Richard Zuczek: Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era: M-Z and primary documents, Band 2: Greenwood, 2006, ISBN 978-0-313-33075-9, S. 547 (Auszug (Google))
William L. Richter: Historical Dictionary of the Civil War and Reconstruction. Scarecrow Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-8108-7959-1, S. 413 (Auszug (Google))
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James Michael Martinez: Carpetbaggers, Cavalry, and the Ku Klux Klan: Exposing the Invisible Empire During Reconstruction. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham (MD) 2007, ISBN 978-0-7425-5078-0, S. 8–10
