lineage designation (for example, A.1.1); (3) the iterative procedure in step 2 can proceed for a maximum of three sublevels (for example, A.1.1.1) after which new descendant lineages are given a letter (in English alphabetical sequence from C) so A.1.1.1.1 would become C.1 and A.1.1.1.2 would become C.2.”, s. a. The Pango Nomenclature System – Other Documentation. (PDF) In: pango.network. Archiviert vom Original am 7. Januar 2022; abgerufen am 7. Januar 2022 (englisch, Querverweis der WHO von who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants auf pango.network).
Corona-Pandemie: Mit Nextstrain dem Virus auf der Spur. In: unibas.ch. Universität Basel, 20. März 2021, abgerufen am 4. September 2021: „Dass Richard Neher heute so gefragt ist, liegt auch daran, dass er und sein Kollege Trevor Bedford vom Fred-Hutchinson-Krebsforschungszentrum in Seattle schon vor Jahren eine innovative Idee hatten. Sie wollten live mitverfolgen können, wie sich Krankheitserreger ausbreiten und haben eigens dafür die Webapplikation Nextstrain entwickelt. Seit 2015 ist die Webseite online.“
Andrew Rambaut, Edward C. Holmes, Áine O’Toole et al.: A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology. In: Nature Microbiology. Band5. Springer Nature, 15. Juli 2020, S.1403–1407; hier: S. 1404, doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5, PMID 32669681, PMC 7610519 (freier Volltext) – (englisch, nature.com [PDF; 1,7MB; abgerufen am 16. Januar 2022] Pango Nomenklatur): “We propose that major lineage labels begin with a letter. At the root of the phylogeny of SARS-CoV-2 are two lineages that we simply denote as lineages A and B. The earliest lineage A viruses, such as Wuhan/WH04/2020 (EPI_ISL_406801) […] Different nucleotides are present at those sites in viruses assigned to lineage B, of which Wuhan-Hu-1 (GenBank accession no. MN908947) sampled on 26 December 2019 is an early representative. […] To add further lineage designations, we […] estimated a maximum likelihood tree for these data […]. We defined further SARS-CoV-2 lineages, each descending from either lineage A or B, and assigned a numerical value (for example, lineage A.1 or lineage B.2). Lineage designations were made using the following set of conditions: (1) each descendant lineage should show phylogenetic evidence of emergence from an ancestral lineage into another geographically distinct population, implying substantial onward transmission in that population. […] (2) the lineages identified in step 1 can themselves act as ancestors for virus lineages that then emerge in other geographical areas or at later times, provided they satisfy criteria a–d. This results in a new lineage designation (for example, A.1.1); (3) the iterative procedure in step 2 can proceed for a maximum of three sublevels (for example, A.1.1.1) after which new descendant lineages are given a letter (in English alphabetical sequence from C) so A.1.1.1.1 would become C.1 and A.1.1.1.2 would become C.2.”, s. a. The Pango Nomenclature System – Other Documentation. (PDF) In: pango.network. Archiviert vom Original am 7. Januar 2022; abgerufen am 7. Januar 2022 (englisch, Querverweis der WHO von who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants auf pango.network).
WHO issues best practices for naming new human infectious diseases.WHO, 8. Mai 2015, abgerufen am 16. Januar 2022 (englisch): „The use of names such as ‘swine flu’ and ‘Middle East Respiratory Syndrome’ has had unintended negative impacts by stigmatizing certain communities or economic sectors […] We’ve seen certain disease names provoke a backlash against members of particular religious or ethnic communities, create unjustified barriers to travel, commerce and trade, and trigger needless slaughtering of food animals. […] Once disease names are established in common usage through the Internet and social media, they are difficult to change, even if an inappropriate name is being used. Therefore, it is important that whoever first reports on a newly identified human disease uses an appropriate name that is scientifically sound and socially acceptable.“
Questionnaire for databases – GISAID EpiFlu Database. (PDF; 370 kB) WHO, August 2018, S. 1, abgerufen am 16. Januar 2022 (englisch): „The launch of GISAID’s EpiFlu database on the occasion of the 61 st World Health Assembly (2008) marked the culmination of the establishment of the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data, a collaboration involving representatives of Member States, scientists of the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) and Global Influenza Programme (GIP) of the WHO, and experts in licensing intellectual property.“
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Erik Alm, Eeva K. Broberg, Thomas Connor et al.: Geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 clades in the WHO European Region, January to June 2020. In: Eurosurveillance. Band25, Nr.32. ECDC, 13. August 2020, ISSN1560-7917, 2001410, doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.32.2001410, PMID 32794443, PMC 7427299 (freier Volltext) – (englisch, eurosurveillance.org [PDF; 968kB; abgerufen am 16. Januar 2022] cov-lineages.org stellt die Pango-Varianten dar): “Conclusions – Overall, the GISAID and Nextstrain nomenclatures provide similar pictures of the situation and may provide useful systems for genomic situation reporting globally. The cov-lineages.org nomenclature provides information at a finer scale and has the potential to provide early warning of expanding lineages that may represent regional outbreaks or later become dominant because of some selective advantage such as vaccine escape or increased transmissibility.”
