King 2002, p. 128: "Although it is common to find Western scholars and Hindus arguing that Sankaracarya was the most influential and important figure in the history of Hindu intellectual thought, this does not seem to be justified by the historical evidence." Critical scholarship has identified a number of key concepts used in contemporary Advaita Vedānta which differ from Shankara's views, revealing a discrepancy between the nominal adherence to Shankara and the actual alliance with his views.(Suthren Hirst 2005, p. 4, Potter 2006, pp. 6–7) Some modern Advaitins, specifically Satchidanandendra Sarasvati, argue that most of post-Shankara Advaita Vedanta actually deviates from Shankara, an argument deemed correct by Potter.(Potter 2006, pp. 6–7, Roodurmun 2002, pp. 33–34) Potter (2006, pp. 6–7): "...these modern interpreters are implying that most Advaitins after Samkara's time are confused and basically mistaken, and that 99% of the extant classical interpretive literature on Samkara's philosophy is off the mark. This is clearly a remarkably radical conclusion. Yet, there is good reason to think that it may well be true." Satchidanandendra Sarasvati 1997, p. 6: "almost all the later Advaitins were influenced by Mandana Misra and Bhaskara." King, Richard (2002), Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East", Routledge Suthren Hirst, J. G. (2005), Śaṃkara's Advaita Vedānta: A Way of Teaching, Routledge, ISBN978-1-134-25441-5 Potter, Karl (2006), Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Vol. II: Advaita Vedanta From 800 To 1200, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, ISBN81-208-3061-X Potter, Karl (2006), Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Vol. II: Advaita Vedanta From 800 To 1200, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, ISBN81-208-3061-X Roodurmun, Pulasth Soobah (2002), Bhāmatī and Vivaraṇa Schools of Advaita Vedānta: A Critical Approach, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Potter, Karl (2006), Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Vol. II: Advaita Vedanta From 800 To 1200, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, ISBN81-208-3061-X Satchidanandendra Sarasvati (1997), The Method of the Vedanta. A Critical Account of the Advaita Tradition, Motilall Banarsidass
Hume (1921), p. Chandogya Upanishad – Eighth Prathapaka, Seventh through Twelfth Khanda, pp. 268–273. Hume, Robert (1921). "Chandogya Upanishad". The Thirteen Principle Upanishads. Oxford University Press.
Payne 2005, pp. 199–200 with p. 215 notes 5, 6: "A fourth metaphor is the monistic equation of the true or absolute self (atman) with absolute being (Brahman). In general, then, the conception of the self that emerges is one in which the self is in some way permanent, eternal, absolute or unchanging. It is also simultaneously universal and individual. The view is that there is an essence and that it can be known." Payne, Richard (2005). Bulkeley, K. (ed.). Soul, Psyche, Brain. Palgrave Macmillan/Springer. ISBN978-1-4039-7923-0.
Payne 2005, pp. 199–200 with p. 215 notes 5, 6: "A fourth metaphor is the monistic equation of the true or absolute self (atman) with absolute being (Brahman). In general, then, the conception of the self that emerges is one in which the self is in some way permanent, eternal, absolute or unchanging. It is also simultaneously universal and individual. The view is that there is an essence and that it can be known." Payne, Richard (2005). Bulkeley, K. (ed.). Soul, Psyche, Brain. Palgrave Macmillan/Springer. ISBN978-1-4039-7923-0.
Olivelle (1998, p. 77); Sanskrit (Wikisource): प्राणोऽपानो व्यान इत्यष्टावक्षराणि अष्टाक्षर ह वा एकं गायत्र्यै पदम् एतदु हैवास्या एतत् स यावदिदं प्राणि तावद्ध जयति योऽस्या एतदेवं पदं वेद अथास्या एतदेव तुरीयं दर्शतं पदं परोरजा य एष तपति यद्वै चतुर्थं तत्तुरीयम् दर्शतं पदमिति ददृश इव ह्येष परोरजा इति सर्वमु ह्येवैष रज उपर्युपरि तपत्य् एव हैव श्रिया यशसा तपति योऽस्या एतदेवं पदं वेद ॥ ३ ॥ Olivelle, Patrick (1998), Upaniṣads, Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-283576-5, archived from the original on 16 January 2024, retrieved 27 January 2017
While the Vedanta tradition equates sat ("the Existent") with Brahman, the Chandogya Upanishad itself does not refer to Brahman.[8][259]Deutsch & Dalvi (2004, p. 8): "Although the text does not use the term brahman, the Vedanta tradition is that the Existent (sat) referred to is no other than Brahman." Deutsch, Eliot; Dalvi, Rohit (2004), The Essential Vedanta: A New Source Book of Advaita Vedanta, World Wisdom, Inc., ISBN9780941532525, archived from the original on 16 January 2024, retrieved 8 November 2020
Rigopoulos 1998, pp. 37, 57, 62–63, 195–207; Sahasrabudhe 1968, pp. 113–114; Olivelle 1992, pp. 17–18 Rigopoulos, Antonio (1998). Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity. State University of New York Press. ISBN978-0-7914-3696-7. Sahasrabudhe, M. T. (1968). A Survey of the Pre-Śaṅkara Advaita Vedānta. University of Poona Press. Olivelle, Patrick (1992), The Samnyasa Upanisads, Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0195070453
Sringeri matha received patronage from the kings of the Vijayanagara Empire,(Goodding 2013, p. 89) competing with Srivaisnava Visistadvaita groups for royal patronage and converts.(Stoker 2016, pp. 55–56) The works of the influential Advaitin Vidyaranya (Madhava, 14th cent.), jagadguru of Sringeri matha from ca. 1374–1380 to 1386, presented Advaita teachings as the summit of the Indian darśanam,(Hacker 1995, pp. 29–30, Blake Michael 1992, pp. 60–62 with notes 6, 7, and 8, King 2002, p. 128, Roodurmun 2002, pp. 33–34) while the subsequent Shankara Digvijayam genre deified him as a ruler-renunciate who conquered the four quarters.(Nowicka 2016, p. 147, Bader 2001, p. vii) Shankara's prominence was further established in the 19th and 20th century, gaining worldwide fame, in a "confluence of interests" of Western Christian missionaries, the British Raj, and Indian nationalists.(King 2002, pp. 129–135) Goodding, Robert A. (2013), "A Theologian in a South Indian Kingdom: The Historical Context of the Jivanmuktiviveka of Vidyaranya", in Lindquist, Steven E. (ed.), Religion and Identity in South Asia and Beyond: Essays in Honor of Patrick Olivelle, Anthem Press Stoker, Valerie (2016), Polemics and Patronage in the City of Victory: Vyasatirtha, Hindu Sectarianism, and the Sixteenth-Century Vijayanagara Court, University of California Press Hacker, Paul (1995), Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedanta, SUNY Press, ISBN978-0-7914-2582-4 Blake Michael, R. (1992), The Origins of Vīraśaiva Sects, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN978-81-208-0776-1 King, Richard (2002), Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East", Routledge Roodurmun, Pulasth Soobah (2002), Bhāmatī and Vivaraṇa Schools of Advaita Vedānta: A Critical Approach, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Nowicka, Olga (2016), "Conquering the World, Subduing the Minds: Śaṅkara's digvijaya in the Local Context", Cracow Indological Studies, XVIII (18): 145–166, doi:10.12797/CIS.18.2016.18.07 Bader, Jonathan (2001), Conquest of the Four Quarters. TYraditional Accounts of the Life of Shankara, Australian National University King, Richard (2002), Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East", Routledge
Many of these traditions, which were influential among Neo-Vedantins, did not derive from Vedantic lineages, i.e., the "Advaita Vedanta" of Shankara. As Madaio (2017, p. 4) points out "...it is possible to speak of sanskritic and vernacular advaitic texts (which are either explicitly non-dualistic or permit a non-dualistic reading) and 'Advaita Vedanta' texts which originate within sampradayas that claim an Advaita Vedantic lineage. This, then, avoids the obfuscating tendency to subsume advaitic but non-vedantic works under a 'Vedanta' or 'Advaita Vedanta' umbrella." Madaio, James (24 May 2017). "Rethinking Neo-Vedānta: Swami Vivekananda and the Selective Historiography of Advaita Vedānta1". Religions. 8 (6): 101. doi:10.3390/rel8060101.
Compare Fasching 2021: For Advaita Vedānta, consciousness is to be distinguished from all contents of consciousness that might be introspectively detectable: It is precisely consciousness of whatever contents it is conscious of and not itself one of these contents. Its only nature is, Advaita holds, prakāśa (manifestation); in itself it is devoid of any content or structure and can never become an object. Fasching, Wolfgang (2021), "Prakāśa. A few reflections on the Advaitic understanding of consciousness as presence and its relevance for philosophy of mind", Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 20 (4), Springer: 679–701, doi:10.1007/s11097-020-09690-2, S2CID225385862
Compare Fasching 2021: For Advaita Vedānta, consciousness is to be distinguished from all contents of consciousness that might be introspectively detectable: It is precisely consciousness of whatever contents it is conscious of and not itself one of these contents. Its only nature is, Advaita holds, prakāśa (manifestation); in itself it is devoid of any content or structure and can never become an object. Fasching, Wolfgang (2021), "Prakāśa. A few reflections on the Advaitic understanding of consciousness as presence and its relevance for philosophy of mind", Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 20 (4), Springer: 679–701, doi:10.1007/s11097-020-09690-2, S2CID225385862
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Fost 1998, pp. 387–405. Fost, Frederic F. (1998). "Playful Illusion: The Making of Worlds in Advaita Vedanta". Philosophy East and West. 48 (3). University of Hawai'i Press: 387–405. doi:10.2307/1400333. JSTOR1400333.
Barua 2015, p. 262. Barua, Ankur (2015), "Ideas of Liberation in Medieval Advaita Vedānta", Religion Compass, 9 (8): 262–271, doi:10.1111/rec3.12160
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Fiordalis 2021, p. 24, note 12. Fiordalis, David Vincent (2021), "One or None? Truth and Self-Transformation for Śaṅkara and Kamalaśīla", Religions, 12 (12): 1043, doi:10.3390/rel12121043
Milne 1997, p. 168. Milne, Joseph (April 1997), "Advaita Vedanta and typologies of multiplicity and unity: An interpretation of nindual knowledge", International Journal of Hindu Studies, 1 (1): 165–188, doi:10.1007/s11407-997-0017-6, S2CID143690641
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Fiordalis 2021, p. 6. Fiordalis, David Vincent (2021), "One or None? Truth and Self-Transformation for Śaṅkara and Kamalaśīla", Religions, 12 (12): 1043, doi:10.3390/rel12121043
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Compare Fasching 2021: For Advaita Vedānta, consciousness is to be distinguished from all contents of consciousness that might be introspectively detectable: It is precisely consciousness of whatever contents it is conscious of and not itself one of these contents. Its only nature is, Advaita holds, prakāśa (manifestation); in itself it is devoid of any content or structure and can never become an object. Fasching, Wolfgang (2021), "Prakāśa. A few reflections on the Advaitic understanding of consciousness as presence and its relevance for philosophy of mind", Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 20 (4), Springer: 679–701, doi:10.1007/s11097-020-09690-2, S2CID225385862
Compare Fasching 2021: For Advaita Vedānta, consciousness is to be distinguished from all contents of consciousness that might be introspectively detectable: It is precisely consciousness of whatever contents it is conscious of and not itself one of these contents. Its only nature is, Advaita holds, prakāśa (manifestation); in itself it is devoid of any content or structure and can never become an object. Fasching, Wolfgang (2021), "Prakāśa. A few reflections on the Advaitic understanding of consciousness as presence and its relevance for philosophy of mind", Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 20 (4), Springer: 679–701, doi:10.1007/s11097-020-09690-2, S2CID225385862
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Literally: end or the goal of the Vedas, referring to the Upanishads and their interpretation; it is a tradition of interpretation of the Upanishads,(Nakamura 1990, p. 112) the Brahma Sutras, and the Bhagavad Gitā.(Grimes 1990, pp. 6–7, Menon 2012) Nakamura, Hajime (1990) [1950], A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy. Part One, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (1990 Reprint) Grimes, John A. (1990), The Seven Great Untenables: Sapta-vidhā Anupapatti, Motilall Banarsidass Menon, Sangeetha (2012), Advaita Vedanta, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, archived from the original on 10 June 2019, retrieved 1 August 2020
Atman, Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford University Press (2012), Quote: "1. real self of the individual; 2. a person's soul"
Olivelle (1998, p. 77); Sanskrit (Wikisource): प्राणोऽपानो व्यान इत्यष्टावक्षराणि अष्टाक्षर ह वा एकं गायत्र्यै पदम् एतदु हैवास्या एतत् स यावदिदं प्राणि तावद्ध जयति योऽस्या एतदेवं पदं वेद अथास्या एतदेव तुरीयं दर्शतं पदं परोरजा य एष तपति यद्वै चतुर्थं तत्तुरीयम् दर्शतं पदमिति ददृश इव ह्येष परोरजा इति सर्वमु ह्येवैष रज उपर्युपरि तपत्य् एव हैव श्रिया यशसा तपति योऽस्या एतदेवं पदं वेद ॥ ३ ॥ Olivelle, Patrick (1998), Upaniṣads, Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-283576-5, archived from the original on 16 January 2024, retrieved 27 January 2017
While the Vedanta tradition equates sat ("the Existent") with Brahman, the Chandogya Upanishad itself does not refer to Brahman.[8][259]Deutsch & Dalvi (2004, p. 8): "Although the text does not use the term brahman, the Vedanta tradition is that the Existent (sat) referred to is no other than Brahman." Deutsch, Eliot; Dalvi, Rohit (2004), The Essential Vedanta: A New Source Book of Advaita Vedanta, World Wisdom, Inc., ISBN9780941532525, archived from the original on 16 January 2024, retrieved 8 November 2020
Śaṅkarācārya 1949, p. 32; Sanskrit: तच् चैतत् परमार्थदर्शनं प्रतिपत्तुमिच्छता वर्णाश्रमाद्यभिमान-कृतपाञ्क्तरूपपुत्रवित्तलोकैषणादिभ्यो व्युत्थानं कर्तव्यम् । सम्यक्प्रत्ययविरोधात् तदभिमानस्य भेददर्शनप्रतिषेधार्थोपपत्तिश्चोपपद्यते । न ह्येकस्मिन्नात्मन्यसंसारित्वबुद्धौ शास्त्रन्यायोत्पादितायां तद्विपरीता बुद्धिर्भवति । न ह्य् अग्नौ शितत्वबुद्धिः, शरीरे वाजरामरणबुद्धिः । तस्मादविद्याकार्यत्वात् सर्वकर्मणां तत्साधनानां च यज्ञोपवीतादीनां परमार्थदर्शनिष्टेन त्यागः कर्तव्यः ॥ ४४॥ Śaṅkarācārya (1949). A Thousand Teachings. Translated by S Jagadananda. Vedanta Press. ISBN978-81-7120-059-7. OCLC218363449. Sanskrit:Upadesha sahasriArchived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
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Ram-Prasad 2013, p. 235. Ram-Prasad, Chakravarthi (2013), "Situating the Elusive Self of Advaita Vedanta"(PDF), in Siderits, Mark; Thompson, Evan; Zahavi, Dan (eds.), Self, No Self?: Perspectives from Analytical, Phenomenological, and Indian Traditions, Oxford University Press, archived(PDF) from the original on 2 October 2022, retrieved 1 August 2020
Ram-Prasad 2013, p. 237. Ram-Prasad, Chakravarthi (2013), "Situating the Elusive Self of Advaita Vedanta"(PDF), in Siderits, Mark; Thompson, Evan; Zahavi, Dan (eds.), Self, No Self?: Perspectives from Analytical, Phenomenological, and Indian Traditions, Oxford University Press, archived(PDF) from the original on 2 October 2022, retrieved 1 August 2020
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Hacker 1995, p. 78; Lorenzen 2015; Baird 1986; Goswami Abhay Charan Bhaktivedanta 1956 Hacker, Paul (1995), Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedanta, SUNY Press, ISBN978-0-7914-2582-4 Lorenzen, David N., ed. (2015), A dialogue between a Christian and a Hindu about religion, El Colegio de Mexico AC Baird, Robert D. (1986), "Swami Bhativedanta and the Bhagavd Gita As It Is", in Minor, Robert Neil (ed.), Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad Gita, SUNY Press Goswami Abhay Charan Bhaktivedanta (1956), Shri Krishna The Supreme 'Vedantist', archived from the original on 4 January 2022, retrieved 1 August 2020
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"cause". Archived from the original on 11 February 2017, "effect". Archived from the original on 11 February 2017, Sanskrit English Dictionary, University of Koeln, Germany.