Osman Karatay: Karatay, Osman, The Genesis of the Turks: An Ethno-Linguistic Inquiry into the Prehistory of Central Eurasia, trans. Mehmet Ciğerli, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2022. (academia.edu [abgerufen am 19. November 2022]).
Joo-Yup Lee, Shuntu Kuang: A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples. In: Inner Asia. Band19, Nr.2, 18. Oktober 2017, ISSN2210-5018, S.197–239, doi:10.1163/22105018-12340089 (brill.com [abgerufen am 25. Juni 2022]).
Joo-Yup Lee, Shuntu Kuang: A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples. In: Inner Asia. Band19, Nr.2, 18. Oktober 2017, ISSN2210-5018, S.197–239, doi:10.1163/22105018-12340089 (brill.com [abgerufen am 25. Juni 2022]): „Finally, an extensive study of the genetic legacy of the Turkic nomads across Eurasia based on autosomal dna analysis reveals that the source populations for the Turkic nomads who spread 'Asian genes' to non-Turkic peoples were (the ancestors of modern-day) Tuvinians, Mongols and Buryats, despite the fact that the latter two are Mongolic (Yunusbayev et al. 2015).81 In sum, one should note that the early eastern Turkic peoples were in all likelihood genetically closer to their neighbouring Mongolic peoples than to various later Turkic peoles of central and western Eurasia.“
Joo-Yup Lee, Shuntu Kuang: A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples. In: Inner Asia. Band19, Nr.2, 18. Oktober 2017, ISSN2210-5018, S.197–239, doi:10.1163/22105018-12340089 (brill.com [abgerufen am 26. April 2024]): „Finally, we suggest that the Turkicisation of central and western Eurasia was the product of multiple processes of language diffusion that involved not only originally Turkic-speaking groups, but also Turkicised (Indo-European) groups. That is, the earliest Turkic groups first Turkicised some non-Turkic groups residing in Mongolia and beyond. Then both Turkic and 'Turkicised' groups Turkicised non-Turkic tribes (who were mostly carriers of haplogroups R1a1) residing in the Kazakh steppes and beyond. Through multiple processes, including the Mongol conquest, the members of the extended Turkic entity spread the Turkic languages across Eurasia.“
cambridge.org
Junzo Uchiyama, J. Christopher Gillam, Alexander Savelyev, Chao Ning: Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia. In: Evolutionary Human Sciences. Band2, 2020, ISSN2513-843X, S.e16, doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.11 (cambridge.org [abgerufen am 5. März 2023]): „Although current genetic evidence is not adequate to track the exact time and location for the origin of the proto-Turkic language, it is clear that it probably originated somewhere in northeastern Asia given the fact that the nomadic groups, such as the Rouran, Xiongnu and the Xianbei, all share a substratum genetic ancestry that falls into or close to the northeast Asian gene pool (Ning et al., Reference Ning, Li, Wang, Zhang, Li, Wu and Cuiin press; Li et al., Reference Li, Zhang, Zhao, Chen, Ochir, Sarenbilige and Zhou2018).“
Junzo Uchiyama, J. Christopher Gillam, Alexander Savelyev, Chao Ning: Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia. In: Evolutionary Human Sciences. Band2, 2020, ISSN2513-843X, S.e16, doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.11 (cambridge.org [abgerufen am 5. Dezember 2022]).
Junzo Uchiyama, J. Christopher Gillam, Alexander Savelyev, Chao Ning: Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia. In: Evolutionary Human Sciences. Band2, Januar 2020, ISSN2513-843X, S.e16, doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.11, PMID 37588381 (cambridge.org [abgerufen am 26. April 2024]): „... the ultimate Proto-Turkic homeland may have been located in a more compact area, most likely in Eastern Mongolia, that is, close to the ultimate Proto-Mongolic homeland in Southern Manchuria and the ultimate Proto-Tungusic homeland in the present-day borderlands of China, Russia and North Korea. This hypothesis would explain the tight connections of Proto-Turkic with Proto-Mongolic and Proto-Tungusic, regardless of whether one interprets the numerous similarities between the three Altaic families as partly inherited or obtained owing to long-lasting contact.“
Sarah Nelson, Irina Zhushchikhovskaya, Tao Li, Mark Hudson, Martine Robbeets: Tracing population movements in ancient East Asia through the linguistics and archaeology of textile production. In: Evolutionary Human Sciences. Band2, 2020, ISSN2513-843X, doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.4 (cambridge.org [abgerufen am 5. März 2022]).
Junzo Uchiyama, J. Christopher Gillam, Alexander Savelyev, Chao Ning: Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia. In: Evolutionary Human Sciences. Band2, 2020, ISSN2513-843X, doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.11 (cambridge.org [abgerufen am 5. März 2022]): „A nomadic, pastoralist lifestyle reached the eastern steppe by the end of the second millennium BCE (Taylor et al., 2017; Janz et al., 2017), and it became the basis of the Late Proto-Turkic subsistence in the first millennium BCE. Consequently, the Proto-Turkic language has developed extensive nomadic pastoralist vocabulary, including terms for domestic animals (e.g. *sïgïr 'cattle', *toklï 'lamb', *adgïr 'stallion' and *kulum 'foal'), horse-riding (*at 'riding horse'and *edŋer 'saddle') anddairy products (*ajran 'a kind of salty yoghurt' and *torak 'a kind of cheese or quark').“
degruyter.com
Peter B. Golden: THE CONSTRUCTION OF ETHNICITY IN MEDIEVAL TURKIC EURASIA. In: Studying the Near and Middle East at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 1935–2018. Gorgias Press, 2018, ISBN 978-1-4632-4003-5, S.420–428, doi:10.31826/9781463240035-054/html (degruyter.com [abgerufen am 26. April 2024]): „The ancient Turkic Urheimat appears to have been located in Southern Siberia from the Lake Baikal region to Eastern Mongolia. The "Proto-Turks" in their Southern Siberian-Mongolian "homeland" were in contact with speakers of Eastern Iranian (Scytho-Sakas, who were also in Mongolia), Uralic and Paleo-Siberian languages.“
doi.org
Hayrettin İhsan Erkoç: Elements of Turkic Mythology in the Tibetan Document P.T. 1283. In: Central Asiatic Journal. Band61, Nr.2, 2018, ISSN0008-9192, S.297–311, doi:10.13173/centasiaj.61.2.0297.
Joo-Yup Lee, Shuntu Kuang: A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples. In: Inner Asia. Band19, Nr.2, 18. Oktober 2017, ISSN2210-5018, S.197–239, doi:10.1163/22105018-12340089 (brill.com [abgerufen am 25. Juni 2022]).
Peter B. Golden: THE CONSTRUCTION OF ETHNICITY IN MEDIEVAL TURKIC EURASIA. In: Studying the Near and Middle East at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 1935–2018. Gorgias Press, 2018, ISBN 978-1-4632-4003-5, S.420–428, doi:10.31826/9781463240035-054/html (degruyter.com [abgerufen am 26. April 2024]): „The ancient Turkic Urheimat appears to have been located in Southern Siberia from the Lake Baikal region to Eastern Mongolia. The "Proto-Turks" in their Southern Siberian-Mongolian "homeland" were in contact with speakers of Eastern Iranian (Scytho-Sakas, who were also in Mongolia), Uralic and Paleo-Siberian languages.“
Joo-Yup Lee, Shuntu Kuang: A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples. In: Inner Asia. Band19, Nr.2, 18. Oktober 2017, ISSN2210-5018, S.197–239, doi:10.1163/22105018-12340089 (brill.com [abgerufen am 25. Juni 2022]): „Finally, an extensive study of the genetic legacy of the Turkic nomads across Eurasia based on autosomal dna analysis reveals that the source populations for the Turkic nomads who spread 'Asian genes' to non-Turkic peoples were (the ancestors of modern-day) Tuvinians, Mongols and Buryats, despite the fact that the latter two are Mongolic (Yunusbayev et al. 2015).81 In sum, one should note that the early eastern Turkic peoples were in all likelihood genetically closer to their neighbouring Mongolic peoples than to various later Turkic peoles of central and western Eurasia.“
Dalia A. Pokutta, Andrey P. Borodovskiy, Łukasz Oleszczak, Peter Tóth, Kerstin Lidén: Mobility of nomads in Central Asia: Chronology and 87Sr/86Sr isotope evidence from the Pazyryk barrows of Northern Altai, Russia. In: Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. Band27, 1. Oktober 2019, ISSN2352-409X, S.101897, doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.101897 (sciencedirect.com [abgerufen am 25. Juni 2022]).
Junzo Uchiyama, J. Christopher Gillam, Alexander Savelyev, Chao Ning: Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia. In: Evolutionary Human Sciences. Band2, 2020, ISSN2513-843X, S.e16, doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.11 (cambridge.org [abgerufen am 5. März 2023]): „Although current genetic evidence is not adequate to track the exact time and location for the origin of the proto-Turkic language, it is clear that it probably originated somewhere in northeastern Asia given the fact that the nomadic groups, such as the Rouran, Xiongnu and the Xianbei, all share a substratum genetic ancestry that falls into or close to the northeast Asian gene pool (Ning et al., Reference Ning, Li, Wang, Zhang, Li, Wu and Cuiin press; Li et al., Reference Li, Zhang, Zhao, Chen, Ochir, Sarenbilige and Zhou2018).“
Joo-Yup Lee, Shuntu Kuang: A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples. In: Inner Asia. Band19, Nr.2, 18. Oktober 2017, ISSN2210-5018, S.197–239, doi:10.1163/22105018-12340089 (brill.com [abgerufen am 26. April 2024]): „Finally, we suggest that the Turkicisation of central and western Eurasia was the product of multiple processes of language diffusion that involved not only originally Turkic-speaking groups, but also Turkicised (Indo-European) groups. That is, the earliest Turkic groups first Turkicised some non-Turkic groups residing in Mongolia and beyond. Then both Turkic and 'Turkicised' groups Turkicised non-Turkic tribes (who were mostly carriers of haplogroups R1a1) residing in the Kazakh steppes and beyond. Through multiple processes, including the Mongol conquest, the members of the extended Turkic entity spread the Turkic languages across Eurasia.“
Bayazit Yunusbayev, Mait Metspalu, Ene Metspalu, Albert Valeev, Sergei Litvinov, Ruslan Valiev, Vita Akhmetova, Elena Balanovska, Oleg Balanovsky, Shahlo Turdikulova, Dilbar Dalimova, Pagbajabyn Nymadawa, Ardeshir Bahmanimehr, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Kristiina Tambets, Sardana Fedorova, Nikolay Barashkov, Irina Khidiyatova, Evelin Mihailov, Rita Khusainova, Larisa Damba, Miroslava Derenko, Boris Malyarchuk, Ludmila Osipova, Mikhail Voevoda, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Toomas Kivisild, Elza Khusnutdinova, Richard Villems: The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia. In: PLOS Genetics. Band11, Nr.4, 21. April 2015, ISSN1553-7404, S.e1005068, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068, PMID 25898006 (plos.org [abgerufen am 26. April 2024]): „...it is well known that they did not involve massive re-settlements of Mongols over the conquered territories. Instead, the Mongol war machine was progressively augmented by various Turkic tribes as they expanded, and in this way Turkic peoples eventually reinforced their expansion over the Eurasian steppe and beyond [39].“
Peter de Barros Damgaard, Nina Marchi, Simon Rasmussen, Michaël Peyrot, Gabriel Renaud, Thorfinn Korneliussen, J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar, Mikkel Winther Pedersen, Amy Goldberg, Emma Usmanova, Nurbol Baimukhanov, Valeriy Loman, Lotte Hedeager, Anders Gorm Pedersen, Kasper Nielsen, Gennady Afanasiev, Kunbolot Akmatov, Almaz Aldashev, Ashyk Alpaslan, Gabit Baimbetov, Vladimir I. Bazaliiskii, Arman Beisenov, Bazartseren Boldbaatar, Bazartseren Boldgiv, Choduraa Dorzhu, Sturla Ellingvag, Diimaajav Erdenebaatar, Rana Dajani, Evgeniy Dmitriev, Valeriy Evdokimov, Karin M. Frei, Andrey Gromov, Alexander Goryachev, Hakon Hakonarson, Tatyana Hegay, Zaruhi Khachatryan, Ruslan Khaskhanov, Egor Kitov, Alina Kolbina, Tabaldiev Kubatbek, Alexey Kukushkin, Igor Kukushkin, Nina Lau, Ashot Margaryan, Inga Merkyte, Ilya V. Mertz, Viktor K. Mertz, Enkhbayar Mijiddorj, Vyacheslav Moiyesev, Gulmira Mukhtarova, Bekmukhanbet Nurmukhanbetov, Z. Orozbekova, Irina Panyushkina, Karol Pieta, Václav Smrčka, Irina Shevnina, Andrey Logvin, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Tereza Štolcová, Angela M. Taravella, Kadicha Tashbaeva, Alexander Tkachev, Turaly Tulegenov, Dmitriy Voyakin, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Sainbileg Undrakhbold, Victor Varfolomeev, Andrzej Weber, Melissa A. Wilson Sayres, Nikolay Kradin, Morten E. Allentoft, Ludovic Orlando, Rasmus Nielsen, Martin Sikora, Evelyne Heyer, Kristian Kristiansen, Eske Willerslev: 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes. In: Nature. Band557, Nr.7705, Mai 2018, ISSN1476-4687, S.369–374, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2 (nature.com [abgerufen am 26. April 2024]): „These historical events transformed the Eurasian steppes from being inhabited by Indo-European speakers of largely West Eurasian ancestry to the mostly Turkic-speaking groups of the present day, who are primarily of East Asian ancestry.“
Perle Guarino-Vignon, Nina Marchi, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento, Evelyne Heyer, Céline Bon: Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia. In: Scientific Reports. Band12, Nr.1, 14. Januar 2022, ISSN2045-2322, S.733, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4, PMID 35031610 (nature.com [abgerufen am 28. April 2024]).
Junzo Uchiyama, J. Christopher Gillam, Alexander Savelyev, Chao Ning: Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia. In: Evolutionary Human Sciences. Band2, 2020, ISSN2513-843X, S.e16, doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.11 (cambridge.org [abgerufen am 5. Dezember 2022]).
Martine Robbeets, Remco Bouckaert, Matthew Conte, Alexander Savelyev, Tao Li, Deog-Im An, Ken-ichi Shinoda, Yinqiu Cui, Takamune Kawashima, Geonyoung Kim, Junzo Uchiyama, Joanna Dolińska, Sofia Oskolskaya, Ken-Yōjiro Yamano, Noriko Seguchi, Hirotaka Tomita, Hiroto Takamiya, Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hiroki Oota, Hajime Ishida, Ryosuke Kimura, Takehiro Sato, Jae-Hyun Kim, Bingcong Deng, Rasmus Bjørn, Seongha Rhee, Kyou-Dong Ahn, Ilya Gruntov, Olga Mazo, John R. Bentley, Ricardo Fernandes, Patrick Roberts, Ilona R. Bausch, Linda Gilaizeau, Minoru Yoneda, Mitsugu Kugai, Raffaela A. Bianco, Fan Zhang, Marie Himmel, Mark J. Hudson, Chao Ning: Triangulation supports agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages. In: Nature. Band599, Nr.7886, November 2021, ISSN1476-4687, S.616–621, doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04108-8 (nature.com [abgerufen am 5. März 2023]).
Junzo Uchiyama, J. Christopher Gillam, Alexander Savelyev, Chao Ning: Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia. In: Evolutionary Human Sciences. Band2, Januar 2020, ISSN2513-843X, S.e16, doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.11, PMID 37588381 (cambridge.org [abgerufen am 26. April 2024]): „... the ultimate Proto-Turkic homeland may have been located in a more compact area, most likely in Eastern Mongolia, that is, close to the ultimate Proto-Mongolic homeland in Southern Manchuria and the ultimate Proto-Tungusic homeland in the present-day borderlands of China, Russia and North Korea. This hypothesis would explain the tight connections of Proto-Turkic with Proto-Mongolic and Proto-Tungusic, regardless of whether one interprets the numerous similarities between the three Altaic families as partly inherited or obtained owing to long-lasting contact.“
Sarah Nelson, Irina Zhushchikhovskaya, Tao Li, Mark Hudson, Martine Robbeets: Tracing population movements in ancient East Asia through the linguistics and archaeology of textile production. In: Evolutionary Human Sciences. Band2, 2020, ISSN2513-843X, doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.4 (cambridge.org [abgerufen am 5. März 2022]).
Tao Li, Chao Ning, Irina S. Zhushchikhovskaya, Mark J. Hudson, Martine Robbeets: Millet agriculture dispersed from Northeast China to the Russian Far East: Integrating archaeology, genetics, and linguistics. In: Archaeological Research in Asia. Band22, 1. Juni 2020, ISSN2352-2267, S.100177, doi:10.1016/j.ara.2020.100177 (sciencedirect.com [abgerufen am 5. März 2022]).
Junzo Uchiyama, J. Christopher Gillam, Alexander Savelyev, Chao Ning: Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia. In: Evolutionary Human Sciences. Band2, 2020, ISSN2513-843X, doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.11 (cambridge.org [abgerufen am 5. März 2022]): „A nomadic, pastoralist lifestyle reached the eastern steppe by the end of the second millennium BCE (Taylor et al., 2017; Janz et al., 2017), and it became the basis of the Late Proto-Turkic subsistence in the first millennium BCE. Consequently, the Proto-Turkic language has developed extensive nomadic pastoralist vocabulary, including terms for domestic animals (e.g. *sïgïr 'cattle', *toklï 'lamb', *adgïr 'stallion' and *kulum 'foal'), horse-riding (*at 'riding horse'and *edŋer 'saddle') anddairy products (*ajran 'a kind of salty yoghurt' and *torak 'a kind of cheese or quark').“
google.de
books.google.de
Bernhard Munkácsi, "Die Bedeutung des Namens der Türken", in: Gyula Németh, Kőrösi Csoma-Archivum, Band 1. (1921–1925), H. Lafaire, Leiden Brill, Neuauflage 1967, S. 59 ff.
Peter de Barros Damgaard, Nina Marchi, Simon Rasmussen, Michaël Peyrot, Gabriel Renaud, Thorfinn Korneliussen, J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar, Mikkel Winther Pedersen, Amy Goldberg, Emma Usmanova, Nurbol Baimukhanov, Valeriy Loman, Lotte Hedeager, Anders Gorm Pedersen, Kasper Nielsen, Gennady Afanasiev, Kunbolot Akmatov, Almaz Aldashev, Ashyk Alpaslan, Gabit Baimbetov, Vladimir I. Bazaliiskii, Arman Beisenov, Bazartseren Boldbaatar, Bazartseren Boldgiv, Choduraa Dorzhu, Sturla Ellingvag, Diimaajav Erdenebaatar, Rana Dajani, Evgeniy Dmitriev, Valeriy Evdokimov, Karin M. Frei, Andrey Gromov, Alexander Goryachev, Hakon Hakonarson, Tatyana Hegay, Zaruhi Khachatryan, Ruslan Khaskhanov, Egor Kitov, Alina Kolbina, Tabaldiev Kubatbek, Alexey Kukushkin, Igor Kukushkin, Nina Lau, Ashot Margaryan, Inga Merkyte, Ilya V. Mertz, Viktor K. Mertz, Enkhbayar Mijiddorj, Vyacheslav Moiyesev, Gulmira Mukhtarova, Bekmukhanbet Nurmukhanbetov, Z. Orozbekova, Irina Panyushkina, Karol Pieta, Václav Smrčka, Irina Shevnina, Andrey Logvin, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Tereza Štolcová, Angela M. Taravella, Kadicha Tashbaeva, Alexander Tkachev, Turaly Tulegenov, Dmitriy Voyakin, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Sainbileg Undrakhbold, Victor Varfolomeev, Andrzej Weber, Melissa A. Wilson Sayres, Nikolay Kradin, Morten E. Allentoft, Ludovic Orlando, Rasmus Nielsen, Martin Sikora, Evelyne Heyer, Kristian Kristiansen, Eske Willerslev: 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes. In: Nature. Band557, Nr.7705, Mai 2018, ISSN1476-4687, S.369–374, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2 (nature.com [abgerufen am 26. April 2024]): „These historical events transformed the Eurasian steppes from being inhabited by Indo-European speakers of largely West Eurasian ancestry to the mostly Turkic-speaking groups of the present day, who are primarily of East Asian ancestry.“
Perle Guarino-Vignon, Nina Marchi, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento, Evelyne Heyer, Céline Bon: Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia. In: Scientific Reports. Band12, Nr.1, 14. Januar 2022, ISSN2045-2322, S.733, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4, PMID 35031610 (nature.com [abgerufen am 28. April 2024]).
Martine Robbeets, Remco Bouckaert, Matthew Conte, Alexander Savelyev, Tao Li, Deog-Im An, Ken-ichi Shinoda, Yinqiu Cui, Takamune Kawashima, Geonyoung Kim, Junzo Uchiyama, Joanna Dolińska, Sofia Oskolskaya, Ken-Yōjiro Yamano, Noriko Seguchi, Hirotaka Tomita, Hiroto Takamiya, Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hiroki Oota, Hajime Ishida, Ryosuke Kimura, Takehiro Sato, Jae-Hyun Kim, Bingcong Deng, Rasmus Bjørn, Seongha Rhee, Kyou-Dong Ahn, Ilya Gruntov, Olga Mazo, John R. Bentley, Ricardo Fernandes, Patrick Roberts, Ilona R. Bausch, Linda Gilaizeau, Minoru Yoneda, Mitsugu Kugai, Raffaela A. Bianco, Fan Zhang, Marie Himmel, Mark J. Hudson, Chao Ning: Triangulation supports agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages. In: Nature. Band599, Nr.7886, November 2021, ISSN1476-4687, S.616–621, doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04108-8 (nature.com [abgerufen am 5. März 2023]).
nih.gov
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Bayazit Yunusbayev, Mait Metspalu, Ene Metspalu, Albert Valeev, Sergei Litvinov, Ruslan Valiev, Vita Akhmetova, Elena Balanovska, Oleg Balanovsky, Shahlo Turdikulova, Dilbar Dalimova, Pagbajabyn Nymadawa, Ardeshir Bahmanimehr, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Kristiina Tambets, Sardana Fedorova, Nikolay Barashkov, Irina Khidiyatova, Evelin Mihailov, Rita Khusainova, Larisa Damba, Miroslava Derenko, Boris Malyarchuk, Ludmila Osipova, Mikhail Voevoda, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Toomas Kivisild, Elza Khusnutdinova, Richard Villems: The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia. In: PLOS Genetics. Band11, Nr.4, 21. April 2015, ISSN1553-7404, S.e1005068, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068, PMID 25898006 (plos.org [abgerufen am 26. April 2024]): „...it is well known that they did not involve massive re-settlements of Mongols over the conquered territories. Instead, the Mongol war machine was progressively augmented by various Turkic tribes as they expanded, and in this way Turkic peoples eventually reinforced their expansion over the Eurasian steppe and beyond [39].“
Perle Guarino-Vignon, Nina Marchi, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento, Evelyne Heyer, Céline Bon: Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia. In: Scientific Reports. Band12, Nr.1, 14. Januar 2022, ISSN2045-2322, S.733, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4, PMID 35031610 (nature.com [abgerufen am 28. April 2024]).
Junzo Uchiyama, J. Christopher Gillam, Alexander Savelyev, Chao Ning: Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia. In: Evolutionary Human Sciences. Band2, Januar 2020, ISSN2513-843X, S.e16, doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.11, PMID 37588381 (cambridge.org [abgerufen am 26. April 2024]): „... the ultimate Proto-Turkic homeland may have been located in a more compact area, most likely in Eastern Mongolia, that is, close to the ultimate Proto-Mongolic homeland in Southern Manchuria and the ultimate Proto-Tungusic homeland in the present-day borderlands of China, Russia and North Korea. This hypothesis would explain the tight connections of Proto-Turkic with Proto-Mongolic and Proto-Tungusic, regardless of whether one interprets the numerous similarities between the three Altaic families as partly inherited or obtained owing to long-lasting contact.“
plos.org
journals.plos.org
Bayazit Yunusbayev, Mait Metspalu, Ene Metspalu, Albert Valeev, Sergei Litvinov, Ruslan Valiev, Vita Akhmetova, Elena Balanovska, Oleg Balanovsky, Shahlo Turdikulova, Dilbar Dalimova, Pagbajabyn Nymadawa, Ardeshir Bahmanimehr, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Kristiina Tambets, Sardana Fedorova, Nikolay Barashkov, Irina Khidiyatova, Evelin Mihailov, Rita Khusainova, Larisa Damba, Miroslava Derenko, Boris Malyarchuk, Ludmila Osipova, Mikhail Voevoda, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Toomas Kivisild, Elza Khusnutdinova, Richard Villems: The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia. In: PLOS Genetics. Band11, Nr.4, 21. April 2015, ISSN1553-7404, S.e1005068, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068, PMID 25898006 (plos.org [abgerufen am 26. April 2024]): „...it is well known that they did not involve massive re-settlements of Mongols over the conquered territories. Instead, the Mongol war machine was progressively augmented by various Turkic tribes as they expanded, and in this way Turkic peoples eventually reinforced their expansion over the Eurasian steppe and beyond [39].“
Dalia A. Pokutta, Andrey P. Borodovskiy, Łukasz Oleszczak, Peter Tóth, Kerstin Lidén: Mobility of nomads in Central Asia: Chronology and 87Sr/86Sr isotope evidence from the Pazyryk barrows of Northern Altai, Russia. In: Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. Band27, 1. Oktober 2019, ISSN2352-409X, S.101897, doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.101897 (sciencedirect.com [abgerufen am 25. Juni 2022]).
Tao Li, Chao Ning, Irina S. Zhushchikhovskaya, Mark J. Hudson, Martine Robbeets: Millet agriculture dispersed from Northeast China to the Russian Far East: Integrating archaeology, genetics, and linguistics. In: Archaeological Research in Asia. Band22, 1. Juni 2020, ISSN2352-2267, S.100177, doi:10.1016/j.ara.2020.100177 (sciencedirect.com [abgerufen am 5. März 2022]).
Hayrettin İhsan Erkoç: Elements of Turkic Mythology in the Tibetan Document P.T. 1283. In: Central Asiatic Journal. Band61, Nr.2, 2018, ISSN0008-9192, S.297–311, doi:10.13173/centasiaj.61.2.0297.
Joo-Yup Lee, Shuntu Kuang: A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples. In: Inner Asia. Band19, Nr.2, 18. Oktober 2017, ISSN2210-5018, S.197–239, doi:10.1163/22105018-12340089 (brill.com [abgerufen am 25. Juni 2022]).
Joo-Yup Lee, Shuntu Kuang: A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples. In: Inner Asia. Band19, Nr.2, 18. Oktober 2017, ISSN2210-5018, S.197–239, doi:10.1163/22105018-12340089 (brill.com [abgerufen am 25. Juni 2022]): „Finally, an extensive study of the genetic legacy of the Turkic nomads across Eurasia based on autosomal dna analysis reveals that the source populations for the Turkic nomads who spread 'Asian genes' to non-Turkic peoples were (the ancestors of modern-day) Tuvinians, Mongols and Buryats, despite the fact that the latter two are Mongolic (Yunusbayev et al. 2015).81 In sum, one should note that the early eastern Turkic peoples were in all likelihood genetically closer to their neighbouring Mongolic peoples than to various later Turkic peoles of central and western Eurasia.“
Dalia A. Pokutta, Andrey P. Borodovskiy, Łukasz Oleszczak, Peter Tóth, Kerstin Lidén: Mobility of nomads in Central Asia: Chronology and 87Sr/86Sr isotope evidence from the Pazyryk barrows of Northern Altai, Russia. In: Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. Band27, 1. Oktober 2019, ISSN2352-409X, S.101897, doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.101897 (sciencedirect.com [abgerufen am 25. Juni 2022]).
Junzo Uchiyama, J. Christopher Gillam, Alexander Savelyev, Chao Ning: Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia. In: Evolutionary Human Sciences. Band2, 2020, ISSN2513-843X, S.e16, doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.11 (cambridge.org [abgerufen am 5. März 2023]): „Although current genetic evidence is not adequate to track the exact time and location for the origin of the proto-Turkic language, it is clear that it probably originated somewhere in northeastern Asia given the fact that the nomadic groups, such as the Rouran, Xiongnu and the Xianbei, all share a substratum genetic ancestry that falls into or close to the northeast Asian gene pool (Ning et al., Reference Ning, Li, Wang, Zhang, Li, Wu and Cuiin press; Li et al., Reference Li, Zhang, Zhao, Chen, Ochir, Sarenbilige and Zhou2018).“
Joo-Yup Lee, Shuntu Kuang: A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples. In: Inner Asia. Band19, Nr.2, 18. Oktober 2017, ISSN2210-5018, S.197–239, doi:10.1163/22105018-12340089 (brill.com [abgerufen am 26. April 2024]): „Finally, we suggest that the Turkicisation of central and western Eurasia was the product of multiple processes of language diffusion that involved not only originally Turkic-speaking groups, but also Turkicised (Indo-European) groups. That is, the earliest Turkic groups first Turkicised some non-Turkic groups residing in Mongolia and beyond. Then both Turkic and 'Turkicised' groups Turkicised non-Turkic tribes (who were mostly carriers of haplogroups R1a1) residing in the Kazakh steppes and beyond. Through multiple processes, including the Mongol conquest, the members of the extended Turkic entity spread the Turkic languages across Eurasia.“
Bayazit Yunusbayev, Mait Metspalu, Ene Metspalu, Albert Valeev, Sergei Litvinov, Ruslan Valiev, Vita Akhmetova, Elena Balanovska, Oleg Balanovsky, Shahlo Turdikulova, Dilbar Dalimova, Pagbajabyn Nymadawa, Ardeshir Bahmanimehr, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Kristiina Tambets, Sardana Fedorova, Nikolay Barashkov, Irina Khidiyatova, Evelin Mihailov, Rita Khusainova, Larisa Damba, Miroslava Derenko, Boris Malyarchuk, Ludmila Osipova, Mikhail Voevoda, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Toomas Kivisild, Elza Khusnutdinova, Richard Villems: The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia. In: PLOS Genetics. Band11, Nr.4, 21. April 2015, ISSN1553-7404, S.e1005068, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068, PMID 25898006 (plos.org [abgerufen am 26. April 2024]): „...it is well known that they did not involve massive re-settlements of Mongols over the conquered territories. Instead, the Mongol war machine was progressively augmented by various Turkic tribes as they expanded, and in this way Turkic peoples eventually reinforced their expansion over the Eurasian steppe and beyond [39].“
Peter de Barros Damgaard, Nina Marchi, Simon Rasmussen, Michaël Peyrot, Gabriel Renaud, Thorfinn Korneliussen, J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar, Mikkel Winther Pedersen, Amy Goldberg, Emma Usmanova, Nurbol Baimukhanov, Valeriy Loman, Lotte Hedeager, Anders Gorm Pedersen, Kasper Nielsen, Gennady Afanasiev, Kunbolot Akmatov, Almaz Aldashev, Ashyk Alpaslan, Gabit Baimbetov, Vladimir I. Bazaliiskii, Arman Beisenov, Bazartseren Boldbaatar, Bazartseren Boldgiv, Choduraa Dorzhu, Sturla Ellingvag, Diimaajav Erdenebaatar, Rana Dajani, Evgeniy Dmitriev, Valeriy Evdokimov, Karin M. Frei, Andrey Gromov, Alexander Goryachev, Hakon Hakonarson, Tatyana Hegay, Zaruhi Khachatryan, Ruslan Khaskhanov, Egor Kitov, Alina Kolbina, Tabaldiev Kubatbek, Alexey Kukushkin, Igor Kukushkin, Nina Lau, Ashot Margaryan, Inga Merkyte, Ilya V. Mertz, Viktor K. Mertz, Enkhbayar Mijiddorj, Vyacheslav Moiyesev, Gulmira Mukhtarova, Bekmukhanbet Nurmukhanbetov, Z. Orozbekova, Irina Panyushkina, Karol Pieta, Václav Smrčka, Irina Shevnina, Andrey Logvin, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Tereza Štolcová, Angela M. Taravella, Kadicha Tashbaeva, Alexander Tkachev, Turaly Tulegenov, Dmitriy Voyakin, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Sainbileg Undrakhbold, Victor Varfolomeev, Andrzej Weber, Melissa A. Wilson Sayres, Nikolay Kradin, Morten E. Allentoft, Ludovic Orlando, Rasmus Nielsen, Martin Sikora, Evelyne Heyer, Kristian Kristiansen, Eske Willerslev: 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes. In: Nature. Band557, Nr.7705, Mai 2018, ISSN1476-4687, S.369–374, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2 (nature.com [abgerufen am 26. April 2024]): „These historical events transformed the Eurasian steppes from being inhabited by Indo-European speakers of largely West Eurasian ancestry to the mostly Turkic-speaking groups of the present day, who are primarily of East Asian ancestry.“
Perle Guarino-Vignon, Nina Marchi, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento, Evelyne Heyer, Céline Bon: Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia. In: Scientific Reports. Band12, Nr.1, 14. Januar 2022, ISSN2045-2322, S.733, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4, PMID 35031610 (nature.com [abgerufen am 28. April 2024]).
Junzo Uchiyama, J. Christopher Gillam, Alexander Savelyev, Chao Ning: Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia. In: Evolutionary Human Sciences. Band2, 2020, ISSN2513-843X, S.e16, doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.11 (cambridge.org [abgerufen am 5. Dezember 2022]).
Martine Robbeets, Remco Bouckaert, Matthew Conte, Alexander Savelyev, Tao Li, Deog-Im An, Ken-ichi Shinoda, Yinqiu Cui, Takamune Kawashima, Geonyoung Kim, Junzo Uchiyama, Joanna Dolińska, Sofia Oskolskaya, Ken-Yōjiro Yamano, Noriko Seguchi, Hirotaka Tomita, Hiroto Takamiya, Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hiroki Oota, Hajime Ishida, Ryosuke Kimura, Takehiro Sato, Jae-Hyun Kim, Bingcong Deng, Rasmus Bjørn, Seongha Rhee, Kyou-Dong Ahn, Ilya Gruntov, Olga Mazo, John R. Bentley, Ricardo Fernandes, Patrick Roberts, Ilona R. Bausch, Linda Gilaizeau, Minoru Yoneda, Mitsugu Kugai, Raffaela A. Bianco, Fan Zhang, Marie Himmel, Mark J. Hudson, Chao Ning: Triangulation supports agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages. In: Nature. Band599, Nr.7886, November 2021, ISSN1476-4687, S.616–621, doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04108-8 (nature.com [abgerufen am 5. März 2023]).
Junzo Uchiyama, J. Christopher Gillam, Alexander Savelyev, Chao Ning: Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia. In: Evolutionary Human Sciences. Band2, Januar 2020, ISSN2513-843X, S.e16, doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.11, PMID 37588381 (cambridge.org [abgerufen am 26. April 2024]): „... the ultimate Proto-Turkic homeland may have been located in a more compact area, most likely in Eastern Mongolia, that is, close to the ultimate Proto-Mongolic homeland in Southern Manchuria and the ultimate Proto-Tungusic homeland in the present-day borderlands of China, Russia and North Korea. This hypothesis would explain the tight connections of Proto-Turkic with Proto-Mongolic and Proto-Tungusic, regardless of whether one interprets the numerous similarities between the three Altaic families as partly inherited or obtained owing to long-lasting contact.“
Sarah Nelson, Irina Zhushchikhovskaya, Tao Li, Mark Hudson, Martine Robbeets: Tracing population movements in ancient East Asia through the linguistics and archaeology of textile production. In: Evolutionary Human Sciences. Band2, 2020, ISSN2513-843X, doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.4 (cambridge.org [abgerufen am 5. März 2022]).
Tao Li, Chao Ning, Irina S. Zhushchikhovskaya, Mark J. Hudson, Martine Robbeets: Millet agriculture dispersed from Northeast China to the Russian Far East: Integrating archaeology, genetics, and linguistics. In: Archaeological Research in Asia. Band22, 1. Juni 2020, ISSN2352-2267, S.100177, doi:10.1016/j.ara.2020.100177 (sciencedirect.com [abgerufen am 5. März 2022]).
Junzo Uchiyama, J. Christopher Gillam, Alexander Savelyev, Chao Ning: Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia. In: Evolutionary Human Sciences. Band2, 2020, ISSN2513-843X, doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.11 (cambridge.org [abgerufen am 5. März 2022]): „A nomadic, pastoralist lifestyle reached the eastern steppe by the end of the second millennium BCE (Taylor et al., 2017; Janz et al., 2017), and it became the basis of the Late Proto-Turkic subsistence in the first millennium BCE. Consequently, the Proto-Turkic language has developed extensive nomadic pastoralist vocabulary, including terms for domestic animals (e.g. *sïgïr 'cattle', *toklï 'lamb', *adgïr 'stallion' and *kulum 'foal'), horse-riding (*at 'riding horse'and *edŋer 'saddle') anddairy products (*ajran 'a kind of salty yoghurt' and *torak 'a kind of cheese or quark').“
