Sign In

Login

Password

Forgot Password ? Sign Up

Fentanyl (German Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Fentanyl" in German language version.

Last modified:

Ref.Un. Ref.Website
Global rank German rank
8966doi.org
2nd place
3rd place
8768nih.gov
5th place
7th place
99web.archive.org
1st place
1st place
88redirecter.toolforge.org
29th place
2nd place
53drugs.com
529th place
5,554th place
55fda.gov
470th place
765th place
44theguardian.com
16th place
22nd place
44europa.eu
62nd place
21st place
33dea.gov
low place
low place
22nzz.ch
710th place
40th place
22bfarm.de
low place
1,501st place
22federalregister.gov
2,513th place
4,413th place
22nytimes.com
7th place
15th place
22bbc.com
26th place
41st place
22who.int
213th place
245th place
21sigmaaldrich.com
774th place
63rd place
21deutsche-apotheker-zeitung.de
low place
1,049th place
11news-medical.net
low place
low place
11derstandard.at
696th place
38th place
11drugcom.de
low place
9,379th place
11cnn.com
36th place
115th place
11akdae.de
low place
2,534th place
11statista.com
1,214th place
256th place
11usdoj.gov
4,271st place
low place
11aerzteblatt.de
3,794th place
234th place
11pharmazeutische-zeitung.de
low place
730th place
11uzh.ch
1,380th place
262nd place
11gpatindia.com
low place
low place
11erowid.org
3,273rd place
3,588th place
11plos.org
2,101st place
1,750th place
11sagepub.com
609th place
913th place
11overheid.nl
3,945th place
4,613th place
11vice.com
247th place
373rd place
11legislation.gov.uk
728th place
1,431st place
11justice.gc.ca
3,261st place
low place
11drugabuse.gov
low place
low place
11cdc.gov
251st place
1,026th place
11newsweek.com
371st place
706th place
11tagesschau.de
772nd place
42nd place
11sueddeutsche.de
267th place
10th place
11oxfordtreatment.com
low place
low place
11aekno.de
low place
low place
11deutschlandfunk.de
1,322nd place
73rd place
11cbc.ca
110th place
408th place
11telegraph.co.uk
40th place
124th place
11orf.at
386th place
17th place

aekno.de (Global: low place; German: low place)

aerzteblatt.de (Global: 3,794th place; German: 234th place)

akdae.de (Global: low place; German: 2,534th place)

bbc.com (Global: 26th place; German: 41st place)

bfarm.de (Global: low place; German: 1,501st place)

cbc.ca (Global: 110th place; German: 408th place)

cdc.gov (Global: 251st place; German: 1,026th place)

cnn.com (Global: 36th place; German: 115th place)

edition.cnn.com

dea.gov (Global: low place; German: low place)

derstandard.at (Global: 696th place; German: 38th place)

deutsche-apotheker-zeitung.de (Global: low place; German: 1,049th place)

deutschlandfunk.de (Global: 1,322nd place; German: 73rd place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; German: 3rd place)

  • L. Settimo, K. Bellman, R. M. Knegtel: Comparison of the accuracy of experimental and predicted pKa values of basic and acidic compounds. In: Pharm Res. 31. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, 2014, S. 1082–95, doi:10.1007/s11095-013-1232-z, PMID 24249037 (englisch).
  • Samir D. Roy, Gordon L. Flynn: Solubility and Related Physicochemical Properties of Narcotic Analgesics. In: Pharmaceutical Research. Band 5, Nr. 9, 1988, S. 580–586, doi:10.1023/A:1015994030251 (englisch).
  • R. S. Vartanyan, V. O. Martirosyan, S. A. Vartanyan, A. P. Engoyan, É. V. Vlasenko, L. K. Durgaryan, A. S. Azlivyan, A. V. Val'dman: Stereochemistry and biological activity of the novel narcotic analgesic fenaridine. In: Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. Band 23, Nr. 5, 1989, S. 395–401, doi:10.1007/BF00758291 (englisch).
  • Beckett AH, Casy AF: Synthetic analgesics: stereochemical considerations. In: J Pharm Pharmacol. 6. Jahrgang, Nr. 12, 1954, S. 986–1001, doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1954.tb11033.x, PMID 13212680 (englisch).
  • T. H. Stanley: The history and development of the fentanyl series. In: Journal of pain and symptom management. Band 7, Nummer 3 Suppl, April 1992, S. S3–S7, doi:10.1016/0885-3924(92)90047-l, PMID 1517629.
  • T. H. Stanley: The Fentanyl Story. In: The Journal of Pain, Band 15, Nummer 12, Dezember 2014, S. 1215–1226, doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2014.08.010
  • Silvia L. Cruz: Opioids. Springer International Publishing 2022, ISBN 978-3-031-09935-9, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-09936-6. S. 165.
  • J. Black: A personal perspective on Dr. Paul Janssen. In: Journal of medicinal chemistry. Band 48, Nummer 6, März 2005, S. 1687–1688, doi:10.1021/jm040195b, PMID 15771410.
  • M. P. Davis, B. Behm: Reasons to avoid fentanyl. In: Annals of palliative medicine. Band 9, Nummer 2, März 2020, S. 611–624, doi:10.21037/apm.2020.01.12, PMID 32156127.
  • Fentanyl (sublimaze). In: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 9. Jahrgang, Nr. 5, September 1968, S. 704–706, doi:10.1002/cpt196895704, PMID 5676808 (englisch).
  • Vardanyan RS, Hruby VJ: Fentanyl-related compounds and derivatives: current status and future prospects for pharmaceutical applications. In: Future Medicinal Chemistry. 6. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, 2014, S. 385–412, doi:10.4155/fmc.13.215, PMID 24635521, PMC 4137794 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  • Kim SY, Buckenmaier CC, Howe EG, Choi KH. The Newest Battlefield Opioid, Sublingual Sufentanil: A Proposal to Refine Opioid Usage in the U.S. Military. Mil Med. 2022 Mar 28;187(3-4):77-83. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usab395.
  • Y. Han, W. Yan, Y. Zheng, M. Z. Khan, K. Yuan, L. Lu: The rising crisis of illicit fentanyl use, overdose, and potential therapeutic strategies. In: Translational psychiatry. Band 9, Nummer 1, November 2019, S. 282, doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0625-0, PMID 31712552, PMC 6848196 (freier Volltext).
  • Silvia L. Cruz: Opioids. Springer International Publishing 2022, ISBN 978-3-031-09935-9, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-09936-6. S. 53, 87.
  • Pergolizzi J, Magnusson P, LeQuang JAK, Breve F: Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyl Entering the United States. In: Cureus. 13. Jahrgang, Nr. 8, 2021, S. e17496, doi:10.7759/cureus.17496, PMID 34603876, PMC 8476199 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  • Y. Han, L. Cao, K. Yuan, J. Shi, W. Yan, L. Lu: Unique Pharmacology, Brain Dysfunction, and Therapeutic Advancements for Fentanyl Misuse and Abuse. In: Neuroscience bulletin. Band 38, Nummer 11, November 2022, S. 1365–1382, doi:10.1007/s12264-022-00872-3, PMID 35570233, PMC 9107910 (freier Volltext).
  • S. Mohsin, Z. Ahmad Ganaie, H. Kundi, M. B. Ahmed, B. Riaz, N. Khurshid Ahmed, V. Anirudh Chunchu, A. Haq: Comparison of Fentanyl and Dexmedetomidine in Preventing an Increase in Heart Rate During Intubation Among Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Meta-Analysis. In: Cureus. Band 14, Nummer 6, Juni 2022, S. e26194, doi:10.7759/cureus.26194, PMID 35891845, PMC 9306395 (freier Volltext).
  • P. J. Wiffen, B. Wee, S. Derry, R. F. Bell, R. A. Moore: Opioids for cancer pain – an overview of Cochrane reviews. In: The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Band 7, Nummer 7, Juli 2017, S. CD012592, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012592.pub2, PMID 28683172, PMC 6483487 (freier Volltext).
  • G. E. Plante, T. B. VanItallie: Opioids for cancer pain: the challenge of optimizing treatment. In: Metabolism: clinical and experimental. Band 59 Suppl 1, Oktober 2010, S. S47–S52, doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2010.07.010, PMID 20837194.
  • S. J. Friedrichsdorf: From Tramadol to Methadone: Opioids in the Treatment of Pain and Dyspnea in Pediatric Palliative Care. In: The Clinical journal of pain. Band 35, Nummer 6, Juni 2019, S. 501–508, doi:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000704, PMID 30985399.
  • E. C. Moisés, L. de Barros Duarte, R. de Carvalho Cavalli, V. L. Lanchote, G. Duarte, S. P. da Cunha: Pharmacokinetics and transplacental distribution of fentanyl in epidural anesthesia for normal pregnant women. In: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. Band 61, Nummer 7, August 2005, S. 517–522, doi:10.1007/s00228-005-0967-9, PMID 16021436.
  • J. A. Nanji, B. Carvalho: Pain management during labor and vaginal birth. In: Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology. Band 67, August 2020, S. 100–112, doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.03.002, PMID 32265134.
  • N. M. Fonseca, G. M. Guimarães, J. P. Pontes, L. M. Azi, R. de Ávila Oliveira: Safety and effectiveness of adding fentanyl or sufentanil to spinal anesthesia: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. In: Brazilian journal of anesthesiology. Dezember 2021, doi:10.1016/j.bjane.2021.10.010, PMID 34954261.
  • B. A. Baldo, M. A. Rose: The anaesthetist, opioid analgesic drugs, and serotonin toxicity: a mechanistic and clinical review. In: British journal of anaesthesia. Band 124, Nummer 1, Januar 2020, S. 44–62, doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.08.010, PMID 31653394.
  • S. A. Schug, S. Ting: Fentanyl Formulations in the Management of Pain: An Update. In: Drugs. Band 77, Nummer 7, Mai 2017, S. 747–763, doi:10.1007/s40265-017-0727-z, PMID 28337672.
  • S. Mayes, M. Ferrone: Fentanyl HCl patient-controlled iontophoretic transdermal system for the management of acute postoperative pain. In: The Annals of pharmacotherapy. Band 40, Nummer 12, Dezember 2006, S. 2178–2186, doi:10.1345/aph.1H135, PMID 17164395.
  • David W Chambers, Christopher L.-H. Huang, Gareth B. Matthews: Anaesthesia and the lung. In: Cambridge University Press eBooks. 2015, S. 107–110. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139226394.027.
  • R. Torralva, A. Janowsky: Noradrenergic Mechanisms in Fentanyl-Mediated Rapid Death Explain Failure of Naloxone in the Opioid Crisis. In: The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. Band 371, Nummer 2, November 2019, S. 453–475, doi:10.1124/jpet.119.258566, PMID 31492824, PMC 6863461 (freier Volltext).
  • Judenherc-Haouzi A, Lewis T, Reinhardt A, Haouzi P: Life-threatening fentanyl overdose beyond medullary depression in breathing. In: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 328. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, 2025, S. R408–R421, doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00238.2024, PMID 39965126 (englisch).
  • Wadman E, Fernandes E, Muss C et al.: A novel syndrome associated with prenatal fentanyl exposure. In: Genet Med Open. 1. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 2023, S. 100834, doi:10.1016/j.gimo.2023.100834, PMID 39669238, PMC 11613603 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  • Mirnics K: Fetal Fentanyl Syndrome - Only the "tip of the iceberg"? In: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 90. Jahrgang, 2025, S. 69–70, doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.10.011, PMID 39520878 (englisch).
  • Korade Z, Anderson AC, Sharma K, Tallman KA, Kim HH, Porter NA, Gripp KW, Mirnics K: Inhibition of post-lanosterol biosynthesis by fentanyl: potential implications for Fetal Fentanyl Syndrome (FFS). In: Mol Psychiatry. 29. Jahrgang, Nr. 12, 2024, S. 3942–3949, doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02622-5, PMID 38844533 (englisch).
  • P.A. Herman, D.S. Brenner, S. Dandorf, S. Kemp, B. Kroll, J. Trebach, Y.H. Hsieh, A.I. Stolbach: Media Reports of Unintentional Opioid Exposure of Public Safety First Responders in North America. In: Journal of Medical Toxicology. 16. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, April 2020, S. 112–115, doi:10.1007/s13181-020-00762-y, PMID 32096007, PMC 7099103 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  • Burns SM, Cunningham CW, Mercer SL: DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Fentanyl. In: ACS Chem Neurosci. 9. Jahrgang, Nr. 10, 2018, S. 2428–2437, doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00174, PMID 29894151 (englisch).
  • Kukanich B, Clark TP: The history and pharmacology of fentanyl: relevance to a novel, long-acting transdermal fentanyl solution newly approved for use in dogs. In: Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 35. Jahrgang, Suppl 2, August 2012, S. 3–19, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01416.x, PMID 22731771 (englisch).
  • Gutierrez-Blanco E, Victoria-Mora JM, Ibancovichi-Camarillo JA, Sauri-Arceo CH, Bolio-González ME, Acevedo-Arcique CM, Marin-Cano G, Steagall PV: Postoperative analgesic effects of either a constant rate infusion of fentanyl, lidocaine, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, or the combination lidocaine-ketamine-dexmedetomidine after ovariohysterectomy in dogs. In: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 42. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, Mai 2015, S. 309–318, doi:10.1111/vaa.12215, PMID 25039918 (englisch).
  • Becker WM, Mama KR, Rao S, Palmer RH, Egger EL: Prevalence of dysphoria after fentanyl in dogs undergoing stifle surgery. In: Veterinary Surgery. 42. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, April 2013, S. 302–307, doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2012.01080.x, PMID 23231071 (englisch).
  • Faouzi A, Wang H, Zaidi SA et al.: Structure-based design of bitopic ligands for the µ-opioid receptor. In: Nature. 613. Jahrgang, Nr. 7945, 2023, S. 767–774, doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05588-y, PMID 36450356 (englisch).
  • Malcolm NJ, Palkovic B, Sprague DJ, Calkins MM, Lanham JK, Halberstadt AL, Stucke AG, McCorvy JD: Mu-opioid receptor selective superagonists produce prolonged respiratory depression. In: iScience. 26. Jahrgang, Nr. 7, 2023, S. 107121, doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107121, PMID 37416459, PMC 10320493 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  • E. Kelly, K. Sutcliffe, D. Cavallo, N. Ramos-Gonzalez, N. Alhosan, G. Henderson: The anomalous pharmacology of fentanyl. In: British journal of pharmacology. Mai 2021, doi:10.1111/bph.15573, PMID 34030211.
  • J. Lötsch, C. Walter, M. J. Parnham, B. G. Oertel, G. Geisslinger: Pharmacokinetics of non-intravenous formulations of fentanyl. In: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Band 52, Nummer 1, Januar 2013, S. 23–36, doi:10.1007/s40262-012-0016-7, PMID 23100195.
  • D.K. Gupta, T.C. Krejcie, M.J. Avram: Pharmacokinetics of opioids. In: Anesthetic Pharmacology (Hrsg.: A.S. Evers, M. Maze, E.D. Kharasch) Cambridge University Press, 2011. S. 509–530. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511781933.033
  • S. D. Comer, C. M. Cahill: Fentanyl: Receptor pharmacology, abuse potential, and implications for treatment. In: Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. Band 106, November 2019, S. 49–57, doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.005, PMID 30528374, PMC 7233332 (freier Volltext).
  • Tom Peck and Benjamin Harris: Pharmacology for Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 5. Auflage 2021, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-1-108-71096-1. doi:10.1017/9781108591317. S. 136.
  • Wilde M, Pichini S, Pacifici R, Tagliabracci A, Busardò FP, Auwärter V, Solimini R: Metabolic Pathways and Potencies of New Fentanyl Analogs. In: Front Pharmacol. 10. Jahrgang, 2019, S. 238, doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00238, PMID 31024296, PMC 6461066 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  • V. C. Ziesenitz, J. D. Vaughns, G. Koch, G. Mikus, J. N. van den Anker: Correction to: Pharmacokinetics of Fentanyl and Its Derivatives in Children: A Comprehensive Review. In: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Band 57, Nummer 3, März 2018, S. 393–417, doi:10.1007/s40262-017-0609-2, PMID 29178007.
  • R. Tao, M. Karnik, Z. Ma, S. B. Auerbach: Effect of fentanyl on 5-HT efflux involves both opioid and 5-HT1A receptors. In: British journal of pharmacology. Band 139, Nummer 8, August 2003, S. 1498–1504, doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705378, PMID 12922937, PMC 1573976 (freier Volltext).
  • Tschirhart JN, Zhang S: Fentanyl-Induced Block of hERG Channels Is Exacerbated by Hypoxia, Hypokalemia, Alkalosis, and the Presence of hERG1b. In: Mol Pharmacol. 98. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, 2020, S. 508–517, doi:10.1124/mol.119.119271, PMID 32321735 (englisch).
  • Y. Zhuang, Y. Wang, B. He et al.: Molecular recognition of morphine and fentanyl by the human μ-opioid receptor. In: Cell. Band 185, Nummer 23, November 2022, S. 4361–4375.e19, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.041, PMID 36368306.
  • Wei AD, Burgraff NJ, Oliveira LM, Moreira TS, Ramirez JM: Fentanyl blockade of K+ channels contribute to Wooden Chest Syndrome. In: bioRxiv. 2025, doi:10.1101/2025.01.17.633656, PMID 39868169, PMC 11761417 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  • Zahra Asadi, Mehdi D. Esrafili, Esmail Vessally, Manzarbanou Asnaashariisfahani, Saeideh Yahyaei, Ali Khani: A structural study of fentanyl by DFT calculations, NMR and IR spectroscopy. In: Journal of Molecular Structure. Band 1128, 2017, S. 552–562, doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.09.027 (englisch).
  • C. A. Valdez: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Synthetic Opioids Belonging to the Fentanyl Class: A Review. In: Critical reviews in analytical chemistry. Band 52, Nummer 8, 2022, S. 1938–1968, doi:10.1080/10408347.2021.1927668, PMID 34053394.
  • M. K. Choińska, I. Šestáková, V. Hrdlička, J. Skopalová, J. Langmaier, V. Maier, T. Navrátil: Electroanalysis of Fentanyl and Its New Analogs: A Review. In: Biosensors. Band 12, Nummer 1, Januar 2022, doi:10.3390/bios12010026, PMID 35049654, PMC 8774265 (freier Volltext).
  • R. B. Palmer: Fentanyl in postmortem forensic toxicology. In: Clinical toxicology. Band 48, Nummer 8, Oktober 2010, S. 771–784, doi:10.3109/15563650.2010.525514, PMID 20969499.
  • H. E. Schueler: Emerging Synthetic Fentanyl Analogs. In: Academic forensic pathology. Band 7, Nummer 1, März 2017, S. 36–40, doi:10.23907/2017.004, PMID 31239954, PMC 6474477 (freier Volltext).
  • Jannetto PJ, Helander A, Garg U, Janis GC, Goldberger B, Ketha H: The Fentanyl Epidemic and Evolution of Fentanyl Analogs in the United States and the European Union. In: Clin Chem. 65. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, 2019, S. 242–253, doi:10.1373/clinchem.2017.281626, PMID 30305277 (englisch).
  • Bagley JR, Kudzma LV, Lalinde NL, Colapret JA, Huang BS, Lin BS, Jerussi TP, Benvenga MJ, Doorley BM, Ossipov MH: Evolution of the 4-anilidopiperidine class of opioid analgesics. In: Med Res Rev. 11. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, 1991, S. 403–36, doi:10.1002/med.2610110404, PMID 1875771 (englisch).
  • Bilel S, Azevedo Neto J, Arfè R et al.: In vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamic study of the novel fentanyl derivatives: Acrylfentanyl, Ocfentanyl and Furanylfentanyl. In: Neuroharmacol. 209. Jahrgang, 2022, S. 1–16, doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109020, PMID 35247453 (englisch).
  • Ramos-Gonzalez N, Groom S, Sutcliffe KJ et al.: Carfentanil is a β-arrestin-biased agonist at the μ opioid receptor. In: Br J Pharmacol. 180. Jahrgang, Nr. 18, 2023, S. 2341–2360, doi:10.1111/bph.16084, PMID 37005796 (englisch).
  • Rosas R, Huang XP, Roth BL, Dockendorff C: β-Fluorofentanyls Are pH-Sensitive Mu Opioid Receptor Agonists. In: ACS Med Chem Lett. 10. Jahrgang, Nr. 9, 2019, S. 1353–1356, doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00335, PMID 31531209, PMC 6746189 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  • Zoorob MJ, Park JN, Kral AH, Lambdin BH, Del Pozo B: Drug Decriminalization, Fentanyl, and Fatal Overdoses in Oregon. In: JAMA Netw Open. 7. Jahrgang, Nr. 9, 2024, S. e2431612, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.31612, PMID 39235814, PMC 11378001 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  • D. Ciccarone: The rise of illicit fentanyls, stimulants and the fourth wave of the opioid overdose crisis. In: Current opinion in psychiatry. Band 34, Nummer 4, Juli 2021, S. 344–350, doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000717, PMID 33965972, PMC 8154745 (freier Volltext).
  • Lina Thors, Linda Öberg, Emma Forsberg, Elisabeth Wigenstam, Andreas Larsson: Skin penetration and decontamination efficacy following human skin exposure to fentanyl. In: Toxicology in vitro: an international journal published in association with BIBRA. Band 67, September 2020, S. 104914, doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104914, PMID 32540164 (englisch).
  • J. Pergolizzi, P. Magnusson, J. A. LeQuang, F. Breve: Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyl Entering the United States. In: Cureus. Band 13, Nummer 8, August 2021, S. e17496, doi:10.7759/cureus.17496, PMID 34603876, PMC 8476199 (freier Volltext).
  • K. Kuczyńska, P. Grzonkowski, Kacprzak, J. B. Zawilska: Abuse of fentanyl: An emerging problem to face. In: Forensic science international. Band 289, August 2018, S. 207–214, doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.042, PMID 29902699.
  • Anna Żubrycka, Andrzej Kwaśnica, Monika Haczkiewicz, Karolina Sipa, Konrad Rudnicki: Illicit drugs street samples and their cutting agents. The result of the GC-MS based profiling define the guidelines for sensors development. In: Talanta. Band 237, 15. Januar 2022, S. 122904, doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122904 (englisch).

drugabuse.gov (Global: low place; German: low place)

drugcom.de (Global: low place; German: 9,379th place)

drugs.com (Global: 529th place; German: 5,554th place)

erowid.org (Global: 3,273rd place; German: 3,588th place)

europa.eu (Global: 62nd place; German: 21st place)

ema.europa.eu

ec.europa.eu

  • Eintrag EU/2/11/127 im Unionsregister, abgerufen am 11. Februar 2023.

emcdda.europa.eu

  • Fentanyl drug profile. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) vom 8. Januar 2015, abgerufen am 25. September 2018.

fda.gov (Global: 470th place; German: 765th place)

fda.gov

accessdata.fda.gov

federalregister.gov (Global: 2,513th place; German: 4,413th place)

gpatindia.com (Global: low place; German: low place)

justice.gc.ca (Global: 3,261st place; German: low place)

laws.justice.gc.ca

legislation.gov.uk (Global: 728th place; German: 1,431st place)

news-medical.net (Global: low place; German: low place)

  • Mandal A: Fentanyl History. In: News-Medical.net. AZoNetwork, 11. April 2010, abgerufen am 27. Januar 2023 (englisch).

newsweek.com (Global: 371st place; German: 706th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; German: 7th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

  • L. Settimo, K. Bellman, R. M. Knegtel: Comparison of the accuracy of experimental and predicted pKa values of basic and acidic compounds. In: Pharm Res. 31. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, 2014, S. 1082–95, doi:10.1007/s11095-013-1232-z, PMID 24249037 (englisch).
  • Beckett AH, Casy AF: Synthetic analgesics: stereochemical considerations. In: J Pharm Pharmacol. 6. Jahrgang, Nr. 12, 1954, S. 986–1001, doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1954.tb11033.x, PMID 13212680 (englisch).
  • T. H. Stanley: The history and development of the fentanyl series. In: Journal of pain and symptom management. Band 7, Nummer 3 Suppl, April 1992, S. S3–S7, doi:10.1016/0885-3924(92)90047-l, PMID 1517629.
  • J. Black: A personal perspective on Dr. Paul Janssen. In: Journal of medicinal chemistry. Band 48, Nummer 6, März 2005, S. 1687–1688, doi:10.1021/jm040195b, PMID 15771410.
  • M. P. Davis, B. Behm: Reasons to avoid fentanyl. In: Annals of palliative medicine. Band 9, Nummer 2, März 2020, S. 611–624, doi:10.21037/apm.2020.01.12, PMID 32156127.
  • Fentanyl (sublimaze). In: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 9. Jahrgang, Nr. 5, September 1968, S. 704–706, doi:10.1002/cpt196895704, PMID 5676808 (englisch).
  • Vardanyan RS, Hruby VJ: Fentanyl-related compounds and derivatives: current status and future prospects for pharmaceutical applications. In: Future Medicinal Chemistry. 6. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, 2014, S. 385–412, doi:10.4155/fmc.13.215, PMID 24635521, PMC 4137794 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  • Y. Han, W. Yan, Y. Zheng, M. Z. Khan, K. Yuan, L. Lu: The rising crisis of illicit fentanyl use, overdose, and potential therapeutic strategies. In: Translational psychiatry. Band 9, Nummer 1, November 2019, S. 282, doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0625-0, PMID 31712552, PMC 6848196 (freier Volltext).
  • Pergolizzi J, Magnusson P, LeQuang JAK, Breve F: Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyl Entering the United States. In: Cureus. 13. Jahrgang, Nr. 8, 2021, S. e17496, doi:10.7759/cureus.17496, PMID 34603876, PMC 8476199 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  • Y. Han, L. Cao, K. Yuan, J. Shi, W. Yan, L. Lu: Unique Pharmacology, Brain Dysfunction, and Therapeutic Advancements for Fentanyl Misuse and Abuse. In: Neuroscience bulletin. Band 38, Nummer 11, November 2022, S. 1365–1382, doi:10.1007/s12264-022-00872-3, PMID 35570233, PMC 9107910 (freier Volltext).
  • S. Mohsin, Z. Ahmad Ganaie, H. Kundi, M. B. Ahmed, B. Riaz, N. Khurshid Ahmed, V. Anirudh Chunchu, A. Haq: Comparison of Fentanyl and Dexmedetomidine in Preventing an Increase in Heart Rate During Intubation Among Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Meta-Analysis. In: Cureus. Band 14, Nummer 6, Juni 2022, S. e26194, doi:10.7759/cureus.26194, PMID 35891845, PMC 9306395 (freier Volltext).
  • P. J. Wiffen, B. Wee, S. Derry, R. F. Bell, R. A. Moore: Opioids for cancer pain – an overview of Cochrane reviews. In: The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Band 7, Nummer 7, Juli 2017, S. CD012592, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012592.pub2, PMID 28683172, PMC 6483487 (freier Volltext).
  • G. E. Plante, T. B. VanItallie: Opioids for cancer pain: the challenge of optimizing treatment. In: Metabolism: clinical and experimental. Band 59 Suppl 1, Oktober 2010, S. S47–S52, doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2010.07.010, PMID 20837194.
  • S. J. Friedrichsdorf: From Tramadol to Methadone: Opioids in the Treatment of Pain and Dyspnea in Pediatric Palliative Care. In: The Clinical journal of pain. Band 35, Nummer 6, Juni 2019, S. 501–508, doi:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000704, PMID 30985399.
  • E. C. Moisés, L. de Barros Duarte, R. de Carvalho Cavalli, V. L. Lanchote, G. Duarte, S. P. da Cunha: Pharmacokinetics and transplacental distribution of fentanyl in epidural anesthesia for normal pregnant women. In: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. Band 61, Nummer 7, August 2005, S. 517–522, doi:10.1007/s00228-005-0967-9, PMID 16021436.
  • J. A. Nanji, B. Carvalho: Pain management during labor and vaginal birth. In: Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology. Band 67, August 2020, S. 100–112, doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.03.002, PMID 32265134.
  • N. M. Fonseca, G. M. Guimarães, J. P. Pontes, L. M. Azi, R. de Ávila Oliveira: Safety and effectiveness of adding fentanyl or sufentanil to spinal anesthesia: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. In: Brazilian journal of anesthesiology. Dezember 2021, doi:10.1016/j.bjane.2021.10.010, PMID 34954261.
  • B. A. Baldo, M. A. Rose: The anaesthetist, opioid analgesic drugs, and serotonin toxicity: a mechanistic and clinical review. In: British journal of anaesthesia. Band 124, Nummer 1, Januar 2020, S. 44–62, doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.08.010, PMID 31653394.
  • S. A. Schug, S. Ting: Fentanyl Formulations in the Management of Pain: An Update. In: Drugs. Band 77, Nummer 7, Mai 2017, S. 747–763, doi:10.1007/s40265-017-0727-z, PMID 28337672.
  • S. Mayes, M. Ferrone: Fentanyl HCl patient-controlled iontophoretic transdermal system for the management of acute postoperative pain. In: The Annals of pharmacotherapy. Band 40, Nummer 12, Dezember 2006, S. 2178–2186, doi:10.1345/aph.1H135, PMID 17164395.
  • R. Torralva, A. Janowsky: Noradrenergic Mechanisms in Fentanyl-Mediated Rapid Death Explain Failure of Naloxone in the Opioid Crisis. In: The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. Band 371, Nummer 2, November 2019, S. 453–475, doi:10.1124/jpet.119.258566, PMID 31492824, PMC 6863461 (freier Volltext).
  • Judenherc-Haouzi A, Lewis T, Reinhardt A, Haouzi P: Life-threatening fentanyl overdose beyond medullary depression in breathing. In: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 328. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, 2025, S. R408–R421, doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00238.2024, PMID 39965126 (englisch).
  • Wadman E, Fernandes E, Muss C et al.: A novel syndrome associated with prenatal fentanyl exposure. In: Genet Med Open. 1. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 2023, S. 100834, doi:10.1016/j.gimo.2023.100834, PMID 39669238, PMC 11613603 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  • Mirnics K: Fetal Fentanyl Syndrome - Only the "tip of the iceberg"? In: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 90. Jahrgang, 2025, S. 69–70, doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.10.011, PMID 39520878 (englisch).
  • Korade Z, Anderson AC, Sharma K, Tallman KA, Kim HH, Porter NA, Gripp KW, Mirnics K: Inhibition of post-lanosterol biosynthesis by fentanyl: potential implications for Fetal Fentanyl Syndrome (FFS). In: Mol Psychiatry. 29. Jahrgang, Nr. 12, 2024, S. 3942–3949, doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02622-5, PMID 38844533 (englisch).
  • P.A. Herman, D.S. Brenner, S. Dandorf, S. Kemp, B. Kroll, J. Trebach, Y.H. Hsieh, A.I. Stolbach: Media Reports of Unintentional Opioid Exposure of Public Safety First Responders in North America. In: Journal of Medical Toxicology. 16. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, April 2020, S. 112–115, doi:10.1007/s13181-020-00762-y, PMID 32096007, PMC 7099103 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  • Burns SM, Cunningham CW, Mercer SL: DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Fentanyl. In: ACS Chem Neurosci. 9. Jahrgang, Nr. 10, 2018, S. 2428–2437, doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00174, PMID 29894151 (englisch).
  • B. R. Overholser, D. R. Foster: Opioid pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. In: The American journal of managed care. Band 17 Suppl 11, September 2011, S. S276–S287, PMID 21999760.
  • B. Bormann, J. Boldt, G. Sturm, D. Kling, B. Weidler, E. Lohmann, G. Hempelmann: Calcium antagonists in anesthesia. Additive analgesia using nimodipine in heart surgery. In: Anaesthesist. 34, 1985, S. 429. PMID 4083464.
  • J. Boldt, B. von Bormann, D. Kling, W. Russ, K. Ratthey, G. Hempelmann: Low-dose fentanyl analgesia modified by calcium channel blockers in cardiac surgery. In: Eur. J. Anesth. 4(6), 1987, S. 387. PMID 3328680
  • Kukanich B, Clark TP: The history and pharmacology of fentanyl: relevance to a novel, long-acting transdermal fentanyl solution newly approved for use in dogs. In: Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 35. Jahrgang, Suppl 2, August 2012, S. 3–19, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01416.x, PMID 22731771 (englisch).
  • Gutierrez-Blanco E, Victoria-Mora JM, Ibancovichi-Camarillo JA, Sauri-Arceo CH, Bolio-González ME, Acevedo-Arcique CM, Marin-Cano G, Steagall PV: Postoperative analgesic effects of either a constant rate infusion of fentanyl, lidocaine, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, or the combination lidocaine-ketamine-dexmedetomidine after ovariohysterectomy in dogs. In: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 42. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, Mai 2015, S. 309–318, doi:10.1111/vaa.12215, PMID 25039918 (englisch).
  • Pettifer GR, Dyson DH: Comparison of medetomidine and fentanyl-droperidol in dogs: sedation, analgesia, arterial blood gases and lactate levels. In: Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research. 57. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, April 1993, S. 99–105, PMID 8490814, PMC 1263601 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  • Becker WM, Mama KR, Rao S, Palmer RH, Egger EL: Prevalence of dysphoria after fentanyl in dogs undergoing stifle surgery. In: Veterinary Surgery. 42. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, April 2013, S. 302–307, doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2012.01080.x, PMID 23231071 (englisch).
  • Raynor K, Kong H, Chen Y, Yasuda K, Yu L, Bell GI, Reisine T: Pharmacological characterization of the cloned kappa-, delta-, and mu-opioid receptors. In: Molecular Pharmacology. 45. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, Februar 1994, S. 330–334, PMID 8114680 (englisch).
  • Faouzi A, Wang H, Zaidi SA et al.: Structure-based design of bitopic ligands for the µ-opioid receptor. In: Nature. 613. Jahrgang, Nr. 7945, 2023, S. 767–774, doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05588-y, PMID 36450356 (englisch).
  • Malcolm NJ, Palkovic B, Sprague DJ, Calkins MM, Lanham JK, Halberstadt AL, Stucke AG, McCorvy JD: Mu-opioid receptor selective superagonists produce prolonged respiratory depression. In: iScience. 26. Jahrgang, Nr. 7, 2023, S. 107121, doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107121, PMID 37416459, PMC 10320493 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  • E. Kelly, K. Sutcliffe, D. Cavallo, N. Ramos-Gonzalez, N. Alhosan, G. Henderson: The anomalous pharmacology of fentanyl. In: British journal of pharmacology. Mai 2021, doi:10.1111/bph.15573, PMID 34030211.
  • J. Lötsch, C. Walter, M. J. Parnham, B. G. Oertel, G. Geisslinger: Pharmacokinetics of non-intravenous formulations of fentanyl. In: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Band 52, Nummer 1, Januar 2013, S. 23–36, doi:10.1007/s40262-012-0016-7, PMID 23100195.
  • S. D. Comer, C. M. Cahill: Fentanyl: Receptor pharmacology, abuse potential, and implications for treatment. In: Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. Band 106, November 2019, S. 49–57, doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.005, PMID 30528374, PMC 7233332 (freier Volltext).
  • Wilde M, Pichini S, Pacifici R, Tagliabracci A, Busardò FP, Auwärter V, Solimini R: Metabolic Pathways and Potencies of New Fentanyl Analogs. In: Front Pharmacol. 10. Jahrgang, 2019, S. 238, doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00238, PMID 31024296, PMC 6461066 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  • V. C. Ziesenitz, J. D. Vaughns, G. Koch, G. Mikus, J. N. van den Anker: Correction to: Pharmacokinetics of Fentanyl and Its Derivatives in Children: A Comprehensive Review. In: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Band 57, Nummer 3, März 2018, S. 393–417, doi:10.1007/s40262-017-0609-2, PMID 29178007.
  • R. Tao, M. Karnik, Z. Ma, S. B. Auerbach: Effect of fentanyl on 5-HT efflux involves both opioid and 5-HT1A receptors. In: British journal of pharmacology. Band 139, Nummer 8, August 2003, S. 1498–1504, doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705378, PMID 12922937, PMC 1573976 (freier Volltext).
  • Tschirhart JN, Zhang S: Fentanyl-Induced Block of hERG Channels Is Exacerbated by Hypoxia, Hypokalemia, Alkalosis, and the Presence of hERG1b. In: Mol Pharmacol. 98. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, 2020, S. 508–517, doi:10.1124/mol.119.119271, PMID 32321735 (englisch).
  • Y. Zhuang, Y. Wang, B. He et al.: Molecular recognition of morphine and fentanyl by the human μ-opioid receptor. In: Cell. Band 185, Nummer 23, November 2022, S. 4361–4375.e19, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.041, PMID 36368306.
  • Wei AD, Burgraff NJ, Oliveira LM, Moreira TS, Ramirez JM: Fentanyl blockade of K+ channels contribute to Wooden Chest Syndrome. In: bioRxiv. 2025, doi:10.1101/2025.01.17.633656, PMID 39868169, PMC 11761417 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  • B. A. Goldberger, C. W. Chronister, M. L. Merves: Quantitation of fentanyl in blood and urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In: Methods Mol Biol., 603, 2010, S. 245–252. PMID 20077075.
  • S. Q. Cheng, D. S. Ouyang, Y. J. Tang, K. Wu, J. Xiao: A rapid, simple and sensitive method for the determination and bioequivalence study of transdermal fentanyl in human plasma using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. In: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther., 54(2), Feb 2016, S. 144–156. PMID 26754304.
  • R. L. Shaner, P. Kaplan, E. I. Hamelin, W. A. Bragg, R. C. Johnson: Comparison of two automated solid phase extractions for the detection of ten fentanyl analogs and metabolites in human urine using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. In: J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci., 962, 1. Juli 2014, S. 52–58. PMID 24893271.
  • C. A. Valdez: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Synthetic Opioids Belonging to the Fentanyl Class: A Review. In: Critical reviews in analytical chemistry. Band 52, Nummer 8, 2022, S. 1938–1968, doi:10.1080/10408347.2021.1927668, PMID 34053394.
  • M. Thevis, H. Geyer, D. Bahr, W. Schänzer: Identification of fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil, remifentanil and their major metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for doping control purposes. In: Eur J Mass Spectrom., (Chichester). 11(4), 2005, S. 419–427. PMID 16204809.
  • S. M. Thomasy, K. R. Mama, S. D. Stanley: Comparison of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and radioimmunoassay for measurement of fentanyl and determination of pharmacokinetics in equine plasma. In: J Anal Toxicol., 32(9), Nov-Dez 2008, S. 754–759. PMID 19021930.
  • T. Tobin, H. H. Tai, C. L. Tai, P. K. Houtz, M. R. Dai, W. E. Woods, J. M. Yang, T. J. Weckman, S. L. Chang, J. W. Blake u. a.: Immunoassay detection of drugs in racing horses. IV. Detection of fentanyl and its congeners in equine blood and urine by a one step ELISA assay. In: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol., 60(1), April 1988, S. 97–115. PMID 2967991.
  • M. K. Choińska, I. Šestáková, V. Hrdlička, J. Skopalová, J. Langmaier, V. Maier, T. Navrátil: Electroanalysis of Fentanyl and Its New Analogs: A Review. In: Biosensors. Band 12, Nummer 1, Januar 2022, doi:10.3390/bios12010026, PMID 35049654, PMC 8774265 (freier Volltext).
  • J. Poklis, A. Poklis, C. Wolf, M. Mainland, L. Hair, K. Devers, L. Chrostowski, E. Arbefeville, M. Merves, J. Pearson: Postmortem tissue distribution of acetyl fentanyl, fentanyl and their respective nor-metabolites analyzed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. In: Forensic Sci Int., 257, Dez 2015, S. 435–441. PMID 26583960
  • R. Verplaetse, J. Tytgat: Development and validation of a sensitive ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of fentanyl and its major metabolite norfentanyl in urine and whole blood in forensic context. In: J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci., 878(22), 15. Juli 2010, S. 1987–1996. PMID 20542478
  • R. B. Palmer: Fentanyl in postmortem forensic toxicology. In: Clinical toxicology. Band 48, Nummer 8, Oktober 2010, S. 771–784, doi:10.3109/15563650.2010.525514, PMID 20969499.
  • H. E. Schueler: Emerging Synthetic Fentanyl Analogs. In: Academic forensic pathology. Band 7, Nummer 1, März 2017, S. 36–40, doi:10.23907/2017.004, PMID 31239954, PMC 6474477 (freier Volltext).
  • Jannetto PJ, Helander A, Garg U, Janis GC, Goldberger B, Ketha H: The Fentanyl Epidemic and Evolution of Fentanyl Analogs in the United States and the European Union. In: Clin Chem. 65. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, 2019, S. 242–253, doi:10.1373/clinchem.2017.281626, PMID 30305277 (englisch).
  • Bagley JR, Kudzma LV, Lalinde NL, Colapret JA, Huang BS, Lin BS, Jerussi TP, Benvenga MJ, Doorley BM, Ossipov MH: Evolution of the 4-anilidopiperidine class of opioid analgesics. In: Med Res Rev. 11. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, 1991, S. 403–36, doi:10.1002/med.2610110404, PMID 1875771 (englisch).
  • Bilel S, Azevedo Neto J, Arfè R et al.: In vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamic study of the novel fentanyl derivatives: Acrylfentanyl, Ocfentanyl and Furanylfentanyl. In: Neuroharmacol. 209. Jahrgang, 2022, S. 1–16, doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109020, PMID 35247453 (englisch).
  • Ramos-Gonzalez N, Groom S, Sutcliffe KJ et al.: Carfentanil is a β-arrestin-biased agonist at the μ opioid receptor. In: Br J Pharmacol. 180. Jahrgang, Nr. 18, 2023, S. 2341–2360, doi:10.1111/bph.16084, PMID 37005796 (englisch).
  • Rosas R, Huang XP, Roth BL, Dockendorff C: β-Fluorofentanyls Are pH-Sensitive Mu Opioid Receptor Agonists. In: ACS Med Chem Lett. 10. Jahrgang, Nr. 9, 2019, S. 1353–1356, doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00335, PMID 31531209, PMC 6746189 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  • Zoorob MJ, Park JN, Kral AH, Lambdin BH, Del Pozo B: Drug Decriminalization, Fentanyl, and Fatal Overdoses in Oregon. In: JAMA Netw Open. 7. Jahrgang, Nr. 9, 2024, S. e2431612, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.31612, PMID 39235814, PMC 11378001 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  • D. Ciccarone: The rise of illicit fentanyls, stimulants and the fourth wave of the opioid overdose crisis. In: Current opinion in psychiatry. Band 34, Nummer 4, Juli 2021, S. 344–350, doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000717, PMID 33965972, PMC 8154745 (freier Volltext).
  • Lina Thors, Linda Öberg, Emma Forsberg, Elisabeth Wigenstam, Andreas Larsson: Skin penetration and decontamination efficacy following human skin exposure to fentanyl. In: Toxicology in vitro: an international journal published in association with BIBRA. Band 67, September 2020, S. 104914, doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104914, PMID 32540164 (englisch).
  • J. Pergolizzi, P. Magnusson, J. A. LeQuang, F. Breve: Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyl Entering the United States. In: Cureus. Band 13, Nummer 8, August 2021, S. e17496, doi:10.7759/cureus.17496, PMID 34603876, PMC 8476199 (freier Volltext).
  • K. Kuczyńska, P. Grzonkowski, Kacprzak, J. B. Zawilska: Abuse of fentanyl: An emerging problem to face. In: Forensic science international. Band 289, August 2018, S. 207–214, doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.042, PMID 29902699.

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; German: 15th place)

nzz.ch (Global: 710th place; German: 40th place)

orf.at (Global: 386th place; German: 17th place)

overheid.nl (Global: 3,945th place; German: 4,613th place)

wetten.overheid.nl

  • Opiumwet. (deutsch: Opiumgesetz). In: Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties. Abgerufen am 19. Januar 2023 (niederländisch).

oxfordtreatment.com (Global: low place; German: low place)

pharmazeutische-zeitung.de (Global: low place; German: 730th place)

plos.org (Global: 2,101st place; German: 1,750th place)

journals.plos.org

redirecter.toolforge.org (Global: 29th place; German: 2nd place)

sagepub.com (Global: 609th place; German: 913th place)

journals.sagepub.com

sigmaaldrich.com (Global: 774th place; German: 63rd place)

statista.com (Global: 1,214th place; German: 256th place)

sueddeutsche.de (Global: 267th place; German: 10th place)

tagesschau.de (Global: 772nd place; German: 42nd place)

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 40th place; German: 124th place)

  • Judge clears way for America’s first execution using fentanyl. In: The Telegraph. 11. August 2018 (englisch, Online [abgerufen am 11. August 2018]).

theguardian.com (Global: 16th place; German: 22nd place)

usdoj.gov (Global: 4,271st place; German: low place)

deadiversion.usdoj.gov

uzh.ch (Global: 1,380th place; German: 262nd place)

vetpharm.uzh.ch

vice.com (Global: 247th place; German: 373rd place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; German: 1st place)

who.int (Global: 213th place; German: 245th place)

who.int

iris.who.int