African penguin (English Wikipedia)

Edwards, George (1747). A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. Vol. Part II. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 94, Plate 94.
Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 132.
Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 42, Vol. 6, p. 96.

capenature.co.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

"CapeNature increases protection from predators at Stony Point". CapeNature. Archived from the original on 2018-08-07. Retrieved 2020-07-06.

cites.org (Global: 2,927^th place; English: 2,249^th place)

"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.

dict.org.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

"African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus)". Dyer Island Conservation Trust. Archived from the original on 2009-10-26.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

BirdLife International (2024). "Spheniscus demersus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22697810A256021744. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22697810A256021744.en. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
Favaro, Livio; Ozella, Laura; Pessani, Daniela; Pavan, Gianni (30 July 2014). "The Vocal Repertoire of the African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus): Structure and Function of Calls". PLOS ONE. 9 (7) e103460. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j3460F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103460. PMC 4116197. PMID 25076136.
Campbell, Kate J; Farah, Danielle; Collins, Sarah; Parsons, Nola J (2 January 2016). "Sex determination of African Penguins Spheniscus demersus using bill measurements: method comparisons and implications for use". Ostrich. 87 (1): 47–55. Bibcode:2016Ostri..87...47C. doi:10.2989/00306525.2015.1108371.
BirdLife International (2020). "Spheniscus demersus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22697810A157423361. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697810A157423361.en. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
Sherley, R. B.; Crawford, R. J.; de Blocq, A. D.; Dyer, B. M.; Geldenhuys, D.; Hagen, C.; Kemper, J.; Makhado, A. B.; Pichegru, L.; Upfold, L.; Visagie, J.; Waller, Lauren J.; Winker, Henning (2020). "The conservation status and population decline of the African penguin deconstructed in space and time". pp. 8506–8516. bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.01.15.907485.
Crawford, R. J. M.; Ryan, P. G.; Williams, A. J. (1991). "Seabird consumption and production in the Benguela and western Agulhas ecosystems". South African Journal of Marine Science. 11 (1): 357–375. Bibcode:1991SAJMS..11..357C. doi:10.2989/025776191784287709.
Ropert-Coudert Y; Kato A; Robbins A; Humphries GRW (October 2018). "African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus)". The Penguiness book, version 3.0. Unpublished. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.32289.66406.
Wolfaardt, A. C.; Underhill, L. G.; Visagie, J. (2009). "Breeding and moult phenology of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Dassen Island". African Journal of Marine Science. 31 (2): 119–132. Bibcode:2009AfJMS..31..119W. doi:10.2989/AJMS.2009.31.2.1.873. S2CID 85264159.
Crawford, Robert J.M.; Barham, Peter J.; Underhill, Les G.; Shannon, Lynne J.; Coetzee, Janet C.; Dyer, Bruce M.; Leshoro, T. Mario; Upfold, Leshia (2006). "The influence of food availability on breeding success of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Robben Island, South Africa". Biological Conservation. 132 (1): 119–125. Bibcode:2006BCons.132..119C. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.03.019.
Sherley, Richard B.; Barham, Barbara J.; Barham, Peter J.; Leshoro, T. Mario; Underhill, Les G. (2012). "Artificial nests enhance the breeding productivity of African Penguins ( Spheniscus demersus ) on Robben Island, South Africa". Emu - Austral Ornithology. 112 (2): 97–106. Bibcode:2012EmuAO.112...97S. doi:10.1071/MU11055. ISSN 0158-4197.
Spelt, A.; Pichegru, L. (2017). "Sex allocation and sex-specific parental investment in an endangered seabird". Ibis. 159 (2): 272–284. doi:10.1111/ibi.12457.
Whittington, P. A.; Hofmeyr, J. H.; Cooper, J. (1996). "Establishment, growth and conservation of a mainland colony of Jackass Penguins Spheniscus demersus at Stony Point, Betty's Bay, South Africa". Ostrich. 67 (3–4): 144–150. Bibcode:1996Ostri..67..144W. doi:10.1080/00306525.1996.9639700.
Shannon, L. J.; Crawford, R. J. M. (1999). "Management of the African penguin Spheniscus demersus — insights from modelling". Marine Ornithology. 27: 119–128. doi:10.5038/2074-1235.27.1.432.
Wolfaardt, A. C.; Underhill, L. G.; Altwegg, R.; Visagie, J. (2008). "Restoration of oiled African penguins Spheniscus demersus a decade after the Apollo Sea spill". African Journal of Marine Science. 30 (2): 421–436. Bibcode:2008AfJMS..30..421W. doi:10.2989/ajms.2008.30.2.14.564. S2CID 85384818.
Barham, P. J.; L. G. Underhill; R. J. M. Crawford; R. Altewegg; T. M. Leshoro; D. A. Bolton; B. M. Dyer & L. Upfold (2008). "The efficacy of hand-rearing penguin chicks: evidence from African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) orphaned in the Treasure oil spill". Bird Conservation International. 18 (2). doi:10.1017/S0959270908000142.
Grim, C. (2003). "Plasmodium juxtanucleare associated with mortality in black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) admitted to a rehabilitation center". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 34 (3): 250–5. doi:10.1638/02-070. JSTOR 20460327. PMID 14582786. S2CID 41534960.
Crawford, R. J. M.; David, J. H. M.; Shannon, L. J.; Kemper, J.; Klages, N. T. W.; Roux, J-P.; Underhill, L. G.; Ward, V. L.; Williams, A. J.; Wolfaardt, A. C. (2001). "African penguins as predators and prey – coping (or not) with change". South African Journal of Marine Science. 23 (1): 435–447. Bibcode:2001SAJMS..23..435C. doi:10.2989/025776101784528836. ISSN 0257-7615.
Sherley, R. B.; Underhill, L. G.; Barham, B. J.; Barham, P. J.; Coetzee, J. C.; Crawford, R. J.; Dyer, B. M.; Leshoro, T. M.; Upfold, L. (2013). "Influence of local and regional prey availability on breeding performance of African penguins Spheniscus demersus". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 473: 291–301. Bibcode:2013MEPS..473..291S. doi:10.3354/meps10070.
Weller, Florian; Sherley, Richard B.; Waller, Lauren J.; Ludynia, Katrin; Geldenhuys, Deon; Shannon, Lynne J.; Jarre, Astrid (2016). "System dynamics modelling of the Endangered African penguin populations on Dyer and Robben islands, South Africa". Ecological Modelling. 327: 44–56. Bibcode:2016EcMod.327...44W. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.01.011.
Sherley, Richard B.; et al. (2018). "Bayesian inference reveals positive but subtle effects of experimental fishery closures on marine predator demographics". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1871) 20172443. Bibcode:2018PBioS.28572443S. doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.2443. PMC 5805942. PMID 29343602.
Ludynia, K.; L. J. Waller; R. B. Sherley; F. Abadi; Y. Galada; D. Geldenhuys; R. J. M. Crawford; L. J. Shannon & A. Jarre (2014). "Processes influencing the population dynamics and conservation of African penguins on Dyer Island, South Africa". African Journal of Marine Science. 36 (2): 253. Bibcode:2014AfJMS..36..253L. doi:10.2989/1814232X.2014.929027. S2CID 84659321.
Makhado, A. B.; M. A. Meÿer; R. J. M. Crawford; L. G. Underhill & C. Wilke (2009). "The efficacy of culling seals seen preying on seabirds as a means of reducing seabird mortality". African Journal of Ecology. 47 (3): 335. Bibcode:2009AfJEc..47..335M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.00966.x. hdl:11427/24160.

elsevier.com (Global: 610^th place; English: 704^th place)

linkinghub.elsevier.com

Crawford, Robert J.M.; Barham, Peter J.; Underhill, Les G.; Shannon, Lynne J.; Coetzee, Janet C.; Dyer, Bruce M.; Leshoro, T. Mario; Upfold, Leshia (2006). "The influence of food availability on breeding success of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Robben Island, South Africa". Biological Conservation. 132 (1): 119–125. Bibcode:2006BCons.132..119C. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.03.019.

globalpost.com (Global: 6,016^th place; English: 4,119^th place)

"African Penguin; Endangered; Cape Town". Globalpost.com. 2011-06-19. Retrieved 2012-03-30.

groundup.org.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ferreira, Anton (2024-07-24). "Seal attacks contribute to African penguin's looming extinction". GroundUp News. Retrieved 2025-03-19.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Makhado, A. B.; M. A. Meÿer; R. J. M. Crawford; L. G. Underhill & C. Wilke (2009). "The efficacy of culling seals seen preying on seabirds as a means of reducing seabird mortality". African Journal of Ecology. 47 (3): 335. Bibcode:2009AfJEc..47..335M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.00966.x. hdl:11427/24160.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Favaro, Livio; Ozella, Laura; Pessani, Daniela; Pavan, Gianni (30 July 2014). "The Vocal Repertoire of the African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus): Structure and Function of Calls". PLOS ONE. 9 (7) e103460. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j3460F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103460. PMC 4116197. PMID 25076136.
Campbell, Kate J; Farah, Danielle; Collins, Sarah; Parsons, Nola J (2 January 2016). "Sex determination of African Penguins Spheniscus demersus using bill measurements: method comparisons and implications for use". Ostrich. 87 (1): 47–55. Bibcode:2016Ostri..87...47C. doi:10.2989/00306525.2015.1108371.
Crawford, R. J. M.; Ryan, P. G.; Williams, A. J. (1991). "Seabird consumption and production in the Benguela and western Agulhas ecosystems". South African Journal of Marine Science. 11 (1): 357–375. Bibcode:1991SAJMS..11..357C. doi:10.2989/025776191784287709.
Wolfaardt, A. C.; Underhill, L. G.; Visagie, J. (2009). "Breeding and moult phenology of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Dassen Island". African Journal of Marine Science. 31 (2): 119–132. Bibcode:2009AfJMS..31..119W. doi:10.2989/AJMS.2009.31.2.1.873. S2CID 85264159.
Crawford, Robert J.M.; Barham, Peter J.; Underhill, Les G.; Shannon, Lynne J.; Coetzee, Janet C.; Dyer, Bruce M.; Leshoro, T. Mario; Upfold, Leshia (2006). "The influence of food availability on breeding success of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Robben Island, South Africa". Biological Conservation. 132 (1): 119–125. Bibcode:2006BCons.132..119C. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.03.019.
Sherley, Richard B.; Barham, Barbara J.; Barham, Peter J.; Leshoro, T. Mario; Underhill, Les G. (2012). "Artificial nests enhance the breeding productivity of African Penguins ( Spheniscus demersus ) on Robben Island, South Africa". Emu - Austral Ornithology. 112 (2): 97–106. Bibcode:2012EmuAO.112...97S. doi:10.1071/MU11055. ISSN 0158-4197.
Whittington, P. A.; Hofmeyr, J. H.; Cooper, J. (1996). "Establishment, growth and conservation of a mainland colony of Jackass Penguins Spheniscus demersus at Stony Point, Betty's Bay, South Africa". Ostrich. 67 (3–4): 144–150. Bibcode:1996Ostri..67..144W. doi:10.1080/00306525.1996.9639700.
Wolfaardt, A. C.; Underhill, L. G.; Altwegg, R.; Visagie, J. (2008). "Restoration of oiled African penguins Spheniscus demersus a decade after the Apollo Sea spill". African Journal of Marine Science. 30 (2): 421–436. Bibcode:2008AfJMS..30..421W. doi:10.2989/ajms.2008.30.2.14.564. S2CID 85384818.
Crawford, R. J. M.; David, J. H. M.; Shannon, L. J.; Kemper, J.; Klages, N. T. W.; Roux, J-P.; Underhill, L. G.; Ward, V. L.; Williams, A. J.; Wolfaardt, A. C. (2001). "African penguins as predators and prey – coping (or not) with change". South African Journal of Marine Science. 23 (1): 435–447. Bibcode:2001SAJMS..23..435C. doi:10.2989/025776101784528836. ISSN 0257-7615.
Sherley, R. B.; Underhill, L. G.; Barham, B. J.; Barham, P. J.; Coetzee, J. C.; Crawford, R. J.; Dyer, B. M.; Leshoro, T. M.; Upfold, L. (2013). "Influence of local and regional prey availability on breeding performance of African penguins Spheniscus demersus". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 473: 291–301. Bibcode:2013MEPS..473..291S. doi:10.3354/meps10070.
Weller, Florian; Sherley, Richard B.; Waller, Lauren J.; Ludynia, Katrin; Geldenhuys, Deon; Shannon, Lynne J.; Jarre, Astrid (2016). "System dynamics modelling of the Endangered African penguin populations on Dyer and Robben islands, South Africa". Ecological Modelling. 327: 44–56. Bibcode:2016EcMod.327...44W. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.01.011.
Sherley, Richard B.; et al. (2018). "Bayesian inference reveals positive but subtle effects of experimental fishery closures on marine predator demographics". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1871) 20172443. Bibcode:2018PBioS.28572443S. doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.2443. PMC 5805942. PMID 29343602.
Ludynia, K.; L. J. Waller; R. B. Sherley; F. Abadi; Y. Galada; D. Geldenhuys; R. J. M. Crawford; L. J. Shannon & A. Jarre (2014). "Processes influencing the population dynamics and conservation of African penguins on Dyer Island, South Africa". African Journal of Marine Science. 36 (2): 253. Bibcode:2014AfJMS..36..253L. doi:10.2989/1814232X.2014.929027. S2CID 84659321.
Makhado, A. B.; M. A. Meÿer; R. J. M. Crawford; L. G. Underhill & C. Wilke (2009). "The efficacy of culling seals seen preying on seabirds as a means of reducing seabird mortality". African Journal of Ecology. 47 (3): 335. Bibcode:2009AfJEc..47..335M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.00966.x. hdl:11427/24160.

iol.co.za (Global: 1,318^th place; English: 794^th place)

"Legal battle to save African penguin intensifies with new court filings". IOL. 23 October 1970. Retrieved 19 March 2025.
""Rehab center goes to the birds", iol SciTech, March 3, 2015". iol.co.za. 2015-03-03. Retrieved 2015-03-12.

iucnredlist.org (Global: 88^th place; English: 160^th place)

BirdLife International (2024). "Spheniscus demersus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22697810A256021744. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22697810A256021744.en. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
BirdLife International (2020). "Spheniscus demersus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22697810A157423361. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697810A157423361.en. Retrieved 11 September 2023.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Grim, C. (2003). "Plasmodium juxtanucleare associated with mortality in black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) admitted to a rehabilitation center". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 34 (3): 250–5. doi:10.1638/02-070. JSTOR 20460327. PMID 14582786. S2CID 41534960.

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 344^th place; English: 296^th place)

news.nationalgeographic.com

""Jackass Penguins Freed after Rehab", National Geographic's Video News, June 17, 2009". National Geographic. 2009-06-17. Archived from the original on June 19, 2009. Retrieved 2012-03-30.

neaq.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"African penguin". Neaq.org. Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2012-03-30.

newspapers.com (Global: 55^th place; English: 36^th place)

"Know your Georgia Aquarium penguins (2006)". The Atlanta Constitution. 2006-11-17. pp. G6. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
"Penguins begin swim home (Treasure, 2000)". York Daily Record. 2000-10-12. p. 6. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
"Penguins elude oil spill but fishermen open fire, South Africa (2000)". Calgary Herald. 2000-07-21. p. 12. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
"Flight of the African penguin (2000)". Tampa Bay Times. 2000-07-08. p. 2. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
"Experiments seek to house declining South African penguins (2009)". The Boston Globe. 2009-03-30. pp. A6. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
"Dassen Island African penguins (1955)". The Pantagraph. 1955-01-09. p. 10. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
"Penguin playmates & egg exports, Dassen Island (1954)". Press and Sun-Bulletin. 1954-10-23. p. 4. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
"French Gourmet Finds Penguin Egg Recipes (1959)". The Racine Journal-Times Sunday Bulletin. 1959-08-09. p. 17. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
"Penguin-egg eating may spread (1959)". The Troy Record. 1956-07-23. p. 14. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
"Penguin eggs sent to French eaters (1959)". The Daily Oklahoman. 1959-05-24. p. 48. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
"Penguins' Eggs Again To Grace Gourmets' Tables (1965)". Arizona Daily Star. 1965-05-30. p. 32. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
"Must Ration Penguin Eggs at $2.10 a Dozen (1965)". Sioux City Journal. 1965-05-09. p. 49. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
"Oily penguin, South Africa (1936)". Hartford Courant. 1936-08-02. p. 70. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
"Oil wrecks penguins of Dyer Island (Esso Wheeling, 1949)". The Morning Call. 1949-04-29. p. 22. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
"South Africa's penguins die from oil pollution effects (1975)". Arizona Republic. 1975-05-01. p. 1. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
""Homing" Penguins Travel 500 Miles (1979)". The Charlotte News. 1979-09-17. p. 4. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
"Penguins baffle scientists (1979)". The Daily News. 1979-09-18. p. 27. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
"Split Supertanker Gets Slow Tow Out To Sea (Castillo de Bellver oil spill, 1983)". The Baytown Sun. 1983-08-08. p. 6. Retrieved 2020-05-09.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Favaro, Livio; Ozella, Laura; Pessani, Daniela; Pavan, Gianni (30 July 2014). "The Vocal Repertoire of the African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus): Structure and Function of Calls". PLOS ONE. 9 (7) e103460. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j3460F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103460. PMC 4116197. PMID 25076136.
Grim, C. (2003). "Plasmodium juxtanucleare associated with mortality in black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) admitted to a rehabilitation center". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 34 (3): 250–5. doi:10.1638/02-070. JSTOR 20460327. PMID 14582786. S2CID 41534960.
Sherley, Richard B.; et al. (2018). "Bayesian inference reveals positive but subtle effects of experimental fishery closures on marine predator demographics". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1871) 20172443. Bibcode:2018PBioS.28572443S. doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.2443. PMC 5805942. PMID 29343602.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Favaro, Livio; Ozella, Laura; Pessani, Daniela; Pavan, Gianni (30 July 2014). "The Vocal Repertoire of the African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus): Structure and Function of Calls". PLOS ONE. 9 (7) e103460. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j3460F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103460. PMC 4116197. PMID 25076136.
Sherley, Richard B.; et al. (2018). "Bayesian inference reveals positive but subtle effects of experimental fishery closures on marine predator demographics". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1871) 20172443. Bibcode:2018PBioS.28572443S. doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.2443. PMC 5805942. PMID 29343602.

nla.gov.au (Global: 275^th place; English: 181^st place)

"Ship Oil Kills Fish, Penguins". Newcastle Sun (NSW: 1918-1954). 1953-11-03. p. 8. Retrieved 2020-05-09.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

"NYT: Penguin Retirement Home". The New York Times. 2025-03-16. Retrieved 2025-03-21.

penguiness.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ropert-Coudert Y; Kato A; Robbins A; Humphries GRW (October 2018). "African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus)". The Penguiness book, version 3.0. Unpublished. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.32289.66406.

phys.org (Global: 1,283^rd place; English: 1,130^th place)

"Refuelling under scrutiny as S. Africa penguins hit by oil spill". phys.org. Retrieved 2020-04-23.

sanccob.co.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

"African Penguin newly classified as 'critically endangered' as breeding pairs fall below 10,000". SANCOBB. 28 October 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2025.
"High Court victory for the Critically Endangered African Penguin". SANCOBB. 18 March 2025. Retrieved 19 March 2025.
"Penguins, rescue, rehabilitation, research, internships". Sanccob. Retrieved 2015-09-25.

sanparks.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Table Mountain National Park". SANParks. Retrieved 2012-03-30.

scenicsouth.co.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

"First Class African Penguin and Seabird Sanctuary Opens in Kleinbaai, Overberg". SceinicSouth. 2015-02-26. Retrieved 2015-03-12.

seaturtles.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kilduff, Catherine (2010-09-28). "Vanishing African Penguin, Threatened by Climate Change and Fishing, Wins Protections". seaturtles.org. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Wolfaardt, A. C.; Underhill, L. G.; Visagie, J. (2009). "Breeding and moult phenology of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Dassen Island". African Journal of Marine Science. 31 (2): 119–132. Bibcode:2009AfJMS..31..119W. doi:10.2989/AJMS.2009.31.2.1.873. S2CID 85264159.
Wolfaardt, A. C.; Underhill, L. G.; Altwegg, R.; Visagie, J. (2008). "Restoration of oiled African penguins Spheniscus demersus a decade after the Apollo Sea spill". African Journal of Marine Science. 30 (2): 421–436. Bibcode:2008AfJMS..30..421W. doi:10.2989/ajms.2008.30.2.14.564. S2CID 85384818.
Grim, C. (2003). "Plasmodium juxtanucleare associated with mortality in black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) admitted to a rehabilitation center". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 34 (3): 250–5. doi:10.1638/02-070. JSTOR 20460327. PMID 14582786. S2CID 41534960.
Ludynia, K.; L. J. Waller; R. B. Sherley; F. Abadi; Y. Galada; D. Geldenhuys; R. J. M. Crawford; L. J. Shannon & A. Jarre (2014). "Processes influencing the population dynamics and conservation of African penguins on Dyer Island, South Africa". African Journal of Marine Science. 36 (2): 253. Bibcode:2014AfJMS..36..253L. doi:10.2989/1814232X.2014.929027. S2CID 84659321.

simonstown.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The African Penguin Simons Town". Simonstown.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-02. Retrieved 2012-03-30.

tandfonline.com (Global: 507^th place; English: 429^th place)

Campbell, Kate J; Farah, Danielle; Collins, Sarah; Parsons, Nola J (2 January 2016). "Sex determination of African Penguins Spheniscus demersus using bill measurements: method comparisons and implications for use". Ostrich. 87 (1): 47–55. Bibcode:2016Ostri..87...47C. doi:10.2989/00306525.2015.1108371.
Sherley, Richard B.; Barham, Barbara J.; Barham, Peter J.; Leshoro, T. Mario; Underhill, Les G. (2012). "Artificial nests enhance the breeding productivity of African Penguins ( Spheniscus demersus ) on Robben Island, South Africa". Emu - Austral Ornithology. 112 (2): 97–106. Bibcode:2012EmuAO.112...97S. doi:10.1071/MU11055. ISSN 0158-4197.

torontozoo.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"African Penguin". Toronto Zoo. Retrieved 5 July 2020.

uct.ac.za (Global: 9,159^th place; English: 5,831^st place)

adu.uct.ac.za

"Brief History of Penguin Oiling in South African Waters | Animal Demography Unit". www.adu.uct.ac.za. Retrieved 2020-07-07.

umich.edu (Global: 459^th place; English: 360^th place)

animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu

"ADW: Spheniscus demersus: Information". Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. 2010-02-01. Retrieved 2012-03-30.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus)". Dyer Island Conservation Trust. Archived from the original on 2009-10-26.
"The African Penguin". Bettysbay. 2010-04-08. Archived from the original on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
"CapeNature increases protection from predators at Stony Point". CapeNature. Archived from the original on 2018-08-07. Retrieved 2020-07-06.
"Boulders Beach, Swimming with Penguins – Swimming with Penguins in South Africa". Goafrica. 2010-06-14. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
Kilduff, Catherine (2010-09-28). "Vanishing African Penguin, Threatened by Climate Change and Fishing, Wins Protections". seaturtles.org. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03.
"African penguin videos, photos and facts – Spheniscus demersus". ARKive. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
"The African Penguin Simons Town". Simonstown.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-02. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
"African penguin". Neaq.org. Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
""Jackass Penguins Freed after Rehab", National Geographic's Video News, June 17, 2009". National Geographic. 2009-06-17. Archived from the original on June 19, 2009. Retrieved 2012-03-30.

wildlifemonthly.blogspot.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Mahard, Tyler (2012). "The Black-footed Penguin Spheniscus demersus". Wildlife Monthly. Retrieved 2012-11-20.

worldbirdnames.org (Global: 1,007^th place; English: 1,255^th place)

Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 11 October 2021.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Sherley, Richard B.; Barham, Barbara J.; Barham, Peter J.; Leshoro, T. Mario; Underhill, Les G. (2012). "Artificial nests enhance the breeding productivity of African Penguins ( Spheniscus demersus ) on Robben Island, South Africa". Emu - Austral Ornithology. 112 (2): 97–106. Bibcode:2012EmuAO.112...97S. doi:10.1071/MU11055. ISSN 0158-4197.
Crawford, R. J. M.; David, J. H. M.; Shannon, L. J.; Kemper, J.; Klages, N. T. W.; Roux, J-P.; Underhill, L. G.; Ward, V. L.; Williams, A. J.; Wolfaardt, A. C. (2001). "African penguins as predators and prey – coping (or not) with change". South African Journal of Marine Science. 23 (1): 435–447. Bibcode:2001SAJMS..23..435C. doi:10.2989/025776101784528836. ISSN 0257-7615.

African penguin (English Wikipedia)

a-z-animals.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

about.com (Global: 216th place; English: 186th place)

goafrica.about.com

animaldiversity.org (Global: 1,859th place; English: 1,573rd place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

arkive.org (Global: 5,313th place; English: 4,662nd place)

artis.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

aza.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

bbc.com (Global: 20th place; English: 30th place)

bettysbay.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

biodiversitylaw.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

biodiversitylibrary.org (Global: 387th place; English: 373rd place)

capenature.co.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

cites.org (Global: 2,927th place; English: 2,249th place)

dict.org.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

elsevier.com (Global: 610th place; English: 704th place)

linkinghub.elsevier.com

globalpost.com (Global: 6,016th place; English: 4,119th place)

groundup.org.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

handle.net (Global: 102nd place; English: 76th place)

hdl.handle.net

harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

iol.co.za (Global: 1,318th place; English: 794th place)

iucnredlist.org (Global: 88th place; English: 160th place)

jstor.org (Global: 26th place; English: 20th place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 344th place; English: 296th place)

news.nationalgeographic.com

neaq.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

newspapers.com (Global: 55th place; English: 36th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nla.gov.au (Global: 275th place; English: 181st place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

penguiness.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

phys.org (Global: 1,283rd place; English: 1,130th place)

sanccob.co.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

sanparks.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

scenicsouth.co.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

seaturtles.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

simonstown.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

tandfonline.com (Global: 507th place; English: 429th place)

torontozoo.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

uct.ac.za (Global: 9,159th place; English: 5,831st place)

adu.uct.ac.za

umich.edu (Global: 459th place; English: 360th place)

animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

wildlifemonthly.blogspot.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

worldbirdnames.org (Global: 1,007th place; English: 1,255th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

search.worldcat.org

about.com (Global: 216^th place; English: 186^th place)

animaldiversity.org (Global: 1,859^th place; English: 1,573^rd place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

arkive.org (Global: 5,313^th place; English: 4,662^nd place)

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

biodiversitylibrary.org (Global: 387^th place; English: 373^rd place)

cites.org (Global: 2,927^th place; English: 2,249^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

elsevier.com (Global: 610^th place; English: 704^th place)

globalpost.com (Global: 6,016^th place; English: 4,119^th place)

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

iol.co.za (Global: 1,318^th place; English: 794^th place)

iucnredlist.org (Global: 88^th place; English: 160^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 344^th place; English: 296^th place)

newspapers.com (Global: 55^th place; English: 36^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

nla.gov.au (Global: 275^th place; English: 181^st place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

phys.org (Global: 1,283^rd place; English: 1,130^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

tandfonline.com (Global: 507^th place; English: 429^th place)

uct.ac.za (Global: 9,159^th place; English: 5,831^st place)

umich.edu (Global: 459^th place; English: 360^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldbirdnames.org (Global: 1,007^th place; English: 1,255^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)