Al-Assad family (English Wikipedia)

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"Bomb kills Syria defense minister, Assad's brother-in-law and key aides". Al Arabiya. 18 July 2012. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.

aljazeera.com

"Alawites rally after 'Assad's cousin killed officer'". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2018.

archive.org

McConville, Patrick Seale with the assistance of Maureen (1990). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-520-06976-3. Kalbiya seale.
Seale 1990, p. 3. Seale, Patrick (1990). Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520069763.
Seale 1990, p. 4. Seale, Patrick (1990). Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520069763.
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bellingcat.com

Vincent Beshara; Cody Roche (11 December 2016). "Assad Regime Militias and Shi'ite Jihadis in the Syrian Civil War". Bellingcat. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2017.

books.google.com

"Middle East Insight". 4. United States. 1985: 15 – via International Insight, Incorporated. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Seale, Patrick (1988). Asad of Syria: the struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. p. 429. ISBN 0-520-06667-7.
Hanna Batatu (1999). Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics. Princeton University Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-691-00254-5. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013.

cia.gov

foia.cia.gov

Duelfer, Charles (30 September 2004). Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. pp. 103–104. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.

clingendael.nl

Briscoe, Ivan; Floor Janssen Rosan Smits (November 2012). "Stability and economic recovery after Assad: key steps for Syria's post-conflict transition" (PDF). Clingendael: 1–51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2013.

cnn.com

Brian Rokus; Brian Todd (10 September 2013). "Syrian Maher al-Assad is ruthless aide to brother Bashar, analysts say". cnn.com. CNN. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
Dow, Nicole (26 March 2012). "Getting to know Syria's first family". cnn.com. CNN. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2018.

security.blogs.cnn.com

Tim Lister, and Jamie Crawford (7 March 2012). "Meet Syria's wealthiest and most elusive man". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2012.

doi.org

- Ma’oz, Moshe (2022). "15: The Assad dynasty". In Larres, Klaus (ed.). Dictators and Autocrats: Securing Power across Global Politics. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158: Routledge. pp. 249–263. doi:10.4324/9781003100508. ISBN 978-0-367-60786-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
- Kmak, Björklund, Magdalena, Heta (2022). Refugees and Knowledge Production: Europe's Past and Present. 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN: Routledge. p. 73. doi:10.4324/9781003092421. ISBN 978-0-367-55206-0. S2CID 246668129.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Turku, Helga (2018). "3: Long-Term Security Repercussions of Attacking Cultural Property". The Destruction of Cultural Property as a Weapon of War. palgrave macmillan. p. 74. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57282-6. ISBN 978-3-319-57282-6.
- Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). Comparative Strategy. 25 (5): 380. doi:10.1080/01495930601105412. S2CID 154739379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- Turku, Helga (2018). "3: Long-Term Security Repercussions of Attacking Cultural Property". The Destruction of Cultural Property as a Weapon of War. Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland: palgrave macmillan. p. 74. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57282-6_1. ISBN 978-3-319-57281-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
- Aslan Ozgul, Billur (2019). Leading Protests in the Digital Age: Youth Activism in Egypt and Syria (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 9–10, 41–44, 227. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25450-6. ISBN 978-3-030-25449-0. S2CID 204449526.
- Aslan Ozgul, Billur (2019). "2: Egypt and Syria: Similarities and Differences between Two Countries". Leading Protests in the Digital Age: Youth Activism in Egypt and Syria (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 43–44. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25450-6. ISBN 978-3-030-25449-0. S2CID 204449526.
- Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). Comparative Strategy. 25 (5): 379. doi:10.1080/01495930601105412. S2CID 154739379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). Comparative Strategy. 25 (5): 381. doi:10.1080/01495930601105412. S2CID 154739379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). Comparative Strategy. 25 (5): 395. doi:10.1080/01495930601105412. S2CID 154739379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

europa.eu

eur-lex.europa.eu

"Council Implementing Decision". European Union. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
"COUNCIL DECISION 2011/273/CFSP of 9 May 2011 concerning restrictive measures against Syria". Official Journal of the European Union. L121/11. 10 May 2011. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
"COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING DECISION 2011/302/CFSP of 23 May 2011 implementing Decision 2011/273/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Syria". Official Journal of the European Union. L136/91. 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
"Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 611/2011 of 23 June 2011 implementing Regulation(EU) No 442/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria". Official Journal of the European Union. L164/54. 24 June 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2011.

europaquotidiano.it

Trombetta, Lorenzo (27 April 2011). "Le sanzioni americane colpiscono i boss dell'apparato repressivo (American sanctions target the leaders of repression)". Europa. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.

fairobserver.com

Carlos BC, Juan (9 December 2021). "The Assad Family Has Been Shaping Syria for 50 Years". Fair Observer. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021.
Carlos BC, Juan (9 December 2021). "The Assad Family Has Been Shaping Syria for 50 Years". Fair Observer. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021.

foreignaffairs.com

Al Hendi, Ahed (3 May 2011). "The Structure of Syria's Repression". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2011.

foreignpolicy.com

Vohra, Anchal (15 June 2020). "The War Has Arrived Inside the Assad Family". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022.

ft.com

Cornish, Khattab, Chloe, Asser (25 July 2019). "Syria's Assad puts pressure on business elite". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Peel, Michael (27 April 2011). "Assad's Family Picked up by the West's Radar". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2011.

herzliyaconference.org

Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). Comparative Strategy. 25 (5): 380. doi:10.1080/01495930601105412. S2CID 154739379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). Comparative Strategy. 25 (5): 379. doi:10.1080/01495930601105412. S2CID 154739379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). Comparative Strategy. 25 (5): 381. doi:10.1080/01495930601105412. S2CID 154739379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). Comparative Strategy. 25 (5): 395. doi:10.1080/01495930601105412. S2CID 154739379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

iloubnan.info

"SANA: Bashar al-Assads Youngest Brother Dead". iloubnan.info. 12 December 2010. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.

independent.co.uk

Robert Fisk (16 September 2010). "Freedom, democracy and human rights in Syria – Ribal al-Assad gives our writer a rare insight into the dynasty that has shaped modern Syria". The Independent. Archived from the original on 28 February 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.

joshualandis.com

"The Original Shabiha". Joshua Landis. 17 August 2012. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
"Syria Comment » Archives » "The Original Shabiha," by Mohammad D". Joshualandis.com. 17 August 2012. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2013.

jstor.org

M. Sadowski, Yahya (1987). "Patronage and the Ba'th: Corruption and Control in Contemporary Syria". Arab Studies Quarterly. 9 (4): 442–461. JSTOR 41857946 – via JSTOR.

lemonde.fr

syrie.blog.lemonde.fr

Leverrier, Ignace (25 February 2012). "In Bashar al-Assad's Syria, the disinformation is also a family affair". Le Monde. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.

meforum.org

"Syria's Praetorian Guards: A Primer". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. Vol. 2 No. 7 (5 August 2000). Archived from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2011.

middleeastmonitor.com

"Assad's cousin: The regime has killed more than 500,000 Syrians". Middle East Monitor. 7 August 2019.

mideastmonitor.org

Mohamad Daoud (October 2006). "Dossier: Bushra Assad". Mideast Monitor. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011.

nytimes.com

William E. Schmidt (22 January 1994). "Asad's son killed in an auto crash". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
Shadid, Anthony (10 May 2011). "Syrian Elite to Fight Protests to 'the End'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2011.

osu.edu

origins.osu.edu

Baltacioglu-Brammer, Ayse (November 2013). "Alawites and the Fate of Syria". OSU.EDU. Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023.

ou.edu

Eyal Zisser (2004). "Bashar al-Asad and his Regime – Between Continuity and Change". Orient. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2011.

faculty-staff.ou.edu

Landis, Joshua. "An Asad Arrested for Smuggling Weapons". Syria Comment. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2011.

pro-justice.org

blacklist.pro-justice.org

"TALAL SHAFIQ MAKHLOUF".

publishing.service.gov.uk

assets.publishing.service.gov.uk

"Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation, HM Treasury. Financial Sanctions Notice, Syria" (PDF). 19 May 2022.

reuters.com

"Assad's feared brother lost leg in bomb attack: sources". Reuters. 16 August 2012. Archived from the original on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
"U.S. imposes sanctions on Syrians, entities linked to government". Reuters. 16 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
"U.S. imposes sanctions on Syrians, entities linked to government". Reuters. 16 May 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2022.

af.reuters.com

"Syria's military: what does Assad have?". Reuters. 6 April 2011. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011.

see.news

"Syria's Bashar Al-Assad's Uncle Dies of COVID-19". Sada Elbalad. 12 September 2020.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Kmak, Björklund, Magdalena, Heta (2022). Refugees and Knowledge Production: Europe's Past and Present. 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN: Routledge. p. 73. doi:10.4324/9781003092421. ISBN 978-0-367-55206-0. S2CID 246668129.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). Comparative Strategy. 25 (5): 380. doi:10.1080/01495930601105412. S2CID 154739379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
Aslan Ozgul, Billur (2019). Leading Protests in the Digital Age: Youth Activism in Egypt and Syria (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 9–10, 41–44, 227. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25450-6. ISBN 978-3-030-25449-0. S2CID 204449526.
Aslan Ozgul, Billur (2019). "2: Egypt and Syria: Similarities and Differences between Two Countries". Leading Protests in the Digital Age: Youth Activism in Egypt and Syria (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 43–44. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25450-6. ISBN 978-3-030-25449-0. S2CID 204449526.
Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). Comparative Strategy. 25 (5): 379. doi:10.1080/01495930601105412. S2CID 154739379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). Comparative Strategy. 25 (5): 381. doi:10.1080/01495930601105412. S2CID 154739379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). Comparative Strategy. 25 (5): 395. doi:10.1080/01495930601105412. S2CID 154739379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

silobreaker.com

"Biography for Dhu al-Himma Shalish". Siloworker. Retrieved 16 May 2011.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
"Biography for Riyad Shalish". Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
"Biography for Atif Najib". Silobreaker. Able2Act. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2011.

spiegel.de

"Echte Drogen, falsche Dschihadisten". spiegel.de (in German). 3 July 2020.

syria-report.com

"Changes to Syria's Business Elite Concentrates Wealth in Hands of Presidential Couple". The Syria Report. 15 November 2022. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022.

telegraph.co.uk

"Syria: Bashar al-Assad's brother Maher 'loses leg'". The Telegraph. London. 16 August 2012. Archived from the original on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.

theguardian.com

"US embassy cables: US sought financial pressure on top Syrian officials". The Guardian. London. Wikileaks. 20 December 2010. Archived from the original on 23 April 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2011.

thestar.com

Hugh Macleod; Annasofie Flamand (15 June 2012). "Inside Syria's shabiha death squads". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2013.

treasury.gov

"Alphabetical Listing of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons ("SDN List")". US Department of the Treasury. 31 March 2011. Archived from the original on 16 March 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
"Office of Foreign Assets Control: To List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons" (PDF). Treasury Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.

trtworld.com

"An "unending nightmare," Bashar al Assad's nephew is out of prison". trtworld.com. 1 December 2020.

vocesalternativas.wordpress.com

"Majd Hafiz al-Assad, the younger brother of President Bashar al-Assad, died on Saturday December 12, 2009 at the age of 43". Joshua Landis Blog. 12 December 2009. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.

washingtonpost.com

Robin Wright (22 February 2008). "Sanctions on Businessman Target Syria's Inner Sanctum". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2010.

web.archive.org

Eyal Zisser (2004). "Bashar al-Asad and his Regime – Between Continuity and Change". Orient. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
Robin Wright (22 February 2008). "Sanctions on Businessman Target Syria's Inner Sanctum". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). Comparative Strategy. 25 (5): 380. doi:10.1080/01495930601105412. S2CID 154739379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
"Changes to Syria's Business Elite Concentrates Wealth in Hands of Presidential Couple". The Syria Report. 15 November 2022. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022.
Cornish, Khattab, Chloe, Asser (25 July 2019). "Syria's Assad puts pressure on business elite". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Baltacioglu-Brammer, Ayse (November 2013). "Alawites and the Fate of Syria". OSU.EDU. Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023.
Carlos BC, Juan (9 December 2021). "The Assad Family Has Been Shaping Syria for 50 Years". Fair Observer. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021.
Carlos BC, Juan (9 December 2021). "The Assad Family Has Been Shaping Syria for 50 Years". Fair Observer. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021.
Mohamad Daoud (October 2006). "Dossier: Bushra Assad". Mideast Monitor. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
"Cookies op AD.nl – AD.nl". www.ad.nl. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
William E. Schmidt (22 January 1994). "Asad's son killed in an auto crash". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). Comparative Strategy. 25 (5): 379. doi:10.1080/01495930601105412. S2CID 154739379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
"SANA: Bashar al-Assads Youngest Brother Dead". iloubnan.info. 12 December 2010. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
"Majd Hafiz al-Assad, the younger brother of President Bashar al-Assad, died on Saturday December 12, 2009 at the age of 43". Joshua Landis Blog. 12 December 2009. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
"Syria's military: what does Assad have?". Reuters. 6 April 2011. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
"COUNCIL DECISION 2011/273/CFSP of 9 May 2011 concerning restrictive measures against Syria". Official Journal of the European Union. L121/11. 10 May 2011. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
"Syria: Bashar al-Assad's brother Maher 'loses leg'". The Telegraph. London. 16 August 2012. Archived from the original on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
"Assad's feared brother lost leg in bomb attack: sources". Reuters. 16 August 2012. Archived from the original on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
Brian Rokus; Brian Todd (10 September 2013). "Syrian Maher al-Assad is ruthless aide to brother Bashar, analysts say". cnn.com. CNN. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
Landis, Joshua. "An Asad Arrested for Smuggling Weapons". Syria Comment. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
"COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING DECISION 2011/302/CFSP of 23 May 2011 implementing Decision 2011/273/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Syria". Official Journal of the European Union. L136/91. 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
"The Original Shabiha". Joshua Landis. 17 August 2012. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). Comparative Strategy. 25 (5): 381. doi:10.1080/01495930601105412. S2CID 154739379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
Robert Fisk (16 September 2010). "Freedom, democracy and human rights in Syria – Ribal al-Assad gives our writer a rare insight into the dynasty that has shaped modern Syria". The Independent. Archived from the original on 28 February 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
Duelfer, Charles (30 September 2004). Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. pp. 103–104. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
Al Hendi, Ahed (3 May 2011). "The Structure of Syria's Repression". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
"Alphabetical Listing of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons ("SDN List")". US Department of the Treasury. 31 March 2011. Archived from the original on 16 March 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
"Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 611/2011 of 23 June 2011 implementing Regulation(EU) No 442/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria". Official Journal of the European Union. L164/54. 24 June 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). Comparative Strategy. 25 (5): 395. doi:10.1080/01495930601105412. S2CID 154739379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
"Biography for Riyad Shalish". Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
Leverrier, Ignace (25 February 2012). "In Bashar al-Assad's Syria, the disinformation is also a family affair". Le Monde. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
"Alawites rally after 'Assad's cousin killed officer'". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
AFP Al Arabiya News (14 March 2015). "Assad relative assassinated in Syria". Middle East: alarabiya.net. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
Vincent Beshara; Cody Roche (11 December 2016). "Assad Regime Militias and Shi'ite Jihadis in the Syrian Civil War". Bellingcat. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
"Syria Comment » Archives » "The Original Shabiha," by Mohammad D". Joshualandis.com. 17 August 2012. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
Briscoe, Ivan; Floor Janssen Rosan Smits (November 2012). "Stability and economic recovery after Assad: key steps for Syria's post-conflict transition" (PDF). Clingendael: 1–51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
Tim Lister, and Jamie Crawford (7 March 2012). "Meet Syria's wealthiest and most elusive man". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
"US embassy cables: US sought financial pressure on top Syrian officials". The Guardian. London. Wikileaks. 20 December 2010. Archived from the original on 23 April 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
Peel, Michael (27 April 2011). "Assad's Family Picked up by the West's Radar". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
Dow, Nicole (26 March 2012). "Getting to know Syria's first family". cnn.com. CNN. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
Vohra, Anchal (15 June 2020). "The War Has Arrived Inside the Assad Family". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022.
"Bomb kills Syria defense minister, Assad's brother-in-law and key aides". Al Arabiya. 18 July 2012. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
"Office of Foreign Assets Control: To List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons" (PDF). Treasury Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
Shadid, Anthony (10 May 2011). "Syrian Elite to Fight Protests to 'the End'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
Trombetta, Lorenzo (27 April 2011). "Le sanzioni americane colpiscono i boss dell'apparato repressivo (American sanctions target the leaders of repression)". Europa. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
"Biography for Atif Najib". Silobreaker. Able2Act. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
"Cable Viewer". Wikileaks. 7 February 1994. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
Hugh Macleod; Annasofie Flamand (15 June 2012). "Inside Syria's shabiha death squads". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
Hanna Batatu (1999). Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics. Princeton University Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-691-00254-5. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013.
"Syria's Praetorian Guards: A Primer". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. Vol. 2 No. 7 (5 August 2000). Archived from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2011.

wikileaks.org

"Cable Viewer". Wikileaks. 7 February 1994. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2013.