Alans (English Wikipedia)

Giovanni de Marignolli, "John De' Marignolli and His Recollections of Eastern Travel", in Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Volume 2, ed. Henry Yule (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1866), 316–317.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Bachrach, Bernard S. (1973). A History of the Alans in the West. U of Minnesota Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0816656998.
Bachrach, Bernard S. (1973). A History of the Alans in the West. U of Minnesota Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0816656998.
Bachrach, Bernard S. (1972). Merovingian Military Organization, 481–751. U of Minnesota Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0816657001.
Historical Atlas of the Classical World, 500 BC–AD 600. Barnes & Noble Books. 2000. p. 2.16. ISBN 978-0-7607-1973-2.
Latham, Robert Gordon (1878). Russian and Turk From a Geographical, Ethnological, and Historical Point of View. W. H. Allen. p. 170.
Evangelos Chrysos [in Greek] (1989). Das Reich und die Barbaren. Böhlau. p. 58. ISBN 978-3205051121.
Rossabi, Morris (1983). China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries. University of California Press. pp. 255–. ISBN 978-0-520-04562-0.
Nicolle, David (2004). The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane. Brockhampton Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-86019-407-8.
Arthur Thomas Hatto (1991). Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi. Peter de Ridder Press. p. 36.
Sir Henry Yule (1915). Cathay and the Way Thither, Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China. Asian Educational Services. pp. 187–. ISBN 978-81-206-1966-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Edward Harper Parker (1905). China and religion. E. P. Dutton. pp. 232–. ISBN 978-0524009512. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Arnold, Lauren (1999). Princely Gifts and Papal Treasures: The Franciscan Mission to China and Its Influence on the Art of the West, 1250–1350. Desiderata Press. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-0-9670628-0-8.
Makeham, John (2008). China: The World's Oldest Living Civilization Revealed. Thames & Hudson. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-500-25142-3.

brillonline.com (Global: 1,475^th place; English: 1,107^th place)

referenceworks.brillonline.com

Golden 2009. Golden, Peter B. (2009). "Alāns". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
Abaev, V. I.; Bailey, H. W. (26 August 2020), "Alans", Encyclopædia Iranica, Brill, retrieved 16 November 2023
Barthold, W.; Minorsky, V. (1986). "Alān". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: Brill. p. 354. ISBN 978-90-04-08114-7.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

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"Alani". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2015. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
"Spain: Visigothic Spain to c. 500". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
"Vandal". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Tesaev, Amin (13 November 2020). К личности и борьбе чеченского героя идига (1238–1250 гг.). МАТЕРИАЛЫ ВСЕРОССИЙСКОЙ НАУЧНО-ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЙ КОНФЕРЕНЦИИ МОЛОДЫХ УЧЕНЫХ «НАУКА И МОЛОДЕЖЬ», ПОСВЯЩЕННОЙ ФИЗИКЕ БУДУЩЕГО] (in Russian). Grozny. pp. 451–455. doi:10.36684/30-2020-1-451-454. Conference papers online.
Halperin, Charles J. (2000). "The Kipchak Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 63 (2): 229–245. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00007205. JSTOR 1559539. S2CID 162439703.
Damgaard et al. 2018. Damgaard, Peter de Barros; et al. (May 2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes". Nature. 557 (7705): 369–374. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..369D. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2. hdl:1887/3202709. PMID 29743675. S2CID 13670282.
Foltz, Richard (2019). "Scythian Neo-Paganism in the Caucasus: The Ossetian Uatsdin as a 'Nature Religion'". Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature, and Culture. 13 (3): 314–332. doi:10.1558/jsrnc.39114. S2CID 213692638.

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

Ammianus Marcellinus. Roman History. Book XXXI. II. 12

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bacalovsergiu.files.wordpress.com

Sergiu Bacalov, Medieval Alans in Moldova / Consideraţii privind olanii (alanii) sau iaşii din Moldova medievală. Cu accent asupra acelor din regiunea Nistrului de Jos https://bacalovsergiu.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/download-sergiu-bacalov-considerac5a3ii-privind-olanii-alanii-sau-iac59fii-din-moldova-medievalc483.pdf)

google.com (Global: 109^th place; English: 87^th place)

"ДДНК Сарматы, Аланы".

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Damgaard et al. 2018. Damgaard, Peter de Barros; et al. (May 2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes". Nature. 557 (7705): 369–374. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..369D. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2. hdl:1887/3202709. PMID 29743675. S2CID 13670282.

hokudai.ac.jp (Global: 4,984^th place; English: 5,778^th place)

src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp

Shnirelman, Victor (2006). "The Politics of a Name: Between Consolidation and Separation in the Northern Caucasus" (PDF). Acta Slavica Iaponica. 23: 37–49.

iranicaonline.org (Global: 320^th place; English: 308^th place)

Abaev & Bailey 1985, pp. 801–803. Abaev, V.I.; Bailey, H.W. (1985). "Alans". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I/8: Alafrank–Alp Arslan. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 801–803. ISBN 978-0-71009-097-3.
"ALANS". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 18 September 2025.

iriston.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"ДОКЛАД КЛАПРОТА ОБ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ ОСЕТИН И СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫХ АЛАН". www.iriston.com. Retrieved 22 July 2025.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Sinor, Denis (1999). "The Mongols in the West". Journal of Asian History. 33 (1): 1–44. JSTOR 41933117.
Halperin, Charles J. (2000). "The Kipchak Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 63 (2): 229–245. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00007205. JSTOR 1559539. S2CID 162439703.
Jessee, Scott; Isaenko, Anatoly (2013). "The Military Effectiveness of Alan Mercenaries in Byzantium, 1301–1306". In Rogers, Clifford J; DeVries, Kelly; France, John (eds.). Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume XI. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 107–132. ISBN 978-1-84383-860-9. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt31njvf.9.

kitap.net.ru (Global: low place; English: low place)

(in Russian) Тайная история татар Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine

kroraina.com (Global: 4,254^th place; English: 9,861^st place)

For ethnogenesis, see Walter Pohl, "Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies" in Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings, ed. Lester K. Little and Barbara H. Rosenwein, Blackwell, 1998, pp. 13–24.

loebclassics.com (Global: 3,294^th place; English: 1,641^st place)

Pliny the Elder, Natural History IV p. 365

lostlanguages.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Vologeses inscription".

luc.edu (Global: 9,461^st place; English: 5,820^th place)

"Christian Europe and Mongol Asia: First Medieval Intercultural Contact Between East and West".

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Damgaard et al. 2018. Damgaard, Peter de Barros; et al. (May 2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes". Nature. 557 (7705): 369–374. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..369D. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2. hdl:1887/3202709. PMID 29743675. S2CID 13670282.

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

Tesaev, Amin (13 November 2020). К личности и борьбе чеченского героя идига (1238–1250 гг.). МАТЕРИАЛЫ ВСЕРОССИЙСКОЙ НАУЧНО-ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЙ КОНФЕРЕНЦИИ МОЛОДЫХ УЧЕНЫХ «НАУКА И МОЛОДЕЖЬ», ПОСВЯЩЕННОЙ ФИЗИКЕ БУДУЩЕГО] (in Russian). Grozny. pp. 451–455. doi:10.36684/30-2020-1-451-454. Conference papers online.

rtp.pt (Global: 1,587^th place; English: 2,302^nd place)

Milhazes, José. Os antepassados caucasianos dos portugueses Archived 4 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine – Rádio e Televisão de Portugal in Portuguese.

runivers.ru (Global: 3,228^th place; English: 8,075^th place)

"Историческое топографическое статистическое этнографическое и военное описание Кавказа". runivers.ru. Retrieved 28 June 2025.

rusneb.ru (Global: 1,058^th place; English: low place)

"НЭБ - Национальная электронная библиотека". rusneb.ru - Национальная электронная библиотека (in Russian). Retrieved 2 July 2025.
"НЭБ - Национальная электронная библиотека". rusneb.ru - Национальная электронная библиотека (in Russian). Retrieved 22 July 2025.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Halperin, Charles J. (2000). "The Kipchak Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 63 (2): 229–245. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00007205. JSTOR 1559539. S2CID 162439703.
Damgaard et al. 2018. Damgaard, Peter de Barros; et al. (May 2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes". Nature. 557 (7705): 369–374. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..369D. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2. hdl:1887/3202709. PMID 29743675. S2CID 13670282.
Foltz, Richard (2019). "Scythian Neo-Paganism in the Caucasus: The Ossetian Uatsdin as a 'Nature Religion'". Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature, and Culture. 13 (3): 314–332. doi:10.1558/jsrnc.39114. S2CID 213692638.

sino-platonic.org (Global: low place; English: 9,638^th place)

Yu, Taishan (July 1998). "A Study of Saka History" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers (80). Yan Shigu's 顏師古 commentary says: "Hu Guang 胡廣 adds: "Some 1,000 li to the north of Kangju was a state named Yancai, which also was named Hesu. Hence Hesu was identical with Yancai." This shows that the Yancai were also called the Hesu in the Han times.

thecollector.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Holmes, Robert (17 July 2023). "Cataphracts: The Ancient World's Armored Cavalrymen". TheCollector. Retrieved 18 September 2025.

ucomplex.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

storage.ucomplex.org

Tesaev, Amin (13 November 2020). К личности и борьбе чеченского героя идига (1238–1250 гг.). МАТЕРИАЛЫ ВСЕРОССИЙСКОЙ НАУЧНО-ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЙ КОНФЕРЕНЦИИ МОЛОДЫХ УЧЕНЫХ «НАУКА И МОЛОДЕЖЬ», ПОСВЯЩЕННОЙ ФИЗИКЕ БУДУЩЕГО] (in Russian). Grozny. pp. 451–455. doi:10.36684/30-2020-1-451-454. Conference papers online.

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 170^th place)

unesdoc.unesco.org

Zadneprovskiy 1994, pp. 467–468 Zadneprovskiy, Y. A. (1 January 1994). "The Nomads of Northern Central Asia After The Invasion of Alexander". In Harmatta, János (ed.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. UNESCO. pp. 457–472. ISBN 978-92-3-102846-5.
Zadneprovskiy 1994, pp. 465–467 Zadneprovskiy, Y. A. (1 January 1994). "The Nomads of Northern Central Asia After The Invasion of Alexander". In Harmatta, János (ed.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. UNESCO. pp. 457–472. ISBN 978-92-3-102846-5.
Zadneprovskiy 1994, pp. 463–464 Zadneprovskiy, Y. A. (1 January 1994). "The Nomads of Northern Central Asia After The Invasion of Alexander". In Harmatta, János (ed.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. UNESCO. pp. 457–472. ISBN 978-92-3-102846-5.

washington.edu (Global: 1,171^st place; English: 736^th place)

depts.washington.edu

"The Hou Hanshu".
"The Weilüe".
Yu Huan, Weilüe. draft translation by John E. Hill (2004). Translator's Notes 11.2 quote: "Yăncài, already mentioned in the text as a country northwest of Kāngjū (at that time in the region of Tashkend), has long been identified with the Aorsoi of western sources, a nomadic people out of whom the well-known Alans later emerged (Pulleyblank [1962: 99, 220; 1968:252])".
Hill, John E. (translator). The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu: The Xiyu juan "Chapter on the Western Regions" from Hou Hanshu 88 2nd Ed "Section 19 – The Kingdom of Alanliao 阿蘭聊 (the Alans)"
"For an earlier version of this translation".
Hulsewé. A. F .P. (1979) China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. p. 129, n. 316. cited in John E. Hill. Translator's Notes 25.3 & 25.4 to draft translation of Yu Huan's Weilüe
W. W. Rockhill: The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253–55, as narrated by himself, with two accounts of the earlier journey of John of Pian de Carpine. tr. from the Latin and ed., with an introductory notice, by William Woodville Rockhill (London: Hakluyt Society, 1900). Acc. to: http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/rubruck.html. Chaps. IX and XXII.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Alani". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2015. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
Milhazes, José. Os antepassados caucasianos dos portugueses Archived 4 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine – Rádio e Televisão de Portugal in Portuguese.
(in Russian) Тайная история татар Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Golden 2009. Golden, Peter B. (2009). "Alāns". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.

yfull.com (Global: 7,775^th place; English: 6,416^th place)

"Q-YP4000 YTree".

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Weilüe: "Western Regions", quoted in Sanguozhi vol. 30
Houhanshu, Vol. 88: Xiyu zhuan Yancai" quote: "奄蔡國，改名阿兰聊國，居地城，屬康居。土气温和，多桢松、白草。民俗衣服與康居同。"

Alans (English Wikipedia)

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