Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad" in English language version.

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Patton 1897, p. 55; Ibn Khallikan 1871, p. 62. Patton, Walter M. (1897). Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna: A Biography of the Imam Including An Account of the Mohammedan Inquisition Called the Mihna, 218-234. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
Patton 1897, p. 52; Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 32: pp. 176-77. Patton, Walter M. (1897). Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna: A Biography of the Imam Including An Account of the Mohammedan Inquisition Called the Mihna, 218-234. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Hurvitz 2002, pp. 123–25; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Patton 1897, p. 55; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 62, 66, 69; Tillier 2009, p. 426-461; Turner 2010, p. 90. Hurvitz, Nimrod (2002). The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1507-X. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Patton, Walter M. (1897). Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna: A Biography of the Imam Including An Account of the Mohammedan Inquisition Called the Mihna, 218-234. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
Hinds 1993, pp. 3–4; Hurvitz 2002, pp. 123 ff.; Patton 1897, pp. 56 ff., 89 ff.. Hinds, M. (1993). "Mihna". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 2–6. ISBN 90-04-09419-9. Hurvitz, Nimrod (2002). The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1507-X. Patton, Walter M. (1897). Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna: A Biography of the Imam Including An Account of the Mohammedan Inquisition Called the Mihna, 218-234. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Zaman 1997, p. 112; Patton 1897, p. 56. Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (1997). Religion and Politics Under the Early 'Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-10678-2. Patton, Walter M. (1897). Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna: A Biography of the Imam Including An Account of the Mohammedan Inquisition Called the Mihna, 218-234. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; El-Hibri 2001, p. 48; Patton 1897, p. 56; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 62–64, 68–69. El-Hibri considers the positive portrayal of Ibn Abi Du'ad's character in the sources to be direct proof that the characterization of the chief judge as the prime instigator of the mihnah is propaganda. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2001). "The Image of al-Wathiq: A Riddle of Religious and Historical Significance". Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 19: 41–60. JSTOR 25802930. Patton, Walter M. (1897). Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna: A Biography of the Imam Including An Account of the Mohammedan Inquisition Called the Mihna, 218-234. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.

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Hurvitz 2002, pp. 123–24. Hurvitz, Nimrod (2002). The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1507-X.
Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 61–62, 70–71. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
Patton 1897, p. 55; Ibn Khallikan 1871, p. 62. Patton, Walter M. (1897). Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna: A Biography of the Imam Including An Account of the Mohammedan Inquisition Called the Mihna, 218-234. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Ibn Khallikan 1871, p. 65. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
Kennedy 2004, pp. 161–62. Kennedy, Hugh (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (Second ed.). Harlow: Pearson Longman. ISBN 0-582-40525-4.
Hurvitz 2002, p. 124; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 32: pp. 229-30; Ibn Khallikan 1871, p. 65. Hurvitz, Nimrod (2002). The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1507-X. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
Hurvitz 2002, pp. 123–25; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Patton 1897, p. 55; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 62, 66, 69; Tillier 2009, p. 426-461; Turner 2010, p. 90. Hurvitz, Nimrod (2002). The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1507-X. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Patton, Walter M. (1897). Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna: A Biography of the Imam Including An Account of the Mohammedan Inquisition Called the Mihna, 218-234. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
Hinds 1993, pp. 3–4; Hurvitz 2002, pp. 123 ff.; Patton 1897, pp. 56 ff., 89 ff.. Hinds, M. (1993). "Mihna". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 2–6. ISBN 90-04-09419-9. Hurvitz, Nimrod (2002). The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1507-X. Patton, Walter M. (1897). Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna: A Biography of the Imam Including An Account of the Mohammedan Inquisition Called the Mihna, 218-234. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; El-Hibri 2001, p. 48; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 62–64, 68–69. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2001). "The Image of al-Wathiq: A Riddle of Religious and Historical Significance". Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 19: 41–60. JSTOR 25802930. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
Hurvitz 2002, p. 125. Hurvitz, Nimrod (2002). The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1507-X.
Northedge 2008, p. 114. Northedge, Alastair (2008). The Historical Topography of Samarra: Samarra Studies I. London: The British School of Archeology in Iraq. ISBN 9780903472227.
Hurvitz 2002, p. 126; Hinds 1993, p. 4. Both authors speculate that the mihnah may have been intensified after al-Mu'tasim entered his final illness and withdrew from politics. Hurvitz, Nimrod (2002). The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1507-X. Hinds, M. (1993). "Mihna". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 2–6. ISBN 90-04-09419-9.
Hurvitz 2002, p. 126; Hinds 1993, p. 4; Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 38-43. Hurvitz, Nimrod (2002). The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1507-X. Hinds, M. (1993). "Mihna". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 2–6. ISBN 90-04-09419-9. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
El-Hibri 1999, pp. 121–22; Hinds 1993, p. 4; Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 26-35. El-Hibri, Tayeb (1999). Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Harun al-Rashid and the Narrative of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65023-2. Hinds, M. (1993). "Mihna". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 2–6. ISBN 90-04-09419-9. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Kennedy 2004, pp. 167–68; Turner 2010, pp. 90 ff.; Melchert 1996, p. 322. Kennedy, Hugh (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (Second ed.). Harlow: Pearson Longman. ISBN 0-582-40525-4. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Melchert, Christopher (1996). "Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir: AH 232-295/AD 847-908". Islamic Law and Society. 3 (3): 316–342. doi:10.1163/1568519962599069. JSTOR 3399413.
Turner 2010, p. 95; Melchert 1996, pp. 321–25; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 66, 69–70; Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: p. 75. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Melchert, Christopher (1996). "Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir: AH 232-295/AD 847-908". Islamic Law and Society. 3 (3): 316–342. doi:10.1163/1568519962599069. JSTOR 3399413. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Turner 2010, pp. 95–98; Melchert 1996, pp. 325–26; Hinds 1993, pp. 4–5; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Ibn Khallikan 1871, p. 70; Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 116-19. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Melchert, Christopher (1996). "Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir: AH 232-295/AD 847-908". Islamic Law and Society. 3 (3): 316–342. doi:10.1163/1568519962599069. JSTOR 3399413. Hinds, M. (1993). "Mihna". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 2–6. ISBN 90-04-09419-9. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Turner 2010, p. 95; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 70–71 (giving an exact death date of June 23, 854); Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 129, 131. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
El-Hibri 1999, p. 111. El-Hibri, Tayeb (1999). Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Harun al-Rashid and the Narrative of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65023-2.
Zaman 1997, p. 113. Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (1997). Religion and Politics Under the Early 'Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-10678-2.
Zaman 1997, p. 112; Patton 1897, p. 56. Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (1997). Religion and Politics Under the Early 'Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-10678-2. Patton, Walter M. (1897). Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna: A Biography of the Imam Including An Account of the Mohammedan Inquisition Called the Mihna, 218-234. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; El-Hibri 2001, p. 48; Patton 1897, p. 56; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 62–64, 68–69. El-Hibri considers the positive portrayal of Ibn Abi Du'ad's character in the sources to be direct proof that the characterization of the chief judge as the prime instigator of the mihnah is propaganda. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2001). "The Image of al-Wathiq: A Riddle of Religious and Historical Significance". Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 19: 41–60. JSTOR 25802930. Patton, Walter M. (1897). Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna: A Biography of the Imam Including An Account of the Mohammedan Inquisition Called the Mihna, 218-234. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
El-Hibri 1999, pp. 124–26. El-Hibri, Tayeb (1999). Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Harun al-Rashid and the Narrative of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65023-2.
Zaman 1997, p. 112. Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (1997). Religion and Politics Under the Early 'Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-10678-2.

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referenceworks.brillonline.com

Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 61–62, 70–71. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
Fück 1997, p. 289. Fück, J. W. (1997). "Iyad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 289. ISBN 90-04-05745-5.
Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Ibn Khallikan 1871, p. 65. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
Hurvitz 2002, p. 124; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 32: pp. 229-30; Ibn Khallikan 1871, p. 65. Hurvitz, Nimrod (2002). The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1507-X. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
Hurvitz 2002, pp. 123–25; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Patton 1897, p. 55; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 62, 66, 69; Tillier 2009, p. 426-461; Turner 2010, p. 90. Hurvitz, Nimrod (2002). The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1507-X. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Patton, Walter M. (1897). Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna: A Biography of the Imam Including An Account of the Mohammedan Inquisition Called the Mihna, 218-234. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
Hinds 1993, pp. 3–4; Hurvitz 2002, pp. 123 ff.; Patton 1897, pp. 56 ff., 89 ff.. Hinds, M. (1993). "Mihna". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 2–6. ISBN 90-04-09419-9. Hurvitz, Nimrod (2002). The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1507-X. Patton, Walter M. (1897). Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna: A Biography of the Imam Including An Account of the Mohammedan Inquisition Called the Mihna, 218-234. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; El-Hibri 2001, p. 48; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 62–64, 68–69. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2001). "The Image of al-Wathiq: A Riddle of Religious and Historical Significance". Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 19: 41–60. JSTOR 25802930. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
Hurvitz 2002, p. 126; Hinds 1993, p. 4. Both authors speculate that the mihnah may have been intensified after al-Mu'tasim entered his final illness and withdrew from politics. Hurvitz, Nimrod (2002). The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1507-X. Hinds, M. (1993). "Mihna". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 2–6. ISBN 90-04-09419-9.
Hurvitz 2002, p. 126; Hinds 1993, p. 4; Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 38-43. Hurvitz, Nimrod (2002). The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1507-X. Hinds, M. (1993). "Mihna". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 2–6. ISBN 90-04-09419-9. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
El-Hibri 1999, pp. 121–22; Hinds 1993, p. 4; Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 26-35. El-Hibri, Tayeb (1999). Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Harun al-Rashid and the Narrative of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65023-2. Hinds, M. (1993). "Mihna". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 2–6. ISBN 90-04-09419-9. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 61-64; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271. Turner 2010, pp. 91–93, notes that al-Ya'qubi has an account of al-Mutawakkil's accession that significantly differs from al-Tabari's, and provides a comparison of the two versions. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
Turner 2010, pp. 95–98; Melchert 1996, pp. 325–26; Hinds 1993, pp. 4–5; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Ibn Khallikan 1871, p. 70; Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 116-19. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Melchert, Christopher (1996). "Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir: AH 232-295/AD 847-908". Islamic Law and Society. 3 (3): 316–342. doi:10.1163/1568519962599069. JSTOR 3399413. Hinds, M. (1993). "Mihna". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 2–6. ISBN 90-04-09419-9. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Turner 2010, p. 95; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 70–71 (giving an exact death date of June 23, 854); Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 129, 131. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3.
Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; El-Hibri 2001, p. 48; Patton 1897, p. 56; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 62–64, 68–69. El-Hibri considers the positive portrayal of Ibn Abi Du'ad's character in the sources to be direct proof that the characterization of the chief judge as the prime instigator of the mihnah is propaganda. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2001). "The Image of al-Wathiq: A Riddle of Religious and Historical Significance". Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 19: 41–60. JSTOR 25802930. Patton, Walter M. (1897). Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna: A Biography of the Imam Including An Account of the Mohammedan Inquisition Called the Mihna, 218-234. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.

booksandjournals.brillonline.com

Hurvitz 2002, pp. 123–25; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Patton 1897, p. 55; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 62, 66, 69; Tillier 2009, p. 426-461; Turner 2010, p. 90. Hurvitz, Nimrod (2002). The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1507-X. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Patton, Walter M. (1897). Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna: A Biography of the Imam Including An Account of the Mohammedan Inquisition Called the Mihna, 218-234. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 8-11. Turner 2010, pp. 90–91, notes that al-Tabari's account of this episode is somewhat cryptic. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 61-64; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271. Turner 2010, pp. 91–93, notes that al-Ya'qubi has an account of al-Mutawakkil's accession that significantly differs from al-Tabari's, and provides a comparison of the two versions. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
Kennedy 2004, pp. 167–68; Turner 2010, pp. 90 ff.; Melchert 1996, p. 322. Kennedy, Hugh (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (Second ed.). Harlow: Pearson Longman. ISBN 0-582-40525-4. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Melchert, Christopher (1996). "Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir: AH 232-295/AD 847-908". Islamic Law and Society. 3 (3): 316–342. doi:10.1163/1568519962599069. JSTOR 3399413.
Turner 2010, p. 95; Melchert 1996, pp. 321–25; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 66, 69–70; Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: p. 75. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Melchert, Christopher (1996). "Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir: AH 232-295/AD 847-908". Islamic Law and Society. 3 (3): 316–342. doi:10.1163/1568519962599069. JSTOR 3399413. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Turner 2010, pp. 95–98; Melchert 1996, pp. 325–26; Hinds 1993, pp. 4–5; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Ibn Khallikan 1871, p. 70; Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 116-19. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Melchert, Christopher (1996). "Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir: AH 232-295/AD 847-908". Islamic Law and Society. 3 (3): 316–342. doi:10.1163/1568519962599069. JSTOR 3399413. Hinds, M. (1993). "Mihna". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 2–6. ISBN 90-04-09419-9. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Turner 2010, p. 95; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 70–71 (giving an exact death date of June 23, 854); Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 129, 131. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

darulmaarif.com

Rahman, Zameelur (1 March 2014). "Answers to Doubts over the 'Aqidah of Imam Abu Hanifah". Darul Ma'arif. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ...his major enemies besides the ruling elite were some scholars of the Hanafi school, in particular the judge Ahmad ibn Abi Dawud

doi.org

Hurvitz 2002, pp. 123–25; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Patton 1897, p. 55; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 62, 66, 69; Tillier 2009, p. 426-461; Turner 2010, p. 90. Hurvitz, Nimrod (2002). The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1507-X. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Patton, Walter M. (1897). Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna: A Biography of the Imam Including An Account of the Mohammedan Inquisition Called the Mihna, 218-234. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 8-11. Turner 2010, pp. 90–91, notes that al-Tabari's account of this episode is somewhat cryptic. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 61-64; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271. Turner 2010, pp. 91–93, notes that al-Ya'qubi has an account of al-Mutawakkil's accession that significantly differs from al-Tabari's, and provides a comparison of the two versions. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
Kennedy 2004, pp. 167–68; Turner 2010, pp. 90 ff.; Melchert 1996, p. 322. Kennedy, Hugh (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (Second ed.). Harlow: Pearson Longman. ISBN 0-582-40525-4. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Melchert, Christopher (1996). "Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir: AH 232-295/AD 847-908". Islamic Law and Society. 3 (3): 316–342. doi:10.1163/1568519962599069. JSTOR 3399413.
Melchert 1996, p. 321. Melchert, Christopher (1996). "Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir: AH 232-295/AD 847-908". Islamic Law and Society. 3 (3): 316–342. doi:10.1163/1568519962599069. JSTOR 3399413.
Turner 2010, p. 95; Melchert 1996, pp. 321–25; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 66, 69–70; Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: p. 75. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Melchert, Christopher (1996). "Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir: AH 232-295/AD 847-908". Islamic Law and Society. 3 (3): 316–342. doi:10.1163/1568519962599069. JSTOR 3399413. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Turner 2010, pp. 95–98; Melchert 1996, pp. 325–26; Hinds 1993, pp. 4–5; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Ibn Khallikan 1871, p. 70; Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 116-19. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Melchert, Christopher (1996). "Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir: AH 232-295/AD 847-908". Islamic Law and Society. 3 (3): 316–342. doi:10.1163/1568519962599069. JSTOR 3399413. Hinds, M. (1993). "Mihna". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 2–6. ISBN 90-04-09419-9. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Turner 2010, p. 95; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 70–71 (giving an exact death date of June 23, 854); Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 129, 131. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Melchert 1996, p. 332; Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 35: p. 143. Melchert, Christopher (1996). "Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir: AH 232-295/AD 847-908". Islamic Law and Society. 3 (3): 316–342. doi:10.1163/1568519962599069. JSTOR 3399413. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

jstor.org

Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; El-Hibri 2001, p. 48; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 62–64, 68–69. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2001). "The Image of al-Wathiq: A Riddle of Religious and Historical Significance". Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 19: 41–60. JSTOR 25802930. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
Kennedy 2004, pp. 167–68; Turner 2010, pp. 90 ff.; Melchert 1996, p. 322. Kennedy, Hugh (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (Second ed.). Harlow: Pearson Longman. ISBN 0-582-40525-4. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Melchert, Christopher (1996). "Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir: AH 232-295/AD 847-908". Islamic Law and Society. 3 (3): 316–342. doi:10.1163/1568519962599069. JSTOR 3399413.
Melchert 1996, p. 321. Melchert, Christopher (1996). "Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir: AH 232-295/AD 847-908". Islamic Law and Society. 3 (3): 316–342. doi:10.1163/1568519962599069. JSTOR 3399413.
Turner 2010, p. 95; Melchert 1996, pp. 321–25; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 66, 69–70; Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: p. 75. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Melchert, Christopher (1996). "Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir: AH 232-295/AD 847-908". Islamic Law and Society. 3 (3): 316–342. doi:10.1163/1568519962599069. JSTOR 3399413. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Turner 2010, pp. 95–98; Melchert 1996, pp. 325–26; Hinds 1993, pp. 4–5; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Ibn Khallikan 1871, p. 70; Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 116-19. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Melchert, Christopher (1996). "Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir: AH 232-295/AD 847-908". Islamic Law and Society. 3 (3): 316–342. doi:10.1163/1568519962599069. JSTOR 3399413. Hinds, M. (1993). "Mihna". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 2–6. ISBN 90-04-09419-9. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Melchert 1996, p. 332; Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 35: p. 143. Melchert, Christopher (1996). "Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir: AH 232-295/AD 847-908". Islamic Law and Society. 3 (3): 316–342. doi:10.1163/1568519962599069. JSTOR 3399413. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; El-Hibri 2001, p. 48; Patton 1897, p. 56; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 62–64, 68–69. El-Hibri considers the positive portrayal of Ibn Abi Du'ad's character in the sources to be direct proof that the characterization of the chief judge as the prime instigator of the mihnah is propaganda. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2001). "The Image of al-Wathiq: A Riddle of Religious and Historical Significance". Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 19: 41–60. JSTOR 25802930. Patton, Walter M. (1897). Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna: A Biography of the Imam Including An Account of the Mohammedan Inquisition Called the Mihna, 218-234. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.

openedition.org

books.openedition.org

Tillier, Mathieu (2009-12-05), "I - Le grand cadi", Les cadis d'Iraq et l'État Abbasside (132/750-334/945), Études arabes, médiévales et modernes, Beyrouth: Presses de l’Ifpo, pp. 426–461, ISBN 978-2-35159-278-6, retrieved 2020-06-13
Hurvitz 2002, pp. 123–25; Zetterstéen & Pellat 1960, p. 271; Patton 1897, p. 55; Ibn Khallikan 1871, pp. 62, 66, 69; Tillier 2009, p. 426-461; Turner 2010, p. 90. Hurvitz, Nimrod (2002). The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1507-X. Zetterstéen, K. V.; Pellat, Ch. (1960). "Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Patton, Walter M. (1897). Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna: A Biography of the Imam Including An Account of the Mohammedan Inquisition Called the Mihna, 218-234. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Ibn Khallikan, Shams al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. I. Trans. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Turner, John P. (2010). "The End of the Mihna". Oriens. 38: 89–106. doi:10.1163/187783710X536671. Retrieved March 29, 2016.