Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz" in English language version.

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Smith, G. Rex, ed. (1994). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIV: The Conquest of Iran, A.D. 641–643/A.H. 21–23. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7914-1293-0. Cf. El-Hibri 2010, p. 109. See also Caetani 1905–1926, vol. V, p. 216. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15082-8. Caetani, Leone (1905–1926). Annali dell'Islam. 10 vols. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli. OCLC 3423680.
Caetani 1905–1926, vol. V, pp. 40–51, as reported by Madelung 1997, pp. 68–70. Caetani, Leone (1905–1926). Annali dell'Islam. 10 vols. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli. OCLC 3423680. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7.

books.google.com

Most sources that specify his given name mention "Fīrūz"; see Ishkevari & Nejad 2008; Pellat 1983–2011 ("Fērōz", an alternative transliteration of the same). Calmard 1996, p. 161 and Fischer 1980, p. 16 refer to him as "Firuz", while Madelung 1997, p. 75 gives his fuller name as "Abū Luʾluʾa Fayrūz" (as found in al-Tabari, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, ed. De Goeje 1:2632 = ed. Cairo 4:136, quote: "Lammā qudima bi-saby Nihāwand ilā al-Madīna, jaʿala Abū Luʾluʾa Fīrūz ghulām al-Mughīra ibn Shuʿba lā yalqā minhum ṣaghīran illā masaḥa raʾasahu wa-bakā wa-qāla [...]"). On the Parthian and Middle Persian origin of the name, see Chkeidze 2001–2012; on its meaning "Victorious", see Rezakhani 2017, p. 78. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020) Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Calmard, Jean (1996). "Shi'i Rituals and Power II. The Consolidation of Safavid Shi'ism: Folklore and Popular Religion". In Melville, Charles (ed.). Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society. Pembroke Persian Papers. Vol. 4. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 139–190. ISBN 1-86064-023-0. Fischer, Michael M. J. (1980). Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674466159. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. Chkeidze, Thea (2001–2012). "Georgia v. Linguistic Contacts with Iranian Languages". Encyclopædia Iranica. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-0029-9.
Cf. the usage in Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007; Pellat 1983–2011; Madelung 1997, pp. 68–70, 75, 346; El-Hibri 2010, pp. 107–114 et pass. In modern Persian this becomes Abō Loʾloʾ or Abū Luʾluʾ (see Ishkevari 1994–2020), a usage sometimes also adopted elsewhere (e.g., by Torab 2007 or Ishkevari & Nejad 2008). Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15082-8. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi (1994–2020). "ابو لؤلؤ". دائرة المعارف بزرگ اسلامی (Encyclopaedia Islamica). Vol. 6. (original Persian version of Ishkevari & Nejad 2008) Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020)
For example in Assemi 1964, p. 153; Joudat 1973, pp. 10, 15; Anonymous 1975, p. 537; Taqi Mustafavi 1982, p. 432; Bastani Parizi 1983, p. 274; Hatim 2004, p. 9; Sha'bani 2006, p. 102. More recently, the form Pīrūz Nahāvandī (پیروز نهاوندی) has also become popular, for example on the Persian-language Wikipedia. Assemi, M. (1964). "[Title unknown]". Kaweh (in Persian) (7–15). Joudat, Hossein (1973). قيامها و شورشها: جانبازيهاى دلاوران ايرانى براى خلاصى از سلطه تازيان (in Persian). Publisher unknown. Anonymous (1975). "[Title unknown]". Rāhnamā-yi kitāb (in Persian). 18. Teheran: Anjuman-i Kitab. Taqi Mustafavi, Muhammad (1982). As̲ar-i tarikhi-i Tihran. Silsilah-i intishārāt-i Anjuman-i Ās̲ār-i Millī (in Persian). Vol. 153. Tehran: Anjuman-i ās̲ār-i millī. Bastani Parizi, Mohammad Ebrahim (1983). كوچه هفت پيچ: مجموعه مقالات (in Persian). انتشارات نگاه. Hatim, Ali (2004). "قهرمانانى از ديرباز". ماهنامه بیداری (Bidari Monthly Magazine) (in Persian) (7). Sha'bani, Mohammad (2006). دومین شاه فراری (in Persian). Dabiran Qalam. ISBN 9789649548838.
Madelung 1997, p. 404 refers to Jufayna as "al-Naṣrānī", indicating that he was a man. Moreover, while the murder weapon seems to be depicted here as a split-blade sword (like Zulfiqar), El-Hibri 2010, p. 109 describes it as "a unique dagger", having "two pointed sharp edges, with a handle in the middle". The picture is taken from Tārīkhunā bi-uslūb qaṣaṣī ('Our History in a Narrative style'), a popular history book first published in Iraq in 1935. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15082-8.
Pellat 1983–2011. Modern authors also take different views: Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007 merely state that he was a Christian slave, whereas Madelung 1997, p. 75, note 67 finds the sources claiming he was Christian unreliable. Ishkevari & Nejad 2008 mention that according to the Mujmal al-tawārīkh wa-l-qiṣaṣ, an anonymous work written c. 1126 CE, Abu Lu'lu'a came from Fin, a village near Kashan. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020)
This is the view of Madelung 1997, p. 75, note 67. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7.
See the sources cited by El-Hibri 2010, pp. 108–109 (cf. also p. 112). El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15082-8.
Pellat 1983–2011; cf. Madelung 1997, p. 75, note 64. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7.
Madelung 1997, p. 75. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7.
El-Hibri 2010, p. 109 describes the dagger as "unique", having "two pointed sharp edges, with a handle in the middle". El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15082-8.
Smith, G. Rex, ed. (1994). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIV: The Conquest of Iran, A.D. 641–643/A.H. 21–23. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7914-1293-0. Cf. El-Hibri 2010, p. 109. See also Caetani 1905–1926, vol. V, p. 216. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15082-8. Caetani, Leone (1905–1926). Annali dell'Islam. 10 vols. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli. OCLC 3423680.
El-Hibri 2010, p. 109. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15082-8.
Madelung 1997, p. 69 (cf. p. 404, where Madelung refers to him as "Jufayna al-Naṣrānī"). Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7.
Madelung 1997, p. 69. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7.
Caetani 1905–1926, vol. V, pp. 40–51, as reported by Madelung 1997, pp. 68–70. Caetani, Leone (1905–1926). Annali dell'Islam. 10 vols. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli. OCLC 3423680. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7.
Madelung 1997, pp. 68–70; Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007; Pellat 1983–2011. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.
Madelung 1997, p. 70. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7.
Madelung 1997, pp. 69–70. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7.
Madelung 1997, p. 75. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7.
El-Hibri 2010, pp. 107–108, cf. pp. 90–92. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15082-8.
Mavani 2016, p. 137. Mavani, Hamid (2016). "Sunni - Shi'i Rapprochement: Internal Contradictions". The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences. 33 (1): 133–147. doi:10.12816/0037430.
Stewart 1996, p. 47; Mavani 2016, p. 137. Stewart, Devin J. (1996). "Popular Shiism in Medieval Egypt: Vestiges of Islamic Sectarian Polemics in Egyptian Arabic". Studia Islamica. 84 (84): 35–66. doi:10.2307/1595994. JSTOR 1595994. Mavani, Hamid (2016). "Sunni - Shi'i Rapprochement: Internal Contradictions". The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences. 33 (1): 133–147. doi:10.12816/0037430.

brillonline.com

referenceworks.brillonline.com

Most sources that specify his given name mention "Fīrūz"; see Ishkevari & Nejad 2008; Pellat 1983–2011 ("Fērōz", an alternative transliteration of the same). Calmard 1996, p. 161 and Fischer 1980, p. 16 refer to him as "Firuz", while Madelung 1997, p. 75 gives his fuller name as "Abū Luʾluʾa Fayrūz" (as found in al-Tabari, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, ed. De Goeje 1:2632 = ed. Cairo 4:136, quote: "Lammā qudima bi-saby Nihāwand ilā al-Madīna, jaʿala Abū Luʾluʾa Fīrūz ghulām al-Mughīra ibn Shuʿba lā yalqā minhum ṣaghīran illā masaḥa raʾasahu wa-bakā wa-qāla [...]"). On the Parthian and Middle Persian origin of the name, see Chkeidze 2001–2012; on its meaning "Victorious", see Rezakhani 2017, p. 78. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020) Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Calmard, Jean (1996). "Shi'i Rituals and Power II. The Consolidation of Safavid Shi'ism: Folklore and Popular Religion". In Melville, Charles (ed.). Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society. Pembroke Persian Papers. Vol. 4. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 139–190. ISBN 1-86064-023-0. Fischer, Michael M. J. (1980). Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674466159. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. Chkeidze, Thea (2001–2012). "Georgia v. Linguistic Contacts with Iranian Languages". Encyclopædia Iranica. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-0029-9.
Cf. the usage in Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007; Pellat 1983–2011; Madelung 1997, pp. 68–70, 75, 346; El-Hibri 2010, pp. 107–114 et pass. In modern Persian this becomes Abō Loʾloʾ or Abū Luʾluʾ (see Ishkevari 1994–2020), a usage sometimes also adopted elsewhere (e.g., by Torab 2007 or Ishkevari & Nejad 2008). Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15082-8. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi (1994–2020). "ابو لؤلؤ". دائرة المعارف بزرگ اسلامی (Encyclopaedia Islamica). Vol. 6. (original Persian version of Ishkevari & Nejad 2008) Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020)
Ishkevari & Nejad 2008. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020)
Pellat 1983–2011. Modern authors also take different views: Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007 merely state that he was a Christian slave, whereas Madelung 1997, p. 75, note 67 finds the sources claiming he was Christian unreliable. Ishkevari & Nejad 2008 mention that according to the Mujmal al-tawārīkh wa-l-qiṣaṣ, an anonymous work written c. 1126 CE, Abu Lu'lu'a came from Fin, a village near Kashan. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020)
Ishkevari & Nejad 2008. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020)
Ishkevari & Nejad 2008. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020)

cgie.org.ir

Cf. the usage in Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007; Pellat 1983–2011; Madelung 1997, pp. 68–70, 75, 346; El-Hibri 2010, pp. 107–114 et pass. In modern Persian this becomes Abō Loʾloʾ or Abū Luʾluʾ (see Ishkevari 1994–2020), a usage sometimes also adopted elsewhere (e.g., by Torab 2007 or Ishkevari & Nejad 2008). Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15082-8. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi (1994–2020). "ابو لؤلؤ". دائرة المعارف بزرگ اسلامی (Encyclopaedia Islamica). Vol. 6. (original Persian version of Ishkevari & Nejad 2008) Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020)

doi.org

Cf. the usage in Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007; Pellat 1983–2011; Madelung 1997, pp. 68–70, 75, 346; El-Hibri 2010, pp. 107–114 et pass. In modern Persian this becomes Abō Loʾloʾ or Abū Luʾluʾ (see Ishkevari 1994–2020), a usage sometimes also adopted elsewhere (e.g., by Torab 2007 or Ishkevari & Nejad 2008). Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15082-8. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi (1994–2020). "ابو لؤلؤ". دائرة المعارف بزرگ اسلامی (Encyclopaedia Islamica). Vol. 6. (original Persian version of Ishkevari & Nejad 2008) Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020)
Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23; Calmard 1996, p. 161. Johnson, Rosemary Stanfield (1994). "Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti‐Sunni Activities During the Reign of Tahmasp I". Iranian Studies. 27 (1–4): 123–133. doi:10.1080/00210869408701823. JSTOR 4310889. Calmard, Jean (1996). "Shi'i Rituals and Power II. The Consolidation of Safavid Shi'ism: Folklore and Popular Religion". In Melville, Charles (ed.). Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society. Pembroke Persian Papers. Vol. 4. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 139–190. ISBN 1-86064-023-0.
Pellat 1983–2011. Modern authors also take different views: Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007 merely state that he was a Christian slave, whereas Madelung 1997, p. 75, note 67 finds the sources claiming he was Christian unreliable. Ishkevari & Nejad 2008 mention that according to the Mujmal al-tawārīkh wa-l-qiṣaṣ, an anonymous work written c. 1126 CE, Abu Lu'lu'a came from Fin, a village near Kashan. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020)
Pellat 1983–2011; Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007. As pointed out by Pellat 1983–2011, other accounts rather maintain that Abu Lu'lu'a's was angry about the caliph's raising a kharāj tax on his master al-Mughira. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707.
Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007. Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707.
Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007; Pellat 1983–2011. Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.
Madelung 1997, pp. 68–70; Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007; Pellat 1983–2011. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.
Fischer 1980, p. 16; Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23. Fischer, Michael M. J. (1980). Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674466159. Johnson, Rosemary Stanfield (1994). "Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti‐Sunni Activities During the Reign of Tahmasp I". Iranian Studies. 27 (1–4): 123–133. doi:10.1080/00210869408701823. JSTOR 4310889.
In his al-Nawāqiḍ li-bunyān al-rawāfiḍ, written in 1580: see Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23; on Sharifi, see Ghereghlou 2016–2019. Johnson, Rosemary Stanfield (1994). "Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti‐Sunni Activities During the Reign of Tahmasp I". Iranian Studies. 27 (1–4): 123–133. doi:10.1080/00210869408701823. JSTOR 4310889. Ghereghlou, Kioumars (2016–2019). "Maḵdum Šarifi Širāzi". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.
Algar 1990; Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23. Algar, Hamid (1990). "Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7. Johnson, Rosemary Stanfield (1994). "Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti‐Sunni Activities During the Reign of Tahmasp I". Iranian Studies. 27 (1–4): 123–133. doi:10.1080/00210869408701823. JSTOR 4310889.
Mavani 2016, p. 137. Mavani, Hamid (2016). "Sunni - Shi'i Rapprochement: Internal Contradictions". The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences. 33 (1): 133–147. doi:10.12816/0037430.
Algar 1990; Torab 2007, p. 196. Algar, Hamid (1990). "Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7. Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009.
Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23; cf. Algar 1990. The festival is also mentioned by Mirza Makhdum Sharifi (1540/41–1587) in his al-Nawāqiḍ li-bunyān al-rawāfiḍ (written 1580). Johnson, Rosemary Stanfield (1994). "Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti‐Sunni Activities During the Reign of Tahmasp I". Iranian Studies. 27 (1–4): 123–133. doi:10.1080/00210869408701823. JSTOR 4310889. Algar, Hamid (1990). "Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7.
Calmard 1996, p. 161; Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23; Torab 2007, p. 196. Calmard, Jean (1996). "Shi'i Rituals and Power II. The Consolidation of Safavid Shi'ism: Folklore and Popular Religion". In Melville, Charles (ed.). Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society. Pembroke Persian Papers. Vol. 4. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 139–190. ISBN 1-86064-023-0. Johnson, Rosemary Stanfield (1994). "Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti‐Sunni Activities During the Reign of Tahmasp I". Iranian Studies. 27 (1–4): 123–133. doi:10.1080/00210869408701823. JSTOR 4310889. Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009.
Torab 2007, p. 195. Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009.
Stewart 1996, p. 47; Mavani 2016, p. 137. Stewart, Devin J. (1996). "Popular Shiism in Medieval Egypt: Vestiges of Islamic Sectarian Polemics in Egyptian Arabic". Studia Islamica. 84 (84): 35–66. doi:10.2307/1595994. JSTOR 1595994. Mavani, Hamid (2016). "Sunni - Shi'i Rapprochement: Internal Contradictions". The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences. 33 (1): 133–147. doi:10.12816/0037430.
Algar 1990; Torab 2007, p. 194. An example of such vilifying poetry is cited by Stewart 1996, p. 47. Algar, Hamid (1990). "Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7. Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009. Stewart, Devin J. (1996). "Popular Shiism in Medieval Egypt: Vestiges of Islamic Sectarian Polemics in Egyptian Arabic". Studia Islamica. 84 (84): 35–66. doi:10.2307/1595994. JSTOR 1595994.
Torab 2007, pp. 194–195. Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009.
Torab 2007, p. 195. Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009.
Torab 2007, p. 198. Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009.
Torab 2007, p. 194. Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009.
Torab 2007, p. 197. Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009.

iranicaonline.org

Most sources that specify his given name mention "Fīrūz"; see Ishkevari & Nejad 2008; Pellat 1983–2011 ("Fērōz", an alternative transliteration of the same). Calmard 1996, p. 161 and Fischer 1980, p. 16 refer to him as "Firuz", while Madelung 1997, p. 75 gives his fuller name as "Abū Luʾluʾa Fayrūz" (as found in al-Tabari, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, ed. De Goeje 1:2632 = ed. Cairo 4:136, quote: "Lammā qudima bi-saby Nihāwand ilā al-Madīna, jaʿala Abū Luʾluʾa Fīrūz ghulām al-Mughīra ibn Shuʿba lā yalqā minhum ṣaghīran illā masaḥa raʾasahu wa-bakā wa-qāla [...]"). On the Parthian and Middle Persian origin of the name, see Chkeidze 2001–2012; on its meaning "Victorious", see Rezakhani 2017, p. 78. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020) Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Calmard, Jean (1996). "Shi'i Rituals and Power II. The Consolidation of Safavid Shi'ism: Folklore and Popular Religion". In Melville, Charles (ed.). Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society. Pembroke Persian Papers. Vol. 4. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 139–190. ISBN 1-86064-023-0. Fischer, Michael M. J. (1980). Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674466159. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. Chkeidze, Thea (2001–2012). "Georgia v. Linguistic Contacts with Iranian Languages". Encyclopædia Iranica. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-0029-9.
Cf. the usage in Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007; Pellat 1983–2011; Madelung 1997, pp. 68–70, 75, 346; El-Hibri 2010, pp. 107–114 et pass. In modern Persian this becomes Abō Loʾloʾ or Abū Luʾluʾ (see Ishkevari 1994–2020), a usage sometimes also adopted elsewhere (e.g., by Torab 2007 or Ishkevari & Nejad 2008). Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15082-8. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi (1994–2020). "ابو لؤلؤ". دائرة المعارف بزرگ اسلامی (Encyclopaedia Islamica). Vol. 6. (original Persian version of Ishkevari & Nejad 2008) Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020)
Pellat 1983–2011. Modern authors also take different views: Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007 merely state that he was a Christian slave, whereas Madelung 1997, p. 75, note 67 finds the sources claiming he was Christian unreliable. Ishkevari & Nejad 2008 mention that according to the Mujmal al-tawārīkh wa-l-qiṣaṣ, an anonymous work written c. 1126 CE, Abu Lu'lu'a came from Fin, a village near Kashan. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020)
Pellat 1983–2011. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.
Pellat 1983–2011; cf. Madelung 1997, p. 75, note 64. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7.
Other sources speak of three dirhams a month; see Pellat 1983–2011. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.
Pellat 1983–2011; Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007. As pointed out by Pellat 1983–2011, other accounts rather maintain that Abu Lu'lu'a's was angry about the caliph's raising a kharāj tax on his master al-Mughira. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707.
Pellat 1983–2011. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.
Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007; Pellat 1983–2011. Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.
Pellat 1983–2011. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.
Madelung 1997, pp. 68–70; Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007; Pellat 1983–2011. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.
In his al-Nawāqiḍ li-bunyān al-rawāfiḍ, written in 1580: see Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23; on Sharifi, see Ghereghlou 2016–2019. Johnson, Rosemary Stanfield (1994). "Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti‐Sunni Activities During the Reign of Tahmasp I". Iranian Studies. 27 (1–4): 123–133. doi:10.1080/00210869408701823. JSTOR 4310889. Ghereghlou, Kioumars (2016–2019). "Maḵdum Šarifi Širāzi". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.
Algar 1990; Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23. Algar, Hamid (1990). "Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7. Johnson, Rosemary Stanfield (1994). "Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti‐Sunni Activities During the Reign of Tahmasp I". Iranian Studies. 27 (1–4): 123–133. doi:10.1080/00210869408701823. JSTOR 4310889.
Algar 1990; Torab 2007, p. 196. Algar, Hamid (1990). "Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7. Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009.
Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23; cf. Algar 1990. The festival is also mentioned by Mirza Makhdum Sharifi (1540/41–1587) in his al-Nawāqiḍ li-bunyān al-rawāfiḍ (written 1580). Johnson, Rosemary Stanfield (1994). "Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti‐Sunni Activities During the Reign of Tahmasp I". Iranian Studies. 27 (1–4): 123–133. doi:10.1080/00210869408701823. JSTOR 4310889. Algar, Hamid (1990). "Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7.
Calmard 1996, p. 161; Algar 1990. Calmard, Jean (1996). "Shi'i Rituals and Power II. The Consolidation of Safavid Shi'ism: Folklore and Popular Religion". In Melville, Charles (ed.). Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society. Pembroke Persian Papers. Vol. 4. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 139–190. ISBN 1-86064-023-0. Algar, Hamid (1990). "Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7.
Algar 1990. Algar, Hamid (1990). "Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7.
Algar 1990; Torab 2007, p. 194. An example of such vilifying poetry is cited by Stewart 1996, p. 47. Algar, Hamid (1990). "Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7. Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009. Stewart, Devin J. (1996). "Popular Shiism in Medieval Egypt: Vestiges of Islamic Sectarian Polemics in Egyptian Arabic". Studia Islamica. 84 (84): 35–66. doi:10.2307/1595994. JSTOR 1595994.
Algar 1990. Algar, Hamid (1990). "Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7.
Algar 1990. Algar, Hamid (1990). "Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7.
Algar 1990. Algar, Hamid (1990). "Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7.

jstor.org

Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23; Calmard 1996, p. 161. Johnson, Rosemary Stanfield (1994). "Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti‐Sunni Activities During the Reign of Tahmasp I". Iranian Studies. 27 (1–4): 123–133. doi:10.1080/00210869408701823. JSTOR 4310889. Calmard, Jean (1996). "Shi'i Rituals and Power II. The Consolidation of Safavid Shi'ism: Folklore and Popular Religion". In Melville, Charles (ed.). Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society. Pembroke Persian Papers. Vol. 4. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 139–190. ISBN 1-86064-023-0.
Fischer 1980, p. 16; Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23. Fischer, Michael M. J. (1980). Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674466159. Johnson, Rosemary Stanfield (1994). "Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti‐Sunni Activities During the Reign of Tahmasp I". Iranian Studies. 27 (1–4): 123–133. doi:10.1080/00210869408701823. JSTOR 4310889.
In his al-Nawāqiḍ li-bunyān al-rawāfiḍ, written in 1580: see Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23; on Sharifi, see Ghereghlou 2016–2019. Johnson, Rosemary Stanfield (1994). "Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti‐Sunni Activities During the Reign of Tahmasp I". Iranian Studies. 27 (1–4): 123–133. doi:10.1080/00210869408701823. JSTOR 4310889. Ghereghlou, Kioumars (2016–2019). "Maḵdum Šarifi Širāzi". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.
Algar 1990; Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23. Algar, Hamid (1990). "Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7. Johnson, Rosemary Stanfield (1994). "Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti‐Sunni Activities During the Reign of Tahmasp I". Iranian Studies. 27 (1–4): 123–133. doi:10.1080/00210869408701823. JSTOR 4310889.
Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23; cf. Algar 1990. The festival is also mentioned by Mirza Makhdum Sharifi (1540/41–1587) in his al-Nawāqiḍ li-bunyān al-rawāfiḍ (written 1580). Johnson, Rosemary Stanfield (1994). "Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti‐Sunni Activities During the Reign of Tahmasp I". Iranian Studies. 27 (1–4): 123–133. doi:10.1080/00210869408701823. JSTOR 4310889. Algar, Hamid (1990). "Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7.
Calmard 1996, p. 161; Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23; Torab 2007, p. 196. Calmard, Jean (1996). "Shi'i Rituals and Power II. The Consolidation of Safavid Shi'ism: Folklore and Popular Religion". In Melville, Charles (ed.). Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society. Pembroke Persian Papers. Vol. 4. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 139–190. ISBN 1-86064-023-0. Johnson, Rosemary Stanfield (1994). "Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti‐Sunni Activities During the Reign of Tahmasp I". Iranian Studies. 27 (1–4): 123–133. doi:10.1080/00210869408701823. JSTOR 4310889. Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009.
Stewart 1996, p. 47; Mavani 2016, p. 137. Stewart, Devin J. (1996). "Popular Shiism in Medieval Egypt: Vestiges of Islamic Sectarian Polemics in Egyptian Arabic". Studia Islamica. 84 (84): 35–66. doi:10.2307/1595994. JSTOR 1595994. Mavani, Hamid (2016). "Sunni - Shi'i Rapprochement: Internal Contradictions". The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences. 33 (1): 133–147. doi:10.12816/0037430.
Algar 1990; Torab 2007, p. 194. An example of such vilifying poetry is cited by Stewart 1996, p. 47. Algar, Hamid (1990). "Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7. Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009. Stewart, Devin J. (1996). "Popular Shiism in Medieval Egypt: Vestiges of Islamic Sectarian Polemics in Egyptian Arabic". Studia Islamica. 84 (84): 35–66. doi:10.2307/1595994. JSTOR 1595994.

web.archive.org

Ismail 2016, p. 93, who also refers to the Al Arabiya news report by Isma'il 2007. Ismail, Raihan (2016). Saudi clerics and Shī'a Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190627508. Isma'il, Faraj (13 June 2007). "بعد تدخل الاتحاد العالمي لعلماء المسلمين : السلطات الإيرانية تغلق مزار "أبو لؤلؤة المجوسي" قاتل عمر بن الخطاب". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

wikipedia.org

fa.wikipedia.org

For example in Assemi 1964, p. 153; Joudat 1973, pp. 10, 15; Anonymous 1975, p. 537; Taqi Mustafavi 1982, p. 432; Bastani Parizi 1983, p. 274; Hatim 2004, p. 9; Sha'bani 2006, p. 102. More recently, the form Pīrūz Nahāvandī (پیروز نهاوندی) has also become popular, for example on the Persian-language Wikipedia. Assemi, M. (1964). "[Title unknown]". Kaweh (in Persian) (7–15). Joudat, Hossein (1973). قيامها و شورشها: جانبازيهاى دلاوران ايرانى براى خلاصى از سلطه تازيان (in Persian). Publisher unknown. Anonymous (1975). "[Title unknown]". Rāhnamā-yi kitāb (in Persian). 18. Teheran: Anjuman-i Kitab. Taqi Mustafavi, Muhammad (1982). As̲ar-i tarikhi-i Tihran. Silsilah-i intishārāt-i Anjuman-i Ās̲ār-i Millī (in Persian). Vol. 153. Tehran: Anjuman-i ās̲ār-i millī. Bastani Parizi, Mohammad Ebrahim (1983). كوچه هفت پيچ: مجموعه مقالات (in Persian). انتشارات نگاه. Hatim, Ali (2004). "قهرمانانى از ديرباز". ماهنامه بیداری (Bidari Monthly Magazine) (in Persian) (7). Sha'bani, Mohammad (2006). دومین شاه فراری (in Persian). Dabiran Qalam. ISBN 9789649548838.

worldcat.org

Most sources that specify his given name mention "Fīrūz"; see Ishkevari & Nejad 2008; Pellat 1983–2011 ("Fērōz", an alternative transliteration of the same). Calmard 1996, p. 161 and Fischer 1980, p. 16 refer to him as "Firuz", while Madelung 1997, p. 75 gives his fuller name as "Abū Luʾluʾa Fayrūz" (as found in al-Tabari, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, ed. De Goeje 1:2632 = ed. Cairo 4:136, quote: "Lammā qudima bi-saby Nihāwand ilā al-Madīna, jaʿala Abū Luʾluʾa Fīrūz ghulām al-Mughīra ibn Shuʿba lā yalqā minhum ṣaghīran illā masaḥa raʾasahu wa-bakā wa-qāla [...]"). On the Parthian and Middle Persian origin of the name, see Chkeidze 2001–2012; on its meaning "Victorious", see Rezakhani 2017, p. 78. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020) Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Calmard, Jean (1996). "Shi'i Rituals and Power II. The Consolidation of Safavid Shi'ism: Folklore and Popular Religion". In Melville, Charles (ed.). Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society. Pembroke Persian Papers. Vol. 4. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 139–190. ISBN 1-86064-023-0. Fischer, Michael M. J. (1980). Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674466159. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. Chkeidze, Thea (2001–2012). "Georgia v. Linguistic Contacts with Iranian Languages". Encyclopædia Iranica. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-0029-9.
Cf. the usage in Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007; Pellat 1983–2011; Madelung 1997, pp. 68–70, 75, 346; El-Hibri 2010, pp. 107–114 et pass. In modern Persian this becomes Abō Loʾloʾ or Abū Luʾluʾ (see Ishkevari 1994–2020), a usage sometimes also adopted elsewhere (e.g., by Torab 2007 or Ishkevari & Nejad 2008). Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15082-8. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi (1994–2020). "ابو لؤلؤ". دائرة المعارف بزرگ اسلامی (Encyclopaedia Islamica). Vol. 6. (original Persian version of Ishkevari & Nejad 2008) Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020)
Ishkevari & Nejad 2008. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020)
Pellat 1983–2011. Modern authors also take different views: Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007 merely state that he was a Christian slave, whereas Madelung 1997, p. 75, note 67 finds the sources claiming he was Christian unreliable. Ishkevari & Nejad 2008 mention that according to the Mujmal al-tawārīkh wa-l-qiṣaṣ, an anonymous work written c. 1126 CE, Abu Lu'lu'a came from Fin, a village near Kashan. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020)
Smith, G. Rex, ed. (1994). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIV: The Conquest of Iran, A.D. 641–643/A.H. 21–23. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7914-1293-0. Cf. El-Hibri 2010, p. 109. See also Caetani 1905–1926, vol. V, p. 216. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15082-8. Caetani, Leone (1905–1926). Annali dell'Islam. 10 vols. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli. OCLC 3423680.
Caetani 1905–1926, vol. V, pp. 40–51, as reported by Madelung 1997, pp. 68–70. Caetani, Leone (1905–1926). Annali dell'Islam. 10 vols. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli. OCLC 3423680. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7.
Ishkevari & Nejad 2008. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020)
Ishkevari & Nejad 2008. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020)