Igor Kopytoff, The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (1989), 9–10 όπως παρατίθεται στην ιστοσελίδα, Pre-historic Roots of the Igbo Language, A Mighty Tree, 2011).
To «Κεντροαφρικανοί τροφοσυλλέκτες» χρησιμοποιείται, κάποιες φορές μαζί με το «Πυγμαίοι», πχ:
Susan Kent, Cultural Diversity Among Twentieth-Century Foragers: An African Perspective (2006). Richard Bradshaw, Juan Fandos-Rius, Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic (2016), σ. 11;
Schlebusch et al. (2017).
Το «Αφρικανοί κυνηγοί-τροφοσυλλέκτες του τροπικού δάσους» χρησιμοποιείται σε μελέτες πληθυσμιακής γενετικής, από το 2015 περίπου: Fagny, Maud; Patin, Etienne; MacIsaac, Julia L; Rotival, Maxime; Flutre, Timothée; Jones, Meaghan J και άλλοι. (2015). «The epigenomic landscape of African rainforest hunter-gatherers and farmers». Nature Communications6: 10047. doi:10.1038/ncomms10047. PMID26616214. Bibcode: 2015NatCo...610047F.
Το «Λαοί του Δάσους της Κεντρικής Αφρικής» χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε περιορισμένο βαθμό στις αρχές της δεκαετίας του 2000s. πχ Racism Against Indigenous Peoples, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (2001), σ. 312; Thomas Widlok, Wolde Gossa Tadesse (eds.), Property and Equality vol. 2 (2005), σ. 104.
Patin, Etienne; Laval, Guillaume; Barreiro, Luis B; Salas, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana; Kidd, Kenneth K; Kidd, Judith R και άλλοι. (2009). «Inferring the Demographic History of African Farmers and Pygmy Hunter–Gatherers Using a Multilocus Resequencing Data Set». PLOS Genetics5 (4): e1000448. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000448. PMID19360089. «little is known about the chronology of the demographic events—size changes, population splits, and gene flow—ultimately giving rise to contemporary Pygmy (Western and Eastern) groups and neighboring agricultural populations. We studied the branching history of Pygmy hunter–gatherers and agricultural populations from Africa and estimated separation times and gene flow between these populations. The model identified included the early divergence of the ancestors of Pygmy hunter–gatherers and farming populations ~60,000 years ago, followed by a split of the Pygmies' ancestors into the Western and Eastern Pygmy groups ~20,000 years ago. Our findings increase knowledge of the history of the peopling of the African continent in a region lacking archaeological data.».
Bozzola, M; Travaglino P; Marziliano N; Meazza C; Pagani S; Grasso M; Tauber M; Diegoli M και άλλοι. (Nov 2009). «The shortness of Pygmies is associated with severe under-expression of the growth hormone receptor». Mol Genet Metab98 (3): 310–3. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.05.009. PMID19541519.
Ohenjo, N. O.; Willis, R.; Jackson, D.; Nettleton, C.; Good, K.; Mugarura, B. (2006). «Health of Indigenous people in Africa». The Lancet367 (9526): 1937–46. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68849-1. PMID16765763.
S. A. Dembner, "Forest peoples in the central African rain forest: focus on the pygmies"Unasylva — An international journal of forestry and forest industries Vol. 47 – 1996/3.
"Pygmies are distributed discontinuously across nine different African countries Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Zaire, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Congo and live in innumerable distinct ethnic groups that are separated by geography, language, customs and technology. The one characteristic that is common to them all, regardless of their location or degree of acculturation, is their disdain for the term 'pygmy'. Without exception, they prefer to be called by their appropriate ethnic name, such as Mbuti, Efe, Aka, Asua, and consider the term 'pygmy' as pejorative."
To «Κεντροαφρικανοί τροφοσυλλέκτες» χρησιμοποιείται, κάποιες φορές μαζί με το «Πυγμαίοι», πχ:
Susan Kent, Cultural Diversity Among Twentieth-Century Foragers: An African Perspective (2006). Richard Bradshaw, Juan Fandos-Rius, Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic (2016), σ. 11;
Schlebusch et al. (2017).
Το «Αφρικανοί κυνηγοί-τροφοσυλλέκτες του τροπικού δάσους» χρησιμοποιείται σε μελέτες πληθυσμιακής γενετικής, από το 2015 περίπου: Fagny, Maud; Patin, Etienne; MacIsaac, Julia L; Rotival, Maxime; Flutre, Timothée; Jones, Meaghan J και άλλοι. (2015). «The epigenomic landscape of African rainforest hunter-gatherers and farmers». Nature Communications6: 10047. doi:10.1038/ncomms10047. PMID26616214. Bibcode: 2015NatCo...610047F.
Το «Λαοί του Δάσους της Κεντρικής Αφρικής» χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε περιορισμένο βαθμό στις αρχές της δεκαετίας του 2000s. πχ Racism Against Indigenous Peoples, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (2001), σ. 312; Thomas Widlok, Wolde Gossa Tadesse (eds.), Property and Equality vol. 2 (2005), σ. 104.
To «Κεντροαφρικανοί τροφοσυλλέκτες» χρησιμοποιείται, κάποιες φορές μαζί με το «Πυγμαίοι», πχ:
Susan Kent, Cultural Diversity Among Twentieth-Century Foragers: An African Perspective (2006). Richard Bradshaw, Juan Fandos-Rius, Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic (2016), σ. 11;
Schlebusch et al. (2017).
Το «Αφρικανοί κυνηγοί-τροφοσυλλέκτες του τροπικού δάσους» χρησιμοποιείται σε μελέτες πληθυσμιακής γενετικής, από το 2015 περίπου: Fagny, Maud; Patin, Etienne; MacIsaac, Julia L; Rotival, Maxime; Flutre, Timothée; Jones, Meaghan J και άλλοι. (2015). «The epigenomic landscape of African rainforest hunter-gatherers and farmers». Nature Communications6: 10047. doi:10.1038/ncomms10047. PMID26616214. Bibcode: 2015NatCo...610047F.
Το «Λαοί του Δάσους της Κεντρικής Αφρικής» χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε περιορισμένο βαθμό στις αρχές της δεκαετίας του 2000s. πχ Racism Against Indigenous Peoples, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (2001), σ. 312; Thomas Widlok, Wolde Gossa Tadesse (eds.), Property and Equality vol. 2 (2005), σ. 104.
Patin, Etienne; Laval, Guillaume; Barreiro, Luis B; Salas, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana; Kidd, Kenneth K; Kidd, Judith R και άλλοι. (2009). «Inferring the Demographic History of African Farmers and Pygmy Hunter–Gatherers Using a Multilocus Resequencing Data Set». PLOS Genetics5 (4): e1000448. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000448. PMID19360089. «little is known about the chronology of the demographic events—size changes, population splits, and gene flow—ultimately giving rise to contemporary Pygmy (Western and Eastern) groups and neighboring agricultural populations. We studied the branching history of Pygmy hunter–gatherers and agricultural populations from Africa and estimated separation times and gene flow between these populations. The model identified included the early divergence of the ancestors of Pygmy hunter–gatherers and farming populations ~60,000 years ago, followed by a split of the Pygmies' ancestors into the Western and Eastern Pygmy groups ~20,000 years ago. Our findings increase knowledge of the history of the peopling of the African continent in a region lacking archaeological data.».
Bozzola, M; Travaglino P; Marziliano N; Meazza C; Pagani S; Grasso M; Tauber M; Diegoli M και άλλοι. (Nov 2009). «The shortness of Pygmies is associated with severe under-expression of the growth hormone receptor». Mol Genet Metab98 (3): 310–3. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.05.009. PMID19541519.
Ohenjo, N. O.; Willis, R.; Jackson, D.; Nettleton, C.; Good, K.; Mugarura, B. (2006). «Health of Indigenous people in Africa». The Lancet367 (9526): 1937–46. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68849-1. PMID16765763.
pubmedcentral.nih.gov
To «Κεντροαφρικανοί τροφοσυλλέκτες» χρησιμοποιείται, κάποιες φορές μαζί με το «Πυγμαίοι», πχ:
Susan Kent, Cultural Diversity Among Twentieth-Century Foragers: An African Perspective (2006). Richard Bradshaw, Juan Fandos-Rius, Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic (2016), σ. 11;
Schlebusch et al. (2017).
Το «Αφρικανοί κυνηγοί-τροφοσυλλέκτες του τροπικού δάσους» χρησιμοποιείται σε μελέτες πληθυσμιακής γενετικής, από το 2015 περίπου: Fagny, Maud; Patin, Etienne; MacIsaac, Julia L; Rotival, Maxime; Flutre, Timothée; Jones, Meaghan J και άλλοι. (2015). «The epigenomic landscape of African rainforest hunter-gatherers and farmers». Nature Communications6: 10047. doi:10.1038/ncomms10047. PMID26616214. Bibcode: 2015NatCo...610047F.
Το «Λαοί του Δάσους της Κεντρικής Αφρικής» χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε περιορισμένο βαθμό στις αρχές της δεκαετίας του 2000s. πχ Racism Against Indigenous Peoples, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (2001), σ. 312; Thomas Widlok, Wolde Gossa Tadesse (eds.), Property and Equality vol. 2 (2005), σ. 104.
Patin, Etienne; Laval, Guillaume; Barreiro, Luis B; Salas, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana; Kidd, Kenneth K; Kidd, Judith R και άλλοι. (2009). «Inferring the Demographic History of African Farmers and Pygmy Hunter–Gatherers Using a Multilocus Resequencing Data Set». PLOS Genetics5 (4): e1000448. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000448. PMID19360089. «little is known about the chronology of the demographic events—size changes, population splits, and gene flow—ultimately giving rise to contemporary Pygmy (Western and Eastern) groups and neighboring agricultural populations. We studied the branching history of Pygmy hunter–gatherers and agricultural populations from Africa and estimated separation times and gene flow between these populations. The model identified included the early divergence of the ancestors of Pygmy hunter–gatherers and farming populations ~60,000 years ago, followed by a split of the Pygmies' ancestors into the Western and Eastern Pygmy groups ~20,000 years ago. Our findings increase knowledge of the history of the peopling of the African continent in a region lacking archaeological data.».
R. M. Blench, Genetics and linguistics in sub-Saharan Africa (2004), "4.3 The origin of the African pygmies":
"The common view, however, is that the pygmies are the ancient denizens of the forest zone, dating from at least the Middle Stone Age (MSA) (e.g. Cavalli-Sforza 1968a). They would have lived by hunting and gathering until they encountered expanding Central Sudanic, Adamawa-Ubangian and Bantu-speaking farmers ca. 4000 bp. Since that date they have lived in a symbiosis with the farmers, often as a despised and marginalised group. If this is the case,
then major MSA archaeological sites in the area of the present-day rain-forest are presumed to be the
traces of these ancient pygmy groups. There is no doubt the Central African rainforest has been occupied for a very long time (Clist 1995; Mercader and Marti 1999), but there is no direct evidence as to the racial or genetic affiliations of the populations whose stone tools have been recovered. These sites have problems of dating, but it is usually assumed that the sites, ‘Sangoan’ or ‘Lupemban’ are >40,000 years old (the usual limit of radio-carbon dating)."
Blench, Roger. 1999. Are the African Pygmies an ethnographic fiction? In: Central African hunter-gatherers in a multi-disciplinary perspective: challenging elusiveness. K. Biesbrouck, S. Elders & G. Rossel eds. 41-60. Leiden: CNWS.
