Sullivan, JP; Lundberg JG; Hardman M (2006). A phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of catfishes (Teleostei: Siluriformes) using rag1 and rag2 nuclear gene sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 41 (3): 636–62. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.044
Dario R. Faustino-Fuster, Vanessa Meza-Vargas, Nathan R. Lovejoy, Nathan K. Lujan: Multi-locus phylogeny with dense Guiana Shield sampling supports new suprageneric classification of the neotropical three-barbeled catfishes (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Band 162, September 2021, 107186, doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107186