Ainu people (English Wikipedia)

"Documentary Film 'TOKYO Ainu'". 2kamuymintara.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
"Dokyumentarī eiga Tōkyō Ainu: Shutoken Ainu dantai shōkai" ドキュメンタリー映画 TOKYO アイヌ首都圏アイヌ団体紹介 [Documentary film TOKYO Ainu: Introducing Ainu groups in the Tokyo metropolitan area]. 2kamuymintara.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017.

5-tv.ru (Global: 7,284^th place; English: low place)

"V Rossii snova poyavilis' ayny – samyy zagadochnyy narod Dal'nego vostoka" В России снова появились айны – самый загадочный народ Дальнего востока [In Russia, the Ainu appear again – the most mysterious people of the Far East]. 5TV (in Russian). March 22, 2011. Archived from the original on March 12, 2025. Retrieved February 22, 2012.

academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; English: 99^th place)

Akulov, Alexander; Nonno, Tresi (December 1, 2021). "On the Ainu origin of the ethnonym Emishi/Ebisu/Ezo". Cultural Anthropology and Ethnosemiotics. 7 (4): 11–16 – via Academia.edu.
Abad, Rafael (June 20–22, 2018). An archaeological approach to the origins of Ainu culture 考古学からみたアイヌ文化の起源. I Congreso Internacional de la Asociación Española de Estudios de Asia Oriental. Málaga – via Academia.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Lee & Hasegawa (2013): "In this paper, we reconstructed spatiotemporal evolution of 19 Ainu language varieties, and the results are in strong agreement with the hypothesis that a recent population expansion of the Okhotsk people played a critical role in shaping the Ainu people and their culture. Together with the recent archaeological, biological and cultural evidence, our phylogeographic reconstruction of the Ainu language strongly suggests that the conventional dual-structure model must be refined to explain these new bodies of evidence. The case of the Ainu language origin we report here also contributes additional detail to the global pattern of language evolution, and our language phylogeny might also provide a basis for making further inferences about the cultural dynamics of the Ainu speakers [44,45]." Lee, Sean; Hasegawa, Toshikazu (April 2013). "Evolution of the Ainu Language in Space and Time". PLOS ONE. 8 (4) e62243. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...862243L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062243. PMC 3637396. PMID 23638014.
Matsumoto, Hideo (February 2009). "The origin of the Japanese race based on genetic markers of immunoglobulin G". Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences. 85 (2): 69–82. Bibcode:2009PJAB...85...69M. doi:10.2183/pjab.85.69. PMC 3524296. PMID 19212099.

ainu-assn.or.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Kōeki shadanhōjin Hokkaidō Ainu kyōkai" 公益社団法人北海道アイヌ協会 [Hokkaido Ainu Association]. 公益社団法人北海道アイヌ協会 (in Japanese). Archived from the original on August 8, 2019. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
"Hokkaidō utarikyōkai" 北海道ウタリ協会 [Hokkaido Utari Association]. Hokkaidō utarikyōkai (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 26, 2014.
"Hokkaidō Ainu kyōkai" 北海道アイヌ協会 [Hokkaido Ainu Association] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 18, 2011.

ainu-museum.or.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Ainu History and Culture". ainu-museum.or.jp. Archived from the original on May 14, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
"Ainu History and Culture". National Ainu Museum. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2026.
"Ainu History and Culture". National Ainu Museum. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
"Ainu History and Culture". National Ainu Museum. Archived from the original on November 24, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2019.

ainu-org.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Ainu Party". ainu-org.jp. Archived from the original on July 10, 2013.

ainu-upopoy.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Upopoy National Ainu Museum and Park". Upopoy National Ainu Museum and Park. Archived from the original on May 28, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2019.

ainumosir-movie.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Ainu Mosir the Movie" (in Japanese). Retrieved November 30, 2020.

apjjf.org (Global: 7,469^th place; English: 4,740^th place)

Morris-Suzuki (2020), pp. 15–16. Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (November 15, 2020). "Indigenous Diplomacy: Sakhalin Ainu (Enchiw) in the Shaping of Modern East Asia (Part 1: Traders and Travellers)" (PDF). The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 18 (22): 1–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2025.
Morris-Suzuki (2020). Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (November 15, 2020). "Indigenous Diplomacy: Sakhalin Ainu (Enchiw) in the Shaping of Modern East Asia (Part 1: Traders and Travellers)" (PDF). The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 18 (22): 1–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2025.
Morris-Suzuki (2020), p. 6. Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (November 15, 2020). "Indigenous Diplomacy: Sakhalin Ainu (Enchiw) in the Shaping of Modern East Asia (Part 1: Traders and Travellers)" (PDF). The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 18 (22): 1–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2025.
Morris-Suzuki (2020), pp. 7–10. Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (November 15, 2020). "Indigenous Diplomacy: Sakhalin Ainu (Enchiw) in the Shaping of Modern East Asia (Part 1: Traders and Travellers)" (PDF). The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 18 (22): 1–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2025.
Morris-Suzuki (2020), pp. 6–7. Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (November 15, 2020). "Indigenous Diplomacy: Sakhalin Ainu (Enchiw) in the Shaping of Modern East Asia (Part 1: Traders and Travellers)" (PDF). The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 18 (22): 1–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2025.
Morris-Suzuki (2020), p. 2. Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (November 15, 2020). "Indigenous Diplomacy: Sakhalin Ainu (Enchiw) in the Shaping of Modern East Asia (Part 1: Traders and Travellers)" (PDF). The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 18 (22): 1–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2025.
Fukuzawa (2022), pp. 4–5. Fukuzawa, Hosanna (July 1, 2022). "Ainu Ethnogenesis and State Evasion (12th–17th Centuries)". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 20 (13) 2: 1–23. Archived from the original on August 19, 2025. Retrieved November 18, 2023.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Poisson (2002), p. 5. Poisson, Barbara Aoki (2002). The Ainu of Japan. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. ISBN 978-0-82254-176-9.
Honna, Nobuyuki; Tajima, Hiroko Tina; Minamoto, Kunihiko (2000). "Japan". In Kam, Ho Wah; Wong, Ruth Y. L. (eds.). Language Policies and Language Education: The Impact in East Asian Countries in the Next Decade. Singapore: Times Academic Press. ISBN 978-9-81210-149-5.
Walker (2001), p. 49–56, 61–71, 172–176. Walker, Brett (2001). The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion, 1590–1800. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52022-736-1. OCLC 45958211.
Walker (2001), pp. 143–144. Walker, Brett (2001). The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion, 1590–1800. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52022-736-1. OCLC 45958211.
Walker (2001), p. 141. Walker, Brett (2001). The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion, 1590–1800. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52022-736-1. OCLC 45958211.
Walker (2001), pp. 142–144. Walker, Brett (2001). The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion, 1590–1800. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52022-736-1. OCLC 45958211.
Walker (2001), p. 233. Walker, Brett (2001). The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion, 1590–1800. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52022-736-1. OCLC 45958211.
In particular, Sea-girt Yezo : glimpses of missionary work in North Japan by Batchelor, John (Church Missionary Society 1902) digitised by Google and uploaded to the Internet Archive at https://archive.org/details/seagirtyezoglim00socigoog
Poisson (2002), p. 32. Poisson, Barbara Aoki (2002). The Ainu of Japan. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. ISBN 978-0-82254-176-9.
Batchelor (1901), p. 116. Batchelor, John (1901). The Ainu and their folk-lore. London: The Religious Tract Society.
Fitzhugh & Dubreuil (1999), p. 107. Fitzhugh, William W.; Dubreuil, Chisato O. (1999). Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People. Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution in association with University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-96734-290-0. OCLC 42801973.
Batchelor (1901), p. 223. Batchelor, John (1901). The Ainu and their folk-lore. London: The Religious Tract Society.
Poisson (2002), p. 35. Poisson, Barbara Aoki (2002). The Ainu of Japan. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. ISBN 978-0-82254-176-9.
Batchelor (1901), p. 226. Batchelor, John (1901). The Ainu and their folk-lore. London: The Religious Tract Society.
Poisson (2002), p. 31. Poisson, Barbara Aoki (2002). The Ainu of Japan. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. ISBN 978-0-82254-176-9.
Batchelor (1901), pp. 51–52. Batchelor, John (1901). The Ainu and their folk-lore. London: The Religious Tract Society.

arcticcentre.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Joint seminar for Sami and Ainu research". arcticcentre.org. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2019.

asahi.com (Global: 124^th place; English: 790^th place)

ウタリ協会、アイヌ協会に来春、半世紀ぶり名称変更 [The Utari Association Will Become the Ainu Association Next Spring in Its First Name Change in Half a Century]. Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). Osaka. May 16, 2008. Archived from the original on May 19, 2008.
"Sangiinsenkyo" 参議院選挙 [House of Councillors election]. Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). Archived from the original on July 9, 2012.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

Fogarty, Philippa (June 6, 2008). "Recognition at last for Japan's Ainu". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2008.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

Cobb, Ellie (May 20, 2020). "Japan's forgotten indigenous people". BBC. Archived from the original on January 23, 2023.

blm.gov (Global: 5,515^th place; English: 2,853^rd place)

"Columbia River Basin". Bureau of Land Management. February 25, 2009. Archived from the original on February 25, 2009.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

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Nakayama (2015), p. 20. Nakayama, Taisho (2015). Japanese Society on Karafuto. Voices from the Shifting Russo-Japanese Border: Karafuto / Sakhalin. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-75268-6 – via Google Books.
Schlesinger (2017), p. 135. Schlesinger, Jonathan (2017). A World Trimmed with Fur: Wild Things, Pristine Places, and the Natural Fringes of Qing Rule. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0068-3.
de Boer, Elisabeth (November 15, 2024). "The role of geography and migration in the branching and spread of the Japonic language family". Historical Linguistics 2019: Selected papers from the 24th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Canberra, 1–5 July 2019. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 180–181. ISBN 978-90-272-4631-8.
Yiengpruksawan, Mimi Hall (March 31, 2020). Hiraizumi: Buddhist Art and Regional Politics in Twelfth-Century Japan. BRILL. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-68417-313-6.
Bugaeva, Anna (October 24, 2022). Handbook of the Ainu Language. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 231. ISBN 978-1-5015-0287-3.
Walker (2006), p. 133. Walker, Brett L. (2006). The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion, 1590–1800. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24834-1.
Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (2002) [2001]. Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle. Seattle, Wash: University of Washington Press. pp. 158–161. ISBN 0-295-98124-5. Retrieved June 16, 2010. Link is to partial text.
Sei, Wada (1938). Shina no kisai ni arawaretaru Kokuryuko karyuiki no dojin 支那の記載に現はれたる黒龍江下流域の土人 [The Natives of the Lower Reaches of the Amur River as Represented in Chinese Records]. Memoirs of the Research Department of Toyo Bunko. Tōyō Bunko.
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Walker (2006), pp. 134–136. Walker, Brett L. (2006). The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion, 1590–1800. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24834-1.
Walker (2006), pp. 149–150. Walker, Brett L. (2006). The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion, 1590–1800. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24834-1.
Lower, Arthur (1978). Ocean of Destiny: A concise History of the North Pacific, 1500–1978. University of British Columbia Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-7748-4352-2.
Sjöberg (1993), p. 116. Sjöberg, Katarina (1993). The Return of the Ainu: Cultural Mobilization and the Practice of Ethnicity in Japan. Studies in Anthropology and History. Vol. 9. Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers. doi:10.4324/9781315077130. ISBN 978-3-71865-401-7.
March (1996), p. 90. March, G. Patrick (1996). Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-95566-4.
Chapman 2001, p. 115. Chapman, Tim (2001). Imperial Russia, 1801–1905. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23109-4.
Siddle (1996), p. 51. Siddle, Richard (1996). Race, Resistance, and the Ainu of Japan. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-41513-228-2. OCLC 243850790.
Sjöberg (1993), p. 117. Sjöberg, Katarina (1993). The Return of the Ainu: Cultural Mobilization and the Practice of Ethnicity in Japan. Studies in Anthropology and History. Vol. 9. Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers. doi:10.4324/9781315077130. ISBN 978-3-71865-401-7.
Siddle (1996), p. 45. Siddle, Richard (1996). Race, Resistance, and the Ainu of Japan. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-41513-228-2. OCLC 243850790.
Yoshiaki, Yoshimi (2015) [1987]. Grassroots Fascism: The War Experience of the Japanese People. Weatherhead Books on Asia. Translated by Mark, Ethan. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-231-53859-6. OCLC 1047893815.
Denoon, Donald; McCormack, Gavan (2001). Multicultural Japan: Palaeolithic to Postmodern. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-0-521-00362-9.
Ohnuki-Tierney (1981), p. 19; Roellinghoff (2020), pp. 299–300; Hennessey (2024), pp. 901–903; Low (2012), pp. S59–S60 Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko (1981). Illness and healing among the Sakhalin Ainu: a symbolic interpretation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23636-2. Roellinghoff, Michael (2020). "Osteo-hermeneutics: Ainu racialization, de-indigenization, and bone theft in Japanese Hokkaido". Settler Colonial Studies. 10 (3): 295–310. doi:10.1080/2201473X.2020.1760432. Hennessey, John L. (2024). "Overlooking whiteness? Discourses of race and primitiveness in accounts of the Ainu by Benjamin Douglas Howard and Henry Savage Landor (1893)". History and Anthropology. 35 (4): 893–908. doi:10.1080/02757206.2023.2164926. Low, Morris (April 2012). "Physical Anthropology in Japan: The Ainu and the Search for the Origins of the Japanese". Current Anthropology. 53: S57–S68. doi:10.1086/662334.
Fishman, Joshua A. (January 1, 2001). Can Threatened Languages be Saved?: Reversing Language Shift, Revisited : a 21st Century Perspective. Multilingual Matters. pp. 340–341. ISBN 978-1-85359-492-2.
Shibatani (1990), pp. 3–5. Shibatani, Masayoshi (1990). The Languages of Japan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36918-3. OCLC 19456186.
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Sjöberg (1993), pp. 14–15. Sjöberg, Katarina (1993). The Return of the Ainu: Cultural Mobilization and the Practice of Ethnicity in Japan. Studies in Anthropology and History. Vol. 9. Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers. doi:10.4324/9781315077130. ISBN 978-3-71865-401-7.
Nuttall, Mark (2012). Encyclopedia of the Arctic. Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-136-78680-8.
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Landor (2012), p. 24. Landor, Arnold Henry Savage (2012) [1893]. Alone with the Hairy Ainu: or, 3,800 Miles on a Pack Saddle in Yezo and a Cruise to the Kurile Islands. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-10804-941-2.
Barceloux, Donald G. (2012). Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1785. ISBN 978-1-11838-276-9.
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Walker (2006), p. 91. Walker, Brett L. (2006). The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion, 1590–1800. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24834-1.
Siddle (1996), p. 85. Siddle, Richard (1996). Race, Resistance, and the Ainu of Japan. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-41513-228-2. OCLC 243850790.
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Tribal: The Magazine of Tribal Art. Primedia Inc. 2003. pp. 76 & 78.
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Kindaichi, Kyōsuke (1941). Ainu Life and Legends. Board of Tourist Industry, Japanese Government Railways. p. 30. One is a nettle-hemp braid named pon kut (small sash) or ra-nn kut (under sash).
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britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

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bunka.go.jp (Global: 929^th place; English: 1,432^nd place)

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cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

Komai, Eléonore (July 7, 2021). "The Ainu and Indigenous Politics in Japan: Negotiating Agency, Institutional Stability, and Change". Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics. 7 (1): 141–164 [146]. doi:10.1017/rep.2021.16. ISSN 2056-6085. S2CID 237755856.

cbc.ca (Global: 110^th place; English: 65^th place)

Ore, Jonathan (October 2, 2025). "Ghost of Yotei is a familiar but intoxicating love letter to samurai films". CBC Radio.

china.org.cn (Global: 1,811^th place; English: 1,560^th place)

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city.asahikawa.hokkaido.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Dai 59-kai kōeki no min Ainu VII-moto to notatakai" 第59回交易の民アイヌ VII 元との戦い [No. 59 The Ainu, a trading people VII The battle with the Yuan] (in Japanese). Asahikawa City. June 2, 2010. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2011.

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

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coocan.jp (Global: 4,318^th place; English: 8,083^rd place)

mmdesign-jpn.la.coocan.jp

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daisetsu-kamikawa-ainu.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Kamuynomi | Kamikawa Ainu in Coexistence with Kamuy~ Traditional World of the Gods at the Foot of Mt. Daisetsu ~". Kamikawa Ainu in Coexistence with Kamuy. Archived from the original on January 7, 2026. Retrieved May 6, 2025.

demoscope.ru (Global: 435^th place; English: 1,435^th place)

"Prilozheniye. Spravochnik statisticheskikh pokazateley" Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. [Appendix. Handbook of statistical indicators.]. Demoscope Weekly (in Russian). Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
"Prilozheniye. Spravochnik statisticheskikh pokazateley" Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. [Supplement. Handbook of statistical indicators.]. Demoscope Weekly (in Russian). Archived from the original on July 1, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

dh-north.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

de Graaf, Tjeerd; Shiraishi, Hidetoshi (2013). Documentation and Revitalisation of two Endangered Languages in Eastern Asia: Nivkh and Ainu (PDF). Verlag Kulturstiftung Sibirien. pp. 49–64. ISBN 978-3-942883-12-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

doi.org

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  - Lee & Hasegawa (2013): "In this paper, we reconstructed spatiotemporal evolution of 19 Ainu language varieties, and the results are in strong agreement with the hypothesis that a recent population expansion of the Okhotsk people played a critical role in shaping the Ainu people and their culture. Together with the recent archaeological, biological and cultural evidence, our phylogeographic reconstruction of the Ainu language strongly suggests that the conventional dual-structure model must be refined to explain these new bodies of evidence. The case of the Ainu language origin we report here also contributes additional detail to the global pattern of language evolution, and our language phylogeny might also provide a basis for making further inferences about the cultural dynamics of the Ainu speakers [44,45]." Lee, Sean; Hasegawa, Toshikazu (April 2013). "Evolution of the Ainu Language in Space and Time". PLOS ONE. 8 (4) e62243. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...862243L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062243. PMC 3637396. PMID 23638014.
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  youtube.com (Global: 13^th place; English: 14^th place)
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