African forest elephant (English Wikipedia)

Turkalo, A.; Barnes, R. (2013). "Loxodonta cyclotis Forest Elephant". In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Hoffmann, M.; Butynski, T.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). The Mammals of Africa. Vol. I. Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 195–200. ISBN 9781408189962.
Turkalo, A. K.; Fay, J. M. (2001). "African Rain Forest Ecology and Conservation. Observations from the Dzanga Saline". In Weber, W.; White, L. J. T.; Vedder, A.; Naughton-Treves, L. (eds.). African Rain Forest Ecology and Conservation: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 207–213. ISBN 9780300084337.
Blanc, J. J.; Thouless, C. R.; Hart, J. A.; Dublin, H. T.; Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Craig, G. C.; Barnes, R. F. W. (2003). African Elephant Status Report 2002: An update from the African Elephant Database. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 29. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN. ISBN 9782831707075.

bucknell.edu

departments.bucknell.edu

Shoshani, J. (2005). "Loxodonta cyclotis". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

cornell.edu

birds.cornell.edu

"Forest Elephants - Loxodonta cyclotis". www.birds.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2017-06-30.

ctvnews.ca

Schemm, P. (2014). "Poachers massacre elephants in Congo park". CTV News. The Associated Press.

doi.org

Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Maisels, F.; Wittemyer, G.; Balfour, D.; Taylor, R.D. (2021) [errata version of 2021 assessment]. "Loxodonta cyclotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T181007989A204404464. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en.
Grubb, P.; Groves, C. P.; Dudley, J. P. & Shoshani, J. (2000). "Living African elephants belong to two species: Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797) and Loxodonta cyclotis (Matschie, 1900)". Elephant. 2 (4): 1–4. doi:10.22237/elephant/1521732169.
Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N.; Pecon-Slattery, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "Genetic Evidence for Two Species of Elephant in Africa". Science. 293 (5534): 1473–1477. Bibcode:2001Sci...293.1473R. doi:10.1126/science.1059936. PMID 11520983. S2CID 38285623.
Debruyne, Régis; Van Holt, Arnaud; Barriel, Véronique; Tassy, Pascal (July 2003). "Status of the so-called African pygmy elephant (Loxodonta pumilio (Noack 1906)): phylogeny of cytochrome b and mitochondrial control region sequences". Comptes Rendus. Biologies. 326 (7): 687–697. doi:10.1016/S1631-0691(03)00158-6. PMID 14556388.
Rohland, N.; Reich, D.; Mallick, S.; Meyer, M.; Green, R. E.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Roca, A. L. & Hofreiter, M. (2010). "Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants". PLOS Biology. 8 (12): e1000564. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564. PMC 3006346. PMID 21203580.
Eleftheria Palkopoulou; Mark Lipson; Swapan Mallick; et al. (2018). "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (11): E2566 – E2574. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115E2566P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1720554115. PMC 5856550. PMID 29483247.
Lin, Haifeng; Hu, Jiaming; Baleka, Sina; Yuan, Junxia; Chen, Xi; Xiao, Bo; Song, Shiwen; Du, Zhicheng; Lai, Xulong; Hofreiter, Michael; Sheng, Guilian (July 2023). "A genetic glimpse of the Chinese straight-tusked elephants". Biology Letters. 19 (7). doi:10.1098/rsbl.2023.0078. PMC 10353889. PMID 37463654.
Morgan, B. J.; Lee, P. C. (2003). "Forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) stature in the Reserve de Faune du Petit Loango, Gabon". Journal of Zoology. 259 (4): 337–344. doi:10.1017/s0952836902003291.
Larramendi, A. (2015). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 60. doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014.
Shoshani, Jehskel (May 1978). "General Information on Elephants with Emphasis on Tusks". Elephant. 1 (2): 20–31. doi:10.22237/elephant/1491234053.
Larramendi, Asier (2023-12-10). "Estimating tusk masses in proboscideans: a comprehensive analysis and predictive model". Historical Biology: 1–14. doi:10.1080/08912963.2023.2286272. ISSN 0891-2963.
Tchamba, M. N.; Seme, P. M. (1993). "Diet and feeding behaviour of the forest elephant in the Santchou Reserve, Cameroon". African Journal of Ecology. 31 (2): 165–171. Bibcode:1993AfJEc..31..165T. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1993.tb00529.x.
Blake, S.; Deem, S. L.; Strindberg, S.; Maisels, F.; Momont, L.; Isia, I. B.; Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Karesh, W. B.; Kock, M. D. (2008). "Roadless wilderness area determines forest elephant movements in the Congo Basin". PLOS ONE. 3 (10): e3546. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3546B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003546. PMC 2570334. PMID 18958284.
Alers, M. P. T.; Blom, A.; Kiyengo, C. S.; Masunda, T.; Barnes, R. F. W. (1992). "Preliminary assessment of the status of the forest elephant in Zaire". African Journal of Ecology. 30 (4): 279–291. Bibcode:1992AfJEc..30..279A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1992.tb00504.x.
Barnes, R. F. W.; Beardsley, K.; Michelmore, F.; Barnes, K. L.; Alers, M. P. T.; Blom, A. (1997). "Estimating forest elephant numbers with dung counts and a geographic information system". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 61 (4): 1384–1393. doi:10.2307/3802142. JSTOR 3802142.
Roth, H. H.; Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1991). "Distribution and status of elephants in West Africa" (PDF). Mammalia. 55 (4): 489–528. doi:10.1515/mamm.1991.55.4.489. S2CID 85307838. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-02-13. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
Dudley, J. P.; Mensah-Ntiamoah, A. Y.; Kpelle, D. G. (1992). "Forest elephants in a rainforest fragment: preliminary findings from a wildlife conservation project in southern Ghana". African Journal of Ecology. 30 (2): 116–126. Bibcode:1992AfJEc..30..116D. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1992.tb00485.x.
Eggert, L. S.; Eggert, J. A.; Woodruff, D. S. (2003). "Estimating population sizes for elusive animals: the forest elephants of Kakum National Park, Ghana". Molecular Ecology. 12 (6): 1389–1402. Bibcode:2003MolEc..12.1389E. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01822.x. PMID 12755869. S2CID 19346262.
White, L. J. T.; Tutin, C. E. G. & Fernandez, M. (1993). "Group composition and diet of forest elephants, Loxodonta africana cyclotis Matschie 1900, in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon". African Journal of Ecology. 31 (3): 181–199. Bibcode:1993AfJEc..31..181W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1993.tb00532.x.
Short, J. C. (1983). "Density and seasonal movements of forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis, Matschie) in Bia National Park, Ghana". African Journal of Ecology. 21 (3): 175–184. Bibcode:1983AfJEc..21..175S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1983.tb01179.x.
Blake, Stephen; Inkamba-Nkulu, Clement (September 2004). "Fruit, Minerals, and Forest Elephant Trails: Do All Roads Lead to Rome?". Biotropica. 36 (3): 392–401. Bibcode:2004Biotr..36..392B. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2004.tb00332.x. S2CID 247703701.
Fishlock, V. & Lee, P. C. (2013). "Forest elephants: fission–fusion and social arenas". Animal Behaviour. 85 (2): 357–363. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.11.004. S2CID 53147174.
Klaus, G.; Klaus-Hugi, C. & Schmid, B. (1998). "Geophagy by large mammals at natural licks in the rain forest of the Dzanga National Park, Central African Republic" (PDF). Journal of Tropical Ecology. 14 (6): 829–839. doi:10.1017/S0266467498000595. S2CID 85354157.^{[dead link‍]}
Yumoto, T.; Maruhashi, T.; Yamagiwa, J. & Mwanza, N. (1995). "Seed-Dispersal by Elephants in a Tropical Rain Forest in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire". Biotropica. 27 (4): 526–530. Bibcode:1995Biotr..27..526Y. doi:10.2307/2388968. JSTOR 2388968.
Blake, S.; Deem, S.L.; Mossimbo, E.; Maisels, F. & Walsh, P. (2009). "Forest Elephants: Tree Planters of the Congo" (PDF). Biotropica. 41 (4): 459–468. Bibcode:2009Biotr..41..459B. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00512.x. S2CID 86090603.^{[dead link‍]}
Campos-Arceiz, A. & Blake, S. (2011). "Megagardeners of the forest – the role of elephants in seed dispersal" (PDF). Acta Oecologica. 37 (6): 542–553. Bibcode:2011AcO....37..542C. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014.
Beaune, D.; Fruth, B.; Bollache, L.; Hohmann, G. & Bretagnolle, F. (2012). "Doom of the elephant-dependent trees in a Congo tropical forest". Forest Ecology and Management. 295: 109–117. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.12.041.
Poulsen, J.R.; Rosin, C.; Meier, A.; Mills, E.; Nuñez, C.L.; Koerner, S.E.; Blanchard, E.; Callejas, J.; Moore, S. & Sowers, M. (2018). "Ecological consequences of forest elephant declines for Afrotropical forests" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 32 (3): 559–567. Bibcode:2018ConBi..32..559P. doi:10.1111/cobi.13035. PMID 29076179. S2CID 3628593.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
Stoeger, Angela S.; De Silva, Shermin (2014). "African and Asian Elephant Vocal Communication: A Cross-Species Comparison". Biocommunication of Animals. pp. 21–39. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7414-8_3. ISBN 978-94-007-7413-1.
Hedwig, Daniela; Kohlberg, Anna (2024-03-18). Ntalampiras, Stavros (ed.). "Call combination in African forest elephants Loxodonta cyclotis". PLOS ONE. 19 (3): e0299656. Bibcode:2024PLoSO..1999656H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299656. PMC 10947659. PMID 38498501.
Engesser, Sabrina; Townsend, Simon W. (July 2019). "Combinatoriality in the vocal systems of nonhuman animals" (PDF). WIREs Cognitive Science. 10 (4): e1493. doi:10.1002/wcs.1493. PMID 30724476.
Pardo, Michael A; Poole, Joyce H; Stoeger, Angela S; Wrege, Peter H; O'Connell-Rodwell, Caitlin E; Padmalal, Udaha Kapugedara; de Silva, Shermin (2019-06-13). "Differences in combinatorial calls among the 3 elephant species cannot be explained by phylogeny". Behavioral Ecology. 30 (3): 809–820. doi:10.1093/beheco/arz018.
Hedwig, Daniela; Poole, Joyce; Granli, Petter (27 October 2021). "Does Social Complexity Drive Vocal Complexity? Insights from the Two African Elephant Species". Animals. 11 (11): 3071. doi:10.3390/ani11113071. PMC 8614502. PMID 34827803.
Swider, Colin R.; Hedwig, Daniela; Wrege, Peter H.; Parks, Susan E. (8 January 2024). "Implications of target signal choice in passive acoustic monitoring: an example of age- and sex-dependent vocal repertoire use in African forest elephants ( Loxodonta cyclotis )". Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation. doi:10.1002/rse2.380.
Swider, Colin R.; Gemelli, Christopher F.; Wrege, Peter H.; Parks, Susan E. (December 2022). "Passive acoustic monitoring reveals behavioural response of African forest elephants to gunfire events". African Journal of Ecology. 60 (4): 882–894. Bibcode:2022AfJEc..60..882S. doi:10.1111/aje.13070.
Turkalo, A.; Wrege, P.H. & Wittemyer, G. (2017). "Slow intrinsic growth rate in forest elephants indicates recovery from poaching will require decades". Journal of Applied Ecology. 54 (1): 153–159. Bibcode:2017JApEc..54..153T. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12764.
Ichikawa, Mitsuo (2021). "Elephant hunting by the Mbuti hunter-gatherers in the eastern Congo Basin". In Konidaris, Georges E.; Harvati, Katerina; Barkai, Ran; Tourloukis, Evangelis (eds.). Human-elephant Interactions: From Past to Present. Tübingen University Press. pp. 455–468. doi:10.15496/publikation-55581. hdl:10900/114206. ISBN 978-3-947251-33-9.
Wasser, S. K.; Brown, L.; Mailand, C.; Mondol, S.; Clark, W.; Laurie, C.; Weir, B. S. (2015). "Genetic assignment of large seizures of elephant ivory reveals Africa's major poaching hotspots". Science. 349 (6243): 84–87. Bibcode:2015Sci...349...84W. doi:10.1126/science.aaa2457. PMC 5535781. PMID 26089357.
Barnes RF, Beardsley K, Michelmore F, Barnes KL, Alers MP, Blom A (1997). "Estimating Forest Elephant Numbers with Dung Counts and a Geographic Information System". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 61 (4): 1384–1393. doi:10.2307/3802142. JSTOR 3802142.
Barnes, R.F.W.; Blom, A.; Alers, M.P.T. (1995). "A review of the status of forest elephants Loxodonta africana in Central Africa". Biological Conservation. 71 (2): 125–132. Bibcode:1995BCons..71..125B. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(94)00014-H.
Fa, J. E.; Seymour, S.; Dupain, J. E. F.; Amin, R.; Albrechtsen, L. & Macdonald, D. (2006). "Getting to grips with the magnitude of exploitation: bushmeat in the Cross–Sanaga rivers region, Nigeria and Cameroon". Biological Conservation. 129 (4): 497–510. Bibcode:2006BCons.129..497F. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.031.
Clabby, C. (2012). "Forest Elephant Chronicles". American Scientist. 100 (5): 416–417. doi:10.1511/2012.98.416.

facebook.com

https://www.facebook.com/elephantcrisisfund/photos/a.1703842119888710/2884517008487876/?type=3&mibextid=rS40aB7S9Ucbxw6v

google.com

Shoshani, J. (2005). "Loxodonta cyclotis". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Ichikawa, Mitsuo (2021). "Elephant hunting by the Mbuti hunter-gatherers in the eastern Congo Basin". In Konidaris, Georges E.; Harvati, Katerina; Barkai, Ran; Tourloukis, Evangelis (eds.). Human-elephant Interactions: From Past to Present. Tübingen University Press. pp. 455–468. doi:10.15496/publikation-55581. hdl:10900/114206. ISBN 978-3-947251-33-9.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N.; Pecon-Slattery, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "Genetic Evidence for Two Species of Elephant in Africa". Science. 293 (5534): 1473–1477. Bibcode:2001Sci...293.1473R. doi:10.1126/science.1059936. PMID 11520983. S2CID 38285623.
Eleftheria Palkopoulou; Mark Lipson; Swapan Mallick; et al. (2018). "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (11): E2566 – E2574. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115E2566P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1720554115. PMC 5856550. PMID 29483247.
Tchamba, M. N.; Seme, P. M. (1993). "Diet and feeding behaviour of the forest elephant in the Santchou Reserve, Cameroon". African Journal of Ecology. 31 (2): 165–171. Bibcode:1993AfJEc..31..165T. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1993.tb00529.x.
Blake, S.; Deem, S. L.; Strindberg, S.; Maisels, F.; Momont, L.; Isia, I. B.; Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Karesh, W. B.; Kock, M. D. (2008). "Roadless wilderness area determines forest elephant movements in the Congo Basin". PLOS ONE. 3 (10): e3546. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3546B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003546. PMC 2570334. PMID 18958284.
Alers, M. P. T.; Blom, A.; Kiyengo, C. S.; Masunda, T.; Barnes, R. F. W. (1992). "Preliminary assessment of the status of the forest elephant in Zaire". African Journal of Ecology. 30 (4): 279–291. Bibcode:1992AfJEc..30..279A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1992.tb00504.x.
Dudley, J. P.; Mensah-Ntiamoah, A. Y.; Kpelle, D. G. (1992). "Forest elephants in a rainforest fragment: preliminary findings from a wildlife conservation project in southern Ghana". African Journal of Ecology. 30 (2): 116–126. Bibcode:1992AfJEc..30..116D. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1992.tb00485.x.
Eggert, L. S.; Eggert, J. A.; Woodruff, D. S. (2003). "Estimating population sizes for elusive animals: the forest elephants of Kakum National Park, Ghana". Molecular Ecology. 12 (6): 1389–1402. Bibcode:2003MolEc..12.1389E. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01822.x. PMID 12755869. S2CID 19346262.
White, L. J. T.; Tutin, C. E. G. & Fernandez, M. (1993). "Group composition and diet of forest elephants, Loxodonta africana cyclotis Matschie 1900, in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon". African Journal of Ecology. 31 (3): 181–199. Bibcode:1993AfJEc..31..181W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1993.tb00532.x.
Short, J. C. (1983). "Density and seasonal movements of forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis, Matschie) in Bia National Park, Ghana". African Journal of Ecology. 21 (3): 175–184. Bibcode:1983AfJEc..21..175S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1983.tb01179.x.
Blake, Stephen; Inkamba-Nkulu, Clement (September 2004). "Fruit, Minerals, and Forest Elephant Trails: Do All Roads Lead to Rome?". Biotropica. 36 (3): 392–401. Bibcode:2004Biotr..36..392B. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2004.tb00332.x. S2CID 247703701.
Yumoto, T.; Maruhashi, T.; Yamagiwa, J. & Mwanza, N. (1995). "Seed-Dispersal by Elephants in a Tropical Rain Forest in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire". Biotropica. 27 (4): 526–530. Bibcode:1995Biotr..27..526Y. doi:10.2307/2388968. JSTOR 2388968.
Blake, S.; Deem, S.L.; Mossimbo, E.; Maisels, F. & Walsh, P. (2009). "Forest Elephants: Tree Planters of the Congo" (PDF). Biotropica. 41 (4): 459–468. Bibcode:2009Biotr..41..459B. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00512.x. S2CID 86090603.^{[dead link‍]}
Campos-Arceiz, A. & Blake, S. (2011). "Megagardeners of the forest – the role of elephants in seed dispersal" (PDF). Acta Oecologica. 37 (6): 542–553. Bibcode:2011AcO....37..542C. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014.
Poulsen, J.R.; Rosin, C.; Meier, A.; Mills, E.; Nuñez, C.L.; Koerner, S.E.; Blanchard, E.; Callejas, J.; Moore, S. & Sowers, M. (2018). "Ecological consequences of forest elephant declines for Afrotropical forests" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 32 (3): 559–567. Bibcode:2018ConBi..32..559P. doi:10.1111/cobi.13035. PMID 29076179. S2CID 3628593.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
Hedwig, Daniela; Kohlberg, Anna (2024-03-18). Ntalampiras, Stavros (ed.). "Call combination in African forest elephants Loxodonta cyclotis". PLOS ONE. 19 (3): e0299656. Bibcode:2024PLoSO..1999656H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299656. PMC 10947659. PMID 38498501.
Swider, Colin R.; Gemelli, Christopher F.; Wrege, Peter H.; Parks, Susan E. (December 2022). "Passive acoustic monitoring reveals behavioural response of African forest elephants to gunfire events". African Journal of Ecology. 60 (4): 882–894. Bibcode:2022AfJEc..60..882S. doi:10.1111/aje.13070.
Turkalo, A.; Wrege, P.H. & Wittemyer, G. (2017). "Slow intrinsic growth rate in forest elephants indicates recovery from poaching will require decades". Journal of Applied Ecology. 54 (1): 153–159. Bibcode:2017JApEc..54..153T. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12764.
Wasser, S. K.; Brown, L.; Mailand, C.; Mondol, S.; Clark, W.; Laurie, C.; Weir, B. S. (2015). "Genetic assignment of large seizures of elephant ivory reveals Africa's major poaching hotspots". Science. 349 (6243): 84–87. Bibcode:2015Sci...349...84W. doi:10.1126/science.aaa2457. PMC 5535781. PMID 26089357.
Barnes, R.F.W.; Blom, A.; Alers, M.P.T. (1995). "A review of the status of forest elephants Loxodonta africana in Central Africa". Biological Conservation. 71 (2): 125–132. Bibcode:1995BCons..71..125B. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(94)00014-H.
Fa, J. E.; Seymour, S.; Dupain, J. E. F.; Amin, R.; Albrechtsen, L. & Macdonald, D. (2006). "Getting to grips with the magnitude of exploitation: bushmeat in the Cross–Sanaga rivers region, Nigeria and Cameroon". Biological Conservation. 129 (4): 497–510. Bibcode:2006BCons.129..497F. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.031.

independent.co.uk

Cockburn, Harry (26 August 2020). "Congo elephant poacher jailed for 30 years in landmark case". The Independent.

iucn.org

portals.iucn.org

https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/SSC-OP-060_D.pdf

iucn.org

Stiles, D.; Martin, E. (2001). "Status and trends of the ivory trade in Africa, 1989–1999" (PDF). Pachyderm (30): 24–36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-01-03. Retrieved 2019-06-10.

iucnredlist.org

Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Maisels, F.; Wittemyer, G.; Balfour, D.; Taylor, R.D. (2021) [errata version of 2021 assessment]. "Loxodonta cyclotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T181007989A204404464. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en.

jstor.org

Barnes, R. F. W.; Beardsley, K.; Michelmore, F.; Barnes, K. L.; Alers, M. P. T.; Blom, A. (1997). "Estimating forest elephant numbers with dung counts and a geographic information system". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 61 (4): 1384–1393. doi:10.2307/3802142. JSTOR 3802142.
Yumoto, T.; Maruhashi, T.; Yamagiwa, J. & Mwanza, N. (1995). "Seed-Dispersal by Elephants in a Tropical Rain Forest in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire". Biotropica. 27 (4): 526–530. Bibcode:1995Biotr..27..526Y. doi:10.2307/2388968. JSTOR 2388968.
Barnes RF, Beardsley K, Michelmore F, Barnes KL, Alers MP, Blom A (1997). "Estimating Forest Elephant Numbers with Dung Counts and a Geographic Information System". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 61 (4): 1384–1393. doi:10.2307/3802142. JSTOR 3802142.

kotafoundation.org

"A Sight to Behold – Elephant Vision". The Kota Foundation. 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-11-20. Retrieved 2017-06-29.

nationalgeographic.com

newswatch.nationalgeographic.com

Russo, C. (2014). "Success and Tragedy: IFAW's Project to Relocate Elephants in Côte d'Ivoire". National Geographic. Archived from the original on February 3, 2014.
Neme, L. (2013). "Chaos and Confusion Following Elephant Poaching in a Central African World Heritage Site". National Geographic. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N.; Pecon-Slattery, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "Genetic Evidence for Two Species of Elephant in Africa". Science. 293 (5534): 1473–1477. Bibcode:2001Sci...293.1473R. doi:10.1126/science.1059936. PMID 11520983. S2CID 38285623.
Debruyne, Régis; Van Holt, Arnaud; Barriel, Véronique; Tassy, Pascal (July 2003). "Status of the so-called African pygmy elephant (Loxodonta pumilio (Noack 1906)): phylogeny of cytochrome b and mitochondrial control region sequences". Comptes Rendus. Biologies. 326 (7): 687–697. doi:10.1016/S1631-0691(03)00158-6. PMID 14556388.
Rohland, N.; Reich, D.; Mallick, S.; Meyer, M.; Green, R. E.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Roca, A. L. & Hofreiter, M. (2010). "Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants". PLOS Biology. 8 (12): e1000564. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564. PMC 3006346. PMID 21203580.
Eleftheria Palkopoulou; Mark Lipson; Swapan Mallick; et al. (2018). "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (11): E2566 – E2574. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115E2566P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1720554115. PMC 5856550. PMID 29483247.
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