Abacus (English Wikipedia)

Terlau & Gissoni 2005 Terlau, Terrie; Gissoni, Fred (March 2005). "Abacus = Pencil and Paper When Calculating". APH News. American Printing House for the Blind. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013.

archive.org

Boyer & Merzbach 1991, pp. 252–253 Boyer, Carl B.; Merzbach, Uta C. (1991). A History of Mathematics (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-54397-8.
Brown 1993, p. 2 Brown, Lesley, ed. (1993). "abacus". Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Vol. 2: A-K (5th ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860575-1.
Ifrah 2001, p. 11 Ifrah, Georges (2001). The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-39671-0.
Ifrah 2001, p. 15 Ifrah, Georges (2001). The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-39671-0.
Ifrah 2001, p. 18 Ifrah, Georges (2001). The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-39671-0.
Ifrah 2001, p. 17 Ifrah, Georges (2001). The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-39671-0.
Körner 1996, p. 232 Körner, Thomas William (1996). The Pleasures of Counting. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56823-4.
Gullberg 1997, p. 169 Gullberg, Jan (1997). Mathematics: From the Birth of Numbers. Illustrated by Pär Gullberg. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-04002-9.

archive.today

Anon 2013 Anon (2013). 주판 [Abacus]. enc.daum.net (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2014.

books.google.com

Brown 2010, pp. 81–82 Brown, Nancy Marie (2010). The Abacus and the Cross: The Story of the Pope Who Brought the Light of Science to the Dark Ages. Philadelphia, PA: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00950-3.
Huff 1993, p. 50 Huff, Toby E. (1993). The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West (1st ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43496-6.
Presley & D'Andrea 2009 Presley, Ike; D'Andrea, Frances Mary (2009). Assistive Technology for Students who are Blind Or Visually Impaired: A Guide to Assessment. American Foundation for the Blind. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-89128-890-9.

csmonitor.com

Murray 1982 Murray, Geoffrey (July 20, 1982). "Ancient calculator is a hit with Japan's newest generation". The Christian Science Monitor. CSMonitor.com. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2014.

daum.net

enc.daum.net

Anon 2013 Anon (2013). 주판 [Abacus]. enc.daum.net (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2014.

doi.org

Sokolov, Viatcheslav; Karelskaia, Svetlana; Zuga, Ekaterina (February 2023). "The schoty (abacus) as the phenomenon of Russian accounting". Accounting History. 28 (1): 90–118. doi:10.1177/10323732221132005. ISSN 1032-3732. S2CID 256789240.
Hu, Yuzheng; Geng, Fengji; Tao, Lixia; Hu, Nantu; Du, Fenglei; Fu, Kuang; Chen, Feiyan (December 14, 2010). "Enhanced white matter tracts integrity in children with abacus training". Human Brain Mapping. 32 (1): 10–21. doi:10.1002/hbm.20996. ISSN 1065-9471. PMC 6870462. PMID 20235096.
Wu, Tung-Hsin; Chen, Chia-Lin; Huang, Yung-Hui; Liu, Ren-Shyan; Hsieh, Jen-Chuen; Lee, Jason J. S. (November 5, 2008). "Effects of long-term practice and task complexity on brain activities when performing abacus-based mental calculations: a PET study". European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 36 (3): 436–445. doi:10.1007/s00259-008-0949-0. ISSN 1619-7070. PMID 18985348. S2CID 9860036.
Lee, J.S.; Chen, C.L.; Wu, T.H.; Hsieh, J.C.; Wui, Y.T.; Cheng, M.C.; Huang, Y.H. (2003). "Brain activation during abacus-based mental calculation with fMRI: A comparison between abacus experts and normal subjects". First International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, 2003. Conference Proceedings. pp. 553–556. doi:10.1109/CNE.2003.1196886. ISBN 978-0-7803-7579-6. S2CID 60704352.
Chen, C.L.; Wu, T.H.; Cheng, M.C.; Huang, Y.H.; Sheu, C.Y.; Hsieh, J.C.; Lee, J.S. (December 20, 2006). "Prospective demonstration of brain plasticity after intensive abacus-based mental calculation training: An fMRI study". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 569 (2): 567–571. Bibcode:2006NIMPA.569..567C. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2006.08.101. ISSN 0168-9002.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Chen, C.L.; Wu, T.H.; Cheng, M.C.; Huang, Y.H.; Sheu, C.Y.; Hsieh, J.C.; Lee, J.S. (December 20, 2006). "Prospective demonstration of brain plasticity after intensive abacus-based mental calculation training: An fMRI study". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 569 (2): 567–571. Bibcode:2006NIMPA.569..567C. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2006.08.101. ISSN 0168-9002.

historyforkids.org

Carr 2014 Carr, Karen (2014). "West Asian Mathematics". Kidipede. History for Kids!. Archived from the original on July 3, 2014. Retrieved Jun 19, 2014.

inaoep.mx

Anon 2004 Anon (2004). "Nepohualtzintzin, The Pre Hispanic Computer". Iberamia 2004. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved July 31, 2014.

jstor.org

"The Abacus Today". Mathematics in School. 4 (5): 18–19. 1975. ISSN 0305-7259. JSTOR 30211432.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

de Stefani 1909, p. 2 de Stefani, Aloysius, ed. (1909). Etymologicum Gudianum quod vocatur; recensuit et apparatum criticum indicesque adiecit. Vol. I. Leipzig, Germany: Teubner. LCCN 23016143.
Lasserre & Livadaras 1976, p. 4 Lasserre, Franciscus; Livadaras, Nicolaus, eds. (1976). Etymologicum Magnum Genuinum: Symeonis Etymologicum: Una Cum Magna Grammatica (in Greek and Latin). Vol. Primum: α — άμωσϒέπωϛ. Rome, Italy: Edizioni dell'Ateneo. LCCN 77467964.
Pullan 1968, p. 17 Pullan, J. M. (1968). The History of the Abacus. New York, NY: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-09-089410-9. LCCN 72075113.
Williams 1997, p. 55 Williams, Michael R. (1997). Baltes, Cheryl (ed.). A History of Computing technology (2nd ed.). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press. ISBN 978-0-8186-7739-7. LCCN 96045232.
Pullan 1968, p. 16 Pullan, J. M. (1968). The History of the Abacus. New York, NY: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-09-089410-9. LCCN 72075113.
Pullan 1968, p. 13 Pullan, J. M. (1968). The History of the Abacus. New York, NY: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-09-089410-9. LCCN 72075113.
Williams 1997, pp. 55–56 Williams, Michael R. (1997). Baltes, Cheryl (ed.). A History of Computing technology (2nd ed.). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press. ISBN 978-0-8186-7739-7. LCCN 96045232.
Williams 1997, p. 65 Williams, Michael R. (1997). Baltes, Cheryl (ed.). A History of Computing technology (2nd ed.). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press. ISBN 978-0-8186-7739-7. LCCN 96045232.
Williams 1997, p. 64 Williams, Michael R. (1997). Baltes, Cheryl (ed.). A History of Computing technology (2nd ed.). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press. ISBN 978-0-8186-7739-7. LCCN 96045232.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hu, Yuzheng; Geng, Fengji; Tao, Lixia; Hu, Nantu; Du, Fenglei; Fu, Kuang; Chen, Feiyan (December 14, 2010). "Enhanced white matter tracts integrity in children with abacus training". Human Brain Mapping. 32 (1): 10–21. doi:10.1002/hbm.20996. ISSN 1065-9471. PMC 6870462. PMID 20235096.
Wu, Tung-Hsin; Chen, Chia-Lin; Huang, Yung-Hui; Liu, Ren-Shyan; Hsieh, Jen-Chuen; Lee, Jason J. S. (November 5, 2008). "Effects of long-term practice and task complexity on brain activities when performing abacus-based mental calculations: a PET study". European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 36 (3): 436–445. doi:10.1007/s00259-008-0949-0. ISSN 1619-7070. PMID 18985348. S2CID 9860036.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hu, Yuzheng; Geng, Fengji; Tao, Lixia; Hu, Nantu; Du, Fenglei; Fu, Kuang; Chen, Feiyan (December 14, 2010). "Enhanced white matter tracts integrity in children with abacus training". Human Brain Mapping. 32 (1): 10–21. doi:10.1002/hbm.20996. ISSN 1065-9471. PMC 6870462. PMID 20235096.

quipus.it

Aimi & De Pasquale 2005 Aimi, Antonio; De Pasquale, Nicolino (2005). "Andean Calculators" (PDF). translated by Del Bianco, Franca. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved July 31, 2014.

religiondispatches.org

Brown 2011 Brown, Nancy Marie (January 2, 2011). "Everything You Think You Know About the Dark Ages is Wrong". rd magazine (Interview). USC Annenberg. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014.

ryerson.ca

ee.ryerson.ca

Fernandes 2003 Fernandes, Luis (November 27, 2003). "A Brief Introduction to the Abacus". ee.ryerson.ca. Archived from the original on December 26, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2014.

sagepub.com

journals.sagepub.com

Sokolov, Viatcheslav; Karelskaia, Svetlana; Zuga, Ekaterina (February 2023). "The schoty (abacus) as the phenomenon of Russian accounting". Accounting History. 28 (1): 90–118. doi:10.1177/10323732221132005. ISSN 1032-3732. S2CID 256789240.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Sokolov, Viatcheslav; Karelskaia, Svetlana; Zuga, Ekaterina (February 2023). "The schoty (abacus) as the phenomenon of Russian accounting". Accounting History. 28 (1): 90–118. doi:10.1177/10323732221132005. ISSN 1032-3732. S2CID 256789240.
Wu, Tung-Hsin; Chen, Chia-Lin; Huang, Yung-Hui; Liu, Ren-Shyan; Hsieh, Jen-Chuen; Lee, Jason J. S. (November 5, 2008). "Effects of long-term practice and task complexity on brain activities when performing abacus-based mental calculations: a PET study". European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 36 (3): 436–445. doi:10.1007/s00259-008-0949-0. ISSN 1619-7070. PMID 18985348. S2CID 9860036.
Lee, J.S.; Chen, C.L.; Wu, T.H.; Hsieh, J.C.; Wui, Y.T.; Cheng, M.C.; Huang, Y.H. (2003). "Brain activation during abacus-based mental calculation with fMRI: A comparison between abacus experts and normal subjects". First International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, 2003. Conference Proceedings. pp. 553–556. doi:10.1109/CNE.2003.1196886. ISBN 978-0-7803-7579-6. S2CID 60704352.

stlawu.edu

it.stlawu.edu

Melville 2001 Melville, Duncan J. (May 30, 2001). "Chronology of Mesopotamian Mathematics". St. Lawrence University. It.stlawu.edu. Archived from the original on January 12, 2014. Retrieved Jun 19, 2014.

thocp.net

Anon 2002 Anon (September 12, 2002). "Abacus middle ages, region of origin Middle East". The History of Computing Project. Archived from the original on May 9, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2014.

tsinghua.edu.cn

tsm.tsinghua.edu.cn

"中国算盘 | 清华大学科学博物馆". Department of the History of Science, Tsinghua University (in Chinese). August 22, 2020. Archived from the original on August 8, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021.

web.archive.org

Melville 2001 Melville, Duncan J. (May 30, 2001). "Chronology of Mesopotamian Mathematics". St. Lawrence University. It.stlawu.edu. Archived from the original on January 12, 2014. Retrieved Jun 19, 2014.
Carr 2014 Carr, Karen (2014). "West Asian Mathematics". Kidipede. History for Kids!. Archived from the original on July 3, 2014. Retrieved Jun 19, 2014.
Brown 2011 Brown, Nancy Marie (January 2, 2011). "Everything You Think You Know About the Dark Ages is Wrong". rd magazine (Interview). USC Annenberg. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014.
Fernandes 2003 Fernandes, Luis (November 27, 2003). "A Brief Introduction to the Abacus". ee.ryerson.ca. Archived from the original on December 26, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
"中国算盘 | 清华大学科学博物馆". Department of the History of Science, Tsinghua University (in Chinese). August 22, 2020. Archived from the original on August 8, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
Murray 1982 Murray, Geoffrey (July 20, 1982). "Ancient calculator is a hit with Japan's newest generation". The Christian Science Monitor. CSMonitor.com. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
Anon 2002 Anon (September 12, 2002). "Abacus middle ages, region of origin Middle East". The History of Computing Project. Archived from the original on May 9, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
Anon 2004 Anon (2004). "Nepohualtzintzin, The Pre Hispanic Computer". Iberamia 2004. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
Aimi & De Pasquale 2005 Aimi, Antonio; De Pasquale, Nicolino (2005). "Andean Calculators" (PDF). translated by Del Bianco, Franca. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
Terlau & Gissoni 2005 Terlau, Terrie; Gissoni, Fred (March 2005). "Abacus = Pencil and Paper When Calculating". APH News. American Printing House for the Blind. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Sokolov, Viatcheslav; Karelskaia, Svetlana; Zuga, Ekaterina (February 2023). "The schoty (abacus) as the phenomenon of Russian accounting". Accounting History. 28 (1): 90–118. doi:10.1177/10323732221132005. ISSN 1032-3732. S2CID 256789240.
"The Abacus Today". Mathematics in School. 4 (5): 18–19. 1975. ISSN 0305-7259. JSTOR 30211432.
Feynman, Richard (1985). "Lucky Numbers". Surely you're joking, Mr. Feynman!. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31604-9. OCLC 10925248.
Hu, Yuzheng; Geng, Fengji; Tao, Lixia; Hu, Nantu; Du, Fenglei; Fu, Kuang; Chen, Feiyan (December 14, 2010). "Enhanced white matter tracts integrity in children with abacus training". Human Brain Mapping. 32 (1): 10–21. doi:10.1002/hbm.20996. ISSN 1065-9471. PMC 6870462. PMID 20235096.
Wu, Tung-Hsin; Chen, Chia-Lin; Huang, Yung-Hui; Liu, Ren-Shyan; Hsieh, Jen-Chuen; Lee, Jason J. S. (November 5, 2008). "Effects of long-term practice and task complexity on brain activities when performing abacus-based mental calculations: a PET study". European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 36 (3): 436–445. doi:10.1007/s00259-008-0949-0. ISSN 1619-7070. PMID 18985348. S2CID 9860036.
Chen, C.L.; Wu, T.H.; Cheng, M.C.; Huang, Y.H.; Sheu, C.Y.; Hsieh, J.C.; Lee, J.S. (December 20, 2006). "Prospective demonstration of brain plasticity after intensive abacus-based mental calculation training: An fMRI study". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 569 (2): 567–571. Bibcode:2006NIMPA.569..567C. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2006.08.101. ISSN 0168-9002.