Absolute zero (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Absolute zero" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

11web.archive.org

1^st place

6doi.org

2^nd place

5worldcat.org

5^th place

4books.google.com

3^rd place

4harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

4semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

3nasa.gov

75^th place

83^rd place

2nih.gov

4^th place

2biodiversitylibrary.org

387^th place

373^rd place

2hut.fi

low place

1bipm.org

641^st place

955^th place

1smithsonianmag.com

503^rd place

364^th place

1libretexts.org

3,627^th place

2,467^th place

1arxiv.org

69^th place

59^th place

1britannica.com

40^th place

58^th place

1wikisource.org

27^th place

51^st place

1lemoyne.edu

6,850^th place

8,237^th place

1youtube.com

9^th place

13^th place

1scienceclarified.com

low place

1nobelprize.org

301^st place

478^th place

1ncku.edu.tw

low place

1abc.net.au

139^th place

108^th place

1straightdope.com

2,317^th place

1,763^rd place

1ipmu.jp

low place

1cosmosmagazine.com

low place

1handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

1esf.org

low place

1ucla.edu

782^nd place

585^th place

1ghostarchive.org

32^nd place

21^st place

1livescience.com

1,190^th place

959^th place

1interactions.org

low place

1mit.edu

415^th place

327^th place

1science.org

1,160^th place

737^th place

1aps.org

1,503^rd place

1,378^th place

abc.net.au (Global: 139^th place; English: 108^th place)

Kruszelnicki, Karl S. (25 September 2003). "Coldest Place in the Universe 1". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 24 September 2012.

aps.org (Global: 1,503^rd place; English: 1,378^th place)

link.aps.org

Deppner, Christian; Herr, Waldemar; Cornelius, Merle; Stromberger, Peter; Sternke, Tammo; Grzeschik, Christoph; Grote, Alexander; Rudolph, Jan; Herrmann, Sven; Krutzik, Markus; Wenzlawski, André (30 August 2021). "Collective-Mode Enhanced Matter-Wave Optics". Physical Review Letters. 127 (10) 100401. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127j0401D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.100401. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34533345. S2CID 237396804.

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; English: 59^th place)

Kim, Hyeong-Chan (30 July 2024). "Temperature upper bound of an ideal gas". Heliyon. 10 (14) e34249. arXiv:2311.06994. Bibcode:2024Heliy..1034249K. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34249. ISSN 2405-8440. PMID 39113977.

biodiversitylibrary.org (Global: 387^th place; English: 373^rd place)

Amontons (18 April 1703). "Le thermomètre rèduit à une mesure fixe & certaine, & le moyen d'y rapporter les observations faites avec les anciens Thermométres" [The thermometer reduced to a fixed & certain measurement, & the means of relating to it observations made with old thermometers]. Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, avec les Mémoires de Mathématique et de Physique pour la même Année (in French): 50–56. Amontons described the relation between his new thermometer (which was based on the expansion and contraction of alcohol (esprit de vin)) and the old thermometer (which was based on air). From p. 52: " […] d'où il paroît que l'extrême froid de ce Thermométre seroit celui qui réduiroit l'air à ne soutenir aucune charge par son ressort, […] " ([…] whence it appears that the extreme cold of this [air] thermometer would be that which would reduce the air to supporting no load by its spring, […]) In other words, the lowest temperature which can be measured by a thermometer which is based on the expansion and contraction of air is that temperature at which the air's pressure ("spring") has decreased to zero.
Thomson, William (1848). "On an Absolute Thermometric Scale founded on Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat, and calculated from Regnault's observations". Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 1: 66–71.

bipm.org (Global: 641^st place; English: 955^th place)

"SI Brochure: The International System of Units (SI) – 9th edition (updated in 2022in". BIPM. p. 133. Retrieved 7 September 2022. [...], it remains common practice to express a thermodynamic temperature, symbol T, in terms of its difference from the reference temperature T₀ = 273.15 K, close to the ice point. This difference is called the Celsius temperature.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Arora, C. P. (2001). Thermodynamics. Tata McGraw-Hill. Table 2.4 page 43. ISBN 978-0-07-462014-4.
Stanford, John Frederick (1892). The Stanford Dictionary of Anglicised Words and Phrases.
Martine, George (1740). "Essay VI: The various degrees of heat in bodies". Essays Medical and Philosophical. London, England, UK: A. Millar. p. 291.
J. Dalton (1802), "Essay II. On the force of steam or vapour from water and various other liquids, both in vacuum and in air" and Essay IV. "On the expansion of elastic fluids by heat" , Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, vol. 8, pt. 2, pp. 550–574, 595–602.

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

"Absolute zero | Definition & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 29 August 2025. Retrieved 16 September 2025.

cosmosmagazine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Catchpole, Heather (4 September 2008). "Cosmos Online – Verging on absolute zero". Archived from the original on 22 November 2008.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Kim, Hyeong-Chan (30 July 2024). "Temperature upper bound of an ideal gas". Heliyon. 10 (14) e34249. arXiv:2311.06994. Bibcode:2024Heliy..1034249K. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34249. ISSN 2405-8440. PMID 39113977.
Talbot, G. R.; Pacey, A. C. (1972). "Antecedents of thermodynamics in the work of Guillaume Amontons". Centaurus. 16 (1): 20–40. Bibcode:1972Cent...16...20T. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1972.tb00163.x.
John, Anslyn J. (25 August 2021). "The building blocks of the universe". HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies. 77 (3). doi:10.4102/hts.v77i3.6831. S2CID 238730757.
Zu, H.; Dai, W.; de Waele, A. T. A. M. (2022). "Development of Dilution refrigerators – A review". Cryogenics. 121. doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2021.103390. ISSN 0011-2275. S2CID 244005391.
Sahai, Raghvendra; Nyman, Lars-Åke (1997). "The Boomerang Nebula: The Coldest Region of the Universe?". The Astrophysical Journal. 487 (2): L155 – L159. Bibcode:1997ApJ...487L.155S. doi:10.1086/310897. hdl:2014/22450. S2CID 121465475.
Deppner, Christian; Herr, Waldemar; Cornelius, Merle; Stromberger, Peter; Sternke, Tammo; Grzeschik, Christoph; Grote, Alexander; Rudolph, Jan; Herrmann, Sven; Krutzik, Markus; Wenzlawski, André (30 August 2021). "Collective-Mode Enhanced Matter-Wave Optics". Physical Review Letters. 127 (10) 100401. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127j0401D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.100401. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34533345. S2CID 237396804.

esf.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Scientific Perspectives for ESA's Future Programme in Life and Physical sciences in Space" (PDF). esf.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

"Atomic Quantum Sensors in Space" (PDF). University of California, Los Angeles. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Sahai, Raghvendra; Nyman, Lars-Åke (1997). "The Boomerang Nebula: The Coldest Region of the Universe?". The Astrophysical Journal. 487 (2): L155 – L159. Bibcode:1997ApJ...487L.155S. doi:10.1086/310897. hdl:2014/22450. S2CID 121465475.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Kim, Hyeong-Chan (30 July 2024). "Temperature upper bound of an ideal gas". Heliyon. 10 (14) e34249. arXiv:2311.06994. Bibcode:2024Heliy..1034249K. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34249. ISSN 2405-8440. PMID 39113977.
Talbot, G. R.; Pacey, A. C. (1972). "Antecedents of thermodynamics in the work of Guillaume Amontons". Centaurus. 16 (1): 20–40. Bibcode:1972Cent...16...20T. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1972.tb00163.x.
Sahai, Raghvendra; Nyman, Lars-Åke (1997). "The Boomerang Nebula: The Coldest Region of the Universe?". The Astrophysical Journal. 487 (2): L155 – L159. Bibcode:1997ApJ...487L.155S. doi:10.1086/310897. hdl:2014/22450. S2CID 121465475.
Deppner, Christian; Herr, Waldemar; Cornelius, Merle; Stromberger, Peter; Sternke, Tammo; Grzeschik, Christoph; Grote, Alexander; Rudolph, Jan; Herrmann, Sven; Krutzik, Markus; Wenzlawski, André (30 August 2021). "Collective-Mode Enhanced Matter-Wave Optics". Physical Review Letters. 127 (10) 100401. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127j0401D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.100401. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34533345. S2CID 237396804.

hut.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

hut.fi

Knuuttila, Tauno (2000). Nuclear Magnetism and Superconductivity in Rhodium. Espoo, Finland: Helsinki University of Technology. ISBN 978-951-22-5208-4. Archived from the original on 28 April 2001. Retrieved 11 February 2008.

ltl.hut.fi

"Low Temperature World Record" (Press release). Low Temperature Laboratory, Teknillinen Korkeakoulu. 8 December 2000. Archived from the original on 18 February 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2008.

interactions.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"CUORE: The Coldest Heart in the Known Universe". INFN Press Release. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

ipmu.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

"History of temperature changes in the Universe revealed—First measurement using the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect". Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe. 10 November 2020.

lemoyne.edu (Global: 6,850^th place; English: 8,237^th place)

web.lemoyne.edu

Gay-Lussac, J. L. (1802), "Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs", Annales de Chimie, vol. XLIII, p. 137. English translation (extract).

libretexts.org (Global: 3,627^th place; English: 2,467^th place)

chem.libretexts.org

"Gas Laws". Chemistry LibreTexts. 25 June 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2025.

livescience.com (Global: 1,190^th place; English: 959^th place)

"Atoms Reach Record Temperature, Colder than Absolute Zero". livescience.com. 3 January 2013.

mit.edu (Global: 415^th place; English: 327^th place)

newsoffice.mit.edu

"MIT team creates ultracold molecules". Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, Cambridge. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.

nasa.gov (Global: 75^th place; English: 83^rd place)

science.nasa.gov

"Mysterious Sedna | Science Mission Directorate". science.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2022.

coldatomlab.jpl.nasa.gov

"Cold Atom Laboratory Mission". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. 2017. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

nasa.gov

"Cold Atom Laboratory Creates Atomic Dance". NASA News. 26 September 2014. Archived from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2015.

ncku.edu.tw (Global: low place; English: low place)

phys.ncku.edu.tw

Chase, Scott. "Below Absolute Zero -What Does Negative Temperature Mean?". The Physics and Relativity FAQ. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2010.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Kim, Hyeong-Chan (30 July 2024). "Temperature upper bound of an ideal gas". Heliyon. 10 (14) e34249. arXiv:2311.06994. Bibcode:2024Heliy..1034249K. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34249. ISSN 2405-8440. PMID 39113977.
Deppner, Christian; Herr, Waldemar; Cornelius, Merle; Stromberger, Peter; Sternke, Tammo; Grzeschik, Christoph; Grote, Alexander; Rudolph, Jan; Herrmann, Sven; Krutzik, Markus; Wenzlawski, André (30 August 2021). "Collective-Mode Enhanced Matter-Wave Optics". Physical Review Letters. 127 (10) 100401. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127j0401D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.100401. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34533345. S2CID 237396804.

nobelprize.org (Global: 301^st place; English: 478^th place)

"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes". Nobel Media AB. Retrieved 24 April 2012.

science.org (Global: 1,160^th place; English: 737^th place)

"Coolest science ever headed to the space station". Science | AAAS. 5 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.

scienceclarified.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Cryogenics. Scienceclarified.com. Retrieved on 22 July 2012.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

John, Anslyn J. (25 August 2021). "The building blocks of the universe". HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies. 77 (3). doi:10.4102/hts.v77i3.6831. S2CID 238730757.
Zu, H.; Dai, W.; de Waele, A. T. A. M. (2022). "Development of Dilution refrigerators – A review". Cryogenics. 121. doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2021.103390. ISSN 0011-2275. S2CID 244005391.
Sahai, Raghvendra; Nyman, Lars-Åke (1997). "The Boomerang Nebula: The Coldest Region of the Universe?". The Astrophysical Journal. 487 (2): L155 – L159. Bibcode:1997ApJ...487L.155S. doi:10.1086/310897. hdl:2014/22450. S2CID 121465475.
Deppner, Christian; Herr, Waldemar; Cornelius, Merle; Stromberger, Peter; Sternke, Tammo; Grzeschik, Christoph; Grote, Alexander; Rudolph, Jan; Herrmann, Sven; Krutzik, Markus; Wenzlawski, André (30 August 2021). "Collective-Mode Enhanced Matter-Wave Optics". Physical Review Letters. 127 (10) 100401. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127j0401D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.100401. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34533345. S2CID 237396804.

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 503^rd place; English: 364^th place)

Zielinski, Sarah (1 January 2008). "Absolute Zero". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 1 April 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2012.

straightdope.com (Global: 2,317^th place; English: 1,763^rd place)

"What's the temperature of space?". The Straight Dope. 3 August 2004. Retrieved 24 September 2012.

ucla.edu (Global: 782^nd place; English: 585^th place)

physics.ucla.edu

"Atomic Quantum Sensors in Space" (PDF). University of California, Los Angeles. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Zielinski, Sarah (1 January 2008). "Absolute Zero". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 1 April 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
"ABSOLUTE ZERO – PBS NOVA DOCUMENTARY (full length)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
Chase, Scott. "Below Absolute Zero -What Does Negative Temperature Mean?". The Physics and Relativity FAQ. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
Catchpole, Heather (4 September 2008). "Cosmos Online – Verging on absolute zero". Archived from the original on 22 November 2008.
Knuuttila, Tauno (2000). Nuclear Magnetism and Superconductivity in Rhodium. Espoo, Finland: Helsinki University of Technology. ISBN 978-951-22-5208-4. Archived from the original on 28 April 2001. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
"Low Temperature World Record" (Press release). Low Temperature Laboratory, Teknillinen Korkeakoulu. 8 December 2000. Archived from the original on 18 February 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
"Mysterious Sedna | Science Mission Directorate". science.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
"Scientific Perspectives for ESA's Future Programme in Life and Physical sciences in Space" (PDF). esf.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
"MIT team creates ultracold molecules". Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, Cambridge. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
"Cold Atom Laboratory Mission". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. 2017. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
"Cold Atom Laboratory Creates Atomic Dance". NASA News. 26 September 2014. Archived from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2015.

wikisource.org (Global: 27^th place; English: 51^st place)

en.wikisource.org

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cold" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Kim, Hyeong-Chan (30 July 2024). "Temperature upper bound of an ideal gas". Heliyon. 10 (14) e34249. arXiv:2311.06994. Bibcode:2024Heliy..1034249K. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34249. ISSN 2405-8440. PMID 39113977.
Lambert, Johann Heinrich (1779). Pyrometrie. Berlin, Germany. OCLC 165756016.
Newcomb, Simon (1906), A Compendium of Spherical Astronomy, New York: The Macmillan Company, p. 175, OCLC 64423127.
Zu, H.; Dai, W.; de Waele, A. T. A. M. (2022). "Development of Dilution refrigerators – A review". Cryogenics. 121. doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2021.103390. ISSN 0011-2275. S2CID 244005391.
Deppner, Christian; Herr, Waldemar; Cornelius, Merle; Stromberger, Peter; Sternke, Tammo; Grzeschik, Christoph; Grote, Alexander; Rudolph, Jan; Herrmann, Sven; Krutzik, Markus; Wenzlawski, André (30 August 2021). "Collective-Mode Enhanced Matter-Wave Optics". Physical Review Letters. 127 (10) 100401. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127j0401D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.100401. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34533345. S2CID 237396804.

youtube.com (Global: 9^th place; English: 13^th place)

"ABSOLUTE ZERO – PBS NOVA DOCUMENTARY (full length)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2016.

Absolute zero (English Wikipedia)

abc.net.au (Global: 139th place; English: 108th place)

aps.org (Global: 1,503rd place; English: 1,378th place)

link.aps.org

arxiv.org (Global: 69th place; English: 59th place)

biodiversitylibrary.org (Global: 387th place; English: 373rd place)

bipm.org (Global: 641st place; English: 955th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 40th place; English: 58th place)

cosmosmagazine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

esf.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32nd place; English: 21st place)

handle.net (Global: 102nd place; English: 76th place)

hdl.handle.net

harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

hut.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

hut.fi

ltl.hut.fi

interactions.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

ipmu.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

lemoyne.edu (Global: 6,850th place; English: 8,237th place)

web.lemoyne.edu

libretexts.org (Global: 3,627th place; English: 2,467th place)

chem.libretexts.org

livescience.com (Global: 1,190th place; English: 959th place)

mit.edu (Global: 415th place; English: 327th place)

newsoffice.mit.edu

nasa.gov (Global: 75th place; English: 83rd place)

science.nasa.gov

coldatomlab.jpl.nasa.gov

nasa.gov

ncku.edu.tw (Global: low place; English: low place)

phys.ncku.edu.tw

nih.gov (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nobelprize.org (Global: 301st place; English: 478th place)

science.org (Global: 1,160th place; English: 737th place)

scienceclarified.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 503rd place; English: 364th place)

straightdope.com (Global: 2,317th place; English: 1,763rd place)

ucla.edu (Global: 782nd place; English: 585th place)

physics.ucla.edu

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

wikisource.org (Global: 27th place; English: 51st place)

en.wikisource.org

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

search.worldcat.org

youtube.com (Global: 9th place; English: 13th place)

abc.net.au (Global: 139^th place; English: 108^th place)

aps.org (Global: 1,503^rd place; English: 1,378^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; English: 59^th place)

biodiversitylibrary.org (Global: 387^th place; English: 373^rd place)

bipm.org (Global: 641^st place; English: 955^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

lemoyne.edu (Global: 6,850^th place; English: 8,237^th place)

libretexts.org (Global: 3,627^th place; English: 2,467^th place)

livescience.com (Global: 1,190^th place; English: 959^th place)

mit.edu (Global: 415^th place; English: 327^th place)

nasa.gov (Global: 75^th place; English: 83^rd place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

nobelprize.org (Global: 301^st place; English: 478^th place)

science.org (Global: 1,160^th place; English: 737^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 503^rd place; English: 364^th place)

straightdope.com (Global: 2,317^th place; English: 1,763^rd place)

ucla.edu (Global: 782^nd place; English: 585^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wikisource.org (Global: 27^th place; English: 51^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

youtube.com (Global: 9^th place; English: 13^th place)