Alchon Huns (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Alchon Huns" in English language version.

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Rezakhani, Khodadad (2021). "From the Kushans to the Western Turks". King of the Seven Climes: 207.
Cribb, Joe (1 April 2017). "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly". Numismatic Digest. 40: 99. It seems very likely therefore that the rulers of Kashmir at this period were descendants of the Hun kings who ruled large parts of northwestern India from the mid-4th to the 6th century"
Bakker, Hans T. (2017). The Huns in Central and South Asia. How Two Centuries of War against Nomadic Invaders from the Steps are Concluded by a Game of Chess between the Kings of India and Iran.

archive.org

Tewari, S.P.; Ramesh, K.V. (1983). JOURNAL OF THE EPIGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA. Vol. 10. THE EPIGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA, DHARWAR. pp. 98–99.
Fleet, John Faithfull (1960). Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors. pp. 158–161.
Tej Ram Sharma (1978). Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions. Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 232. OCLC 923058151. GGKEY:RYD56P78DL9.
Hsüan-tsang, ca 596-664; Beal, Samuel (1884). Si-yu-ki, Buddhist records of the Western world;. London : Trübner. p. 167.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
John Faithfull Fleet (1888). John Faithfull Fleet (ed.). Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the early Gupta kings and their successors. Vol. 3. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Print. pp. 147–148. OCLC 69001098. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015.
René Grousset (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1.
Sankalia, Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal (1934). The University of Nālandā. Madras: B. G. Paul & co. OCLC 988183829.
Smith, Vincent Arthur; Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth (1924). The early history of India : from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan conquest, including the invasion of Alexander the Great. Oxford : Clarendon Press. p. Plate 2.

books.google.com

"Here, for the first time, the names of Hepthalite (Alchon) kings are given, some of them otherwise known only from coins. Another important fact is that it dates all these kings in the same time." from Aydogdy Kurbanov (2010). The hephthalites: archaeological and historical analysis. Berlin: Free University of Berlin. p. 120. OCLC 863884689. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
"After the successful conclusion of the Eran episode, the conquering Hunas ultimately burst out of Eastern Malwa and swooped down upon the very heart of the Gupta empire. The eastern countries were overrun and the city of the Gaudas was occupied. The Manjusrimulakalpa gives a scintillating account of this phase of Toramana's conquest. It says that after Bhanugupta's defeat and discomfiture, Toramana led the Hunas against Magadha and obliged Baladitya (Narasimha-gupta Baladitya, the reigning Gupta monarch) to retire to Bengal. This great monarch (Toramana), Sudra by caste and possessed of great prowess and armies took hold of that position (bank of the Ganges) and commanded the country round about. That powerful king then invested the town called Tirtha in the Gauda country." in Upendra Thakur (1967). The Hūṇas in India. Vol. 58. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office. p. 122. OCLC 551489665.
"Together with the great sahi Khingila, together with the god-king Toramana, together with the mistress of a great monastery Sasa, together with the great sahi Mehama, together with Sadavikha, together with the great king Javukha, the son of Sadavikha, during the reign of Mehama."from Gudrun Melzer; Lore Sander (2000). Jens Braarvig (ed.). A Copper Scroll Inscription from the Time of the Alchon Huns. Buddhist manuscripts. Vol. 3. Oslo: Hermes Pub. pp. 251–278. ISBN 9788280340061.
Bakker, Hans (16 July 2014). The World of the Skandapurāṇa. BRILL. ISBN 9789004277144.
Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9788120815407.
"The Alchon Huns....established themselves as overlords of northwestern India, and directly contributed to the downfall of the Guptas" in Neelis, Jason (2010). Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia. BRILL. p. 162. ISBN 9789004181595.
Syed, Muzaffar H. (20 February 2022). History of Indian Nation : Ancient India. K.K. Publications. p. 131.
Gupta, Parmanand (1989). Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 174–175. ISBN 9788170222484.
Agrawal, Ashvini (1989). Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. Cover, viii. ISBN 978-81-208-0592-7.
Ahmad Hasan Dani; B. A. Litvinsky; Unesco (1 January 1996). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. Paris: UNESCO. p. 119. ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0.
Hyun Jin Kim (19 November 2015). The Huns. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-317-34090-4.
Braarvig, Jens (2000). Buddhist Manuscripts (Vol.3 ed.). Hermes Pub. p. 257. ISBN 9788280340061.
Neelis, Jason (2010). Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia. BRILL. p. 159. ISBN 978-9004181595.
Scheers, Simone; Quaegebeur, Jan (1982). Studia Paulo Naster Oblata: Orientalia antiqua (in French). Peeters Publishers. p. 55. ISBN 9789070192105.
Cosmo, Nicola Di; Maas, Michael (2018). Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity: Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe, ca. 250–750. Cambridge University Press. p. 698. ISBN 9781108547000.
History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Ahmad Hasan Dani, B. A. Litvinsky, Unesco p.38 sq
Michael Maas (29 September 2014). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 286. ISBN 978-1-316-06085-8.
Alram, Michael (1 February 2021). "The numismatic legacy of the Sasanians in the East" in Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford. BRILL. p. 7. ISBN 978-90-04-46066-9.
Rienjang, Wannaporn; Stewart, Peter (2018). Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017. Archaeopress. p. 23. ISBN 9781784918552.
Jason Neelis (19 November 2010). Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-18159-5.
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (1996). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. UNESCO. pp. 123–126. ISBN 9789231032110.
The Huns, Hyun Jin Kim, Routledge, 2015 p.50 sq
Ghosh, Amalananda (1965). Taxila. CUP Archive. p. 791.
Le, Huu Phuoc (2010). Buddhist Architecture. Grafikol. ISBN 9780984404308. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
Brancaccio, Pia (2010). The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion. BRILL. pp. 105–106. ISBN 9789004185258.
Schindel, Nikolaus; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj; Pendleton, Elizabeth (2016). The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: adaptation and expansion. Oxbow Books. pp. 126–129. ISBN 9781785702105.
Brancaccio, Pia (2010). The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion. BRILL. p. 106. ISBN 9789004185258.
Auctores Varii (2016). Ajanta Dipinta – Painted Ajanta Vol. 1 e 2: Studio sulla tecnica e sulla conservazione del sito rupestre indiano – Studies on the techniques and the conservation of the indian rock art site. Gangemi Editore. pp. 58–59. ISBN 9788849274905.
Brancaccio, Pia (2010). The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion. BRILL. pp. 106–107. ISBN 9789004185258.
Hans Bakker (16 July 2014). The World of the Skandapurāṇa. Leiden: BRILL. p. 34. ISBN 978-90-04-27714-4.
V.K. Agnihotri, ed. (2010). Indian History (26 ed.). New Delhi: Allied Publishers. p. 81. ISBN 978-81-8424-568-4.
Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha (1977). Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450-1200 A.D. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. GGKEY:KR1EJ2EGCTJ.
Parmanand Gupta (1989). Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals. New DELHI: Concept Publishing Company. p. 175. ISBN 978-81-7022-248-4.
Radhakumud Mookerji (1997). The Gupta Empire (5th ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 120. ISBN 978-81-208-0440-1.
Upendra Thakur (1967). The Hūṇas in India. Vol. 58. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office. p. 122. OCLC 551489665.
Om Prakash Misra (2003). Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 7. ISBN 978-81-7099-874-7.
S. B. Bhattacherje (1 May 2009). Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates. Vol. A15. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-207-4074-7.
R.K. Pruthi (2004). The Classical Age. New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House. p. 262. ISBN 978-81-7141-876-3.
N. K. Ojha (2001). The Aulikaras of Central India: history and inscriptions. Chandigarh: Arun Pub. House. pp. 48–50. ISBN 978-81-85212-78-4.
Verma, Thakur Prasad (2018). The Imperial Maukharis: History of Imperial Maukharis of Kanauj and Harshavardhana (in Hindi). Notion Press. p. 264. ISBN 9781643248813.
Sircar, D. C. (2008). Studies in Indian Coins. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 376. ISBN 9788120829732.
John Faithfull Fleet (1888). John Faithfull Fleet (ed.). Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the early Gupta kings and their successors. Vol. 3. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Print. pp. 147–148. OCLC 69001098. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015.
Kailash Chand Jain (31 December 1972). Malwa Through The Ages. Dewlhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 249. ISBN 978-81-208-0824-9.
Abraham Eraly (2011). The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-670-08478-4.
Ashvini Agrawal (1989). Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 245. ISBN 978-81-208-0592-7.
Madan, A. P. (1990). The History of the Rāṣṭrakūṭas. Harman Publishing House. p. 208. ISBN 978-81-85151-38-0.
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (1996). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. UNESCO. p. 169. ISBN 9789231032110.
Kim, Hyun Jin (2015). The Huns. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 9781317340911.
M. A. Stein (1989). Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 439–441. ISBN 978-81-208-0370-1.
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (1996). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. UNESCO. p. 170. ISBN 9789231032110.
Kumar, Raj (2008). History Of The Chamar Dynasty : (From 6Th Century A.D. To 12Th Century A.D.). Gyan Publishing House. pp. 318–319. ISBN 978-81-7835-635-8. But the name of Toramana is found on a species of Kashmir copper coins of which remarkably large quantities have been preserved to this day . The connection of this coinage with Kalhana's notice cannot be doubted.
Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Delhi: New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0.
Klaus Vondrovec (2014). Coinage of the Iranian Huns and Their Successors from Bactria to Gandhara (4th to 8th Century CE). Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. ISBN 978-3-7001-7695-4.
"The definitive annexation of Tokharistan and Gandhara to the Western Türk Empire was to take place some years later, in c. 625, when Sasanian Iran became involved in the war against Byzantium that ultimately led to its eclipse." in Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (January 1996). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. UNESCO. pp. 370–375. ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0.
Ann Heirman; Stephan Peter Bumbacher (11 May 2007). The Spread of Buddhism. Leiden: BRILL. p. 60. ISBN 978-90-474-2006-4.
Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Delhi: Pearson Education India. p. 521. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.
Sukumar Dutt (1988) [First published in 1962]. Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. ISBN 81-208-0498-8.
J. Gordon Melton (15 January 2014). Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History: 5,000 Years of Religious History. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 455. ISBN 978-1-61069-026-3.
Göbl, Robert (1967). Dokumente zur Geschichte der iranischen Hunnen in Baktrien und Indien (in German). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 90, Em. 91.
Krishna Chandra Sagar (1992). Foreign Influence on Ancient India. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre. p. 270. ISBN 978-81-7211-028-4.
Lal Mani Joshi (1987). Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the Seventh and Eighth Centuries A.D. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 320. ISBN 978-81-208-0281-0.
"He is credited with the building of the temple named Jyeshteswara on the Gopa (Sankaracharya) hill in Srinagar" in Bamzai, Prithivi Nath Kaul (1980). Kashmir and Central Asia. Light & Life Publishers. p. 63.
A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India (3 Vol. Set). New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 1 December 2003. p. 174. ISBN 978-81-207-2503-4.
Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2019). Negotiating Cultural Identity: Landscapes in Early Medieval South Asian History. Taylor & Francis. pp. 161–165. ISBN 9781000227932.
Puri 1957, p. 2. Puri, Baij Nath (1957), The history of the Gurjara-Pratihāras, Munshiram Manoharlal
Kim, Hyun Jin (19 November 2015). The Huns. Routledge. pp. 62–64. ISBN 978-1-317-34091-1. Although it is not certain, it also seems likely that the formidable Gurjara Pratihara regime (ruled from the seventh-eleventh centuries AD) of northern India, had a powerful White Hunnic element. The Gurjara Pratiharas who were likely created from a fusion of White Hunnic and native Indian elements, ruled a vast Empire in northern India, and they also halted Arab Muslim expansion in India through Sind for centuries.
Wink, André (1991). Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World. BRILL. p. 279. ISBN 978-90-04-09249-5.
Robert Göbl (1967). Dokumente zur Geschichte der iranischen Hunnen in Baktrien und Indien. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. OCLC 2561645. GGKEY:4TALPN86ZJB.
Gudrun Melzer; Lore Sander (2000). Jens Braarvig (ed.). A Copper Scroll Inscription from the Time of the Alchon Huns. Buddhist manuscripts. Vol. 3. Oslo: Hermes Pub. pp. 251–278. ISBN 9788280340061.

britishmuseum.org

"British Museum notice". British Museum. Retrieved 2 April 2023.

cngcoins.com

For equivalent coin, see CNG Coins
This coin is in the collection of the British Museum. For equivalent coin, see CNG Coins
Khingila with the word "Alchono" in the Bactrian script (αλχονο) and the Tamgha symbol on his coins CNG Coins.
"CNG: eAuction 145. HUNNIC TRIBES, Alchon Huns. Khingila. Circa AD 440-490. AR Drachm (30mm, 3.62 g)". www.cngcoins.com. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
"CNG: Feature Auction CNG 69. [Medieval] HUNNIC TRIBES, Alchon Huns. Anonymous. Circa 400-440 AD. AR Drachm (3.43 gm, 3h). Imitating Sasanian king Shahpur II. Kabul or Gandhara mint". www.cngcoins.com. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
"CNG: eAuction 136. HUNNIC TRIBES. Kidarites. Uncertain King. 5th century AD. AR Drachm (30mm, 4.00 g)". www.cngcoins.com. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
"CNG: Feature Auction Triton XIX. HUNNIC TRIBES, Alchon Huns. Toramana. Circa 490-515. AV Dinar (18mm, 9.53 g, 12h)". www.cngcoins.com. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
"CNG: eAuction 369. HUNNIC TRIBES, "Alkhan–Nezak Crossover". Circa 580/90–650/80. Æ Hemidrachm (23mm, 3.10 g, 1h)". www.cngcoins.com. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
CNG Coins

coinindia.com

Tandon, Pankaj (2013). "Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins" (PDF). Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society (216): 24–34. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
"The Identity of Prakasaditya by Pankaj Tandon, Boston University" (PDF). Retrieved 2 April 2023.
"This makes it quite clear that the Alchon Huns in India must have had a substantial and rich empire, with the capacity to issue a relatively large volume of gold coins." in TANDON, PANKAJ (7 July 2015). "The Identity of Prakāśāditya". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 25 (4): 668. doi:10.1017/S1356186315000346. hdl:2144/37851. S2CID 43869990. Full article
Tandon, Pankaj (2013). Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, No. 216, Summer. Oriental Numismatic Society. pp. 24–34. also Coinindia Alchon Coins (for an exact description of this coin type)
Tandon, Pankaj (2013). Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, No. 216, Summer. Oriental Numismatic Society. pp. 24–34. also Coinindia Alchon Coins (for an exact description of this coin type)
Tandon, Pankaj (2015). "The Identity of Prakasaditya" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 25 (4): 647–668. doi:10.1017/S1356186315000346. hdl:2144/37851. S2CID 43869990. Retrieved 8 July 2018.

doi.org

Rezakhani 2017, pp. 105–124. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. doi:10.1515/9781474400305. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5.
Bakker 2020. Bakker, Hans T. (2020). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv. ISBN 978-94-93194-00-7. JSTOR j.ctv13nb6sv.
Bakker 2020, p. 4, 17-18. Bakker, Hans T. (2020). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv. ISBN 978-94-93194-00-7. JSTOR j.ctv13nb6sv.
Rezakhani 2017, pp. 107–108. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. doi:10.1515/9781474400305. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5.
Bakker 2020, p. 17. Bakker, Hans T. (2020). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv. ISBN 978-94-93194-00-7. JSTOR j.ctv13nb6sv.
Rezakhani 2017, p. 108. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. doi:10.1515/9781474400305. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5.
Bakker 2020, p. 18. Bakker, Hans T. (2020). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv. ISBN 978-94-93194-00-7. JSTOR j.ctv13nb6sv.
Rezakhani 2017, p. 125. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. doi:10.1515/9781474400305. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5.
Bakker 2020, p. 13. Bakker, Hans T. (2020). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv. ISBN 978-94-93194-00-7. JSTOR j.ctv13nb6sv.
Salomon, Richard (1989). "New Inscriptional Evidence For The History Of The Aulikaras of Mandasor". Indo-Iranian Journal. 32 (1): 4 and 27. doi:10.1163/000000089790082971. ISSN 0019-7246. JSTOR 24654606.
Bakker 2020, p. 17, 46. Bakker, Hans T. (2020). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv. ISBN 978-94-93194-00-7. JSTOR j.ctv13nb6sv.
Rezakhani 2017, pp. 109, 123. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. doi:10.1515/9781474400305. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5.
Rezakhani 2017, p. 124. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. doi:10.1515/9781474400305. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5.
Rezakhani 2017, p. 118. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. doi:10.1515/9781474400305. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5.
Rezakhani 2017, pp. 120–122. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. doi:10.1515/9781474400305. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5.
Bakker 2020, pp. 484–534. Bakker, Hans T. (2020). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv. ISBN 978-94-93194-00-7. JSTOR j.ctv13nb6sv.
"This makes it quite clear that the Alchon Huns in India must have had a substantial and rich empire, with the capacity to issue a relatively large volume of gold coins." in TANDON, PANKAJ (7 July 2015). "The Identity of Prakāśāditya". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 25 (4): 668. doi:10.1017/S1356186315000346. hdl:2144/37851. S2CID 43869990. Full article
Kim, Hyun Jin (19 November 2015). "THE HUNS OF CENTRAL ASIA AND SOUTH ASIA: THE KIDARITE AND HEPHTHALITE WHITE HUNS". The Huns. Routledge. p. 58. doi:10.4324/9781315661704. ISBN 978-1-317-34090-4. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
Errington, Elizabeth (2017). Charles Masson and the Buddhist Sites of Afghanistan: Explorations, Excavations, Collections 1832–1835. British Museum. p. 34. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3355036.
Rezakhani 2017, p. 112. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. doi:10.1515/9781474400305. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5.
Bakker 2020, p. 93, 98-99. Bakker, Hans T. (2020). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv. ISBN 978-94-93194-00-7. JSTOR j.ctv13nb6sv.
Bakker 2020, p. 24. Bakker, Hans T. (2020). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv. ISBN 978-94-93194-00-7. JSTOR j.ctv13nb6sv.
Tandon, Pankaj (2015). "The Identity of Prakasaditya" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 25 (4): 647–668. doi:10.1017/S1356186315000346. hdl:2144/37851. S2CID 43869990. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
Rezakhani 2017, pp. 199. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. doi:10.1515/9781474400305. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5.

free.fr

history.chess.free.fr

Eder, Manfred A. J. (2010). South Asian Archaeology 2007 Proceedings of the 19th Meeting of the European Association of South Asian Archaeology in Ravenna, Italy, July 2007, Volume II (PDF). Archaeopress Archaeology. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-4073-0674-2.

fu-berlin.de

refubium.fu-berlin.de

Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2010). The hephthalites: archaeological and historical analysis (PDF) (Phd thesis). Berlin: Free University of Berlin. p. 120. OCLC 863884689. Retrieved 17 June 2018.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

"This makes it quite clear that the Alchon Huns in India must have had a substantial and rich empire, with the capacity to issue a relatively large volume of gold coins." in TANDON, PANKAJ (7 July 2015). "The Identity of Prakāśāditya". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 25 (4): 668. doi:10.1017/S1356186315000346. hdl:2144/37851. S2CID 43869990. Full article
Tandon, Pankaj (2015). "The Identity of Prakasaditya" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 25 (4): 647–668. doi:10.1017/S1356186315000346. hdl:2144/37851. S2CID 43869990. Retrieved 8 July 2018.

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"Hermitage Museum". Hermitage Museum.

iranicaonline.org

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jstor.org

Bakker 2020. Bakker, Hans T. (2020). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv. ISBN 978-94-93194-00-7. JSTOR j.ctv13nb6sv.
Bakker 2020, p. 4, 17-18. Bakker, Hans T. (2020). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv. ISBN 978-94-93194-00-7. JSTOR j.ctv13nb6sv.
Bakker 2020, p. 17. Bakker, Hans T. (2020). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv. ISBN 978-94-93194-00-7. JSTOR j.ctv13nb6sv.
Bakker 2020, p. 18. Bakker, Hans T. (2020). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv. ISBN 978-94-93194-00-7. JSTOR j.ctv13nb6sv.
Bakker 2020, p. 13. Bakker, Hans T. (2020). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv. ISBN 978-94-93194-00-7. JSTOR j.ctv13nb6sv.
Salomon, Richard (1989). "New Inscriptional Evidence For The History Of The Aulikaras of Mandasor". Indo-Iranian Journal. 32 (1): 4 and 27. doi:10.1163/000000089790082971. ISSN 0019-7246. JSTOR 24654606.
Bakker 2020, p. 17, 46. Bakker, Hans T. (2020). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv. ISBN 978-94-93194-00-7. JSTOR j.ctv13nb6sv.
ALRAM, MICHAEL (2014). "From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush". The Numismatic Chronicle. 174: 274. ISSN 0078-2696. JSTOR 44710198.
ALRAM, MICHAEL (2014). "From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush". The Numismatic Chronicle. 174: 268. ISSN 0078-2696. JSTOR 44710198.
Alram, Michael (2014). "From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush". The Numismatic Chronicle. 174: 274. JSTOR 44710198.
ALRAM, MICHAEL (2014). "From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush". The Numismatic Chronicle. 174: 274–275. ISSN 0078-2696. JSTOR 44710198.
Bakker 2020, pp. 484–534. Bakker, Hans T. (2020). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv. ISBN 978-94-93194-00-7. JSTOR j.ctv13nb6sv.
ALRAM, MICHAEL (2003). "Three Hunnic Bullae from Northwest India" (PDF). Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 180, Figure 11. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049314.
GHOSE, MADHUVANTI (2003). "The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 145–146. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049312.
Willis, Michael (2005). "Later Gupta History: Inscriptions, Coins and Historical Ideology". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 15 (2): 140 and 149. ISSN 1356-1863. JSTOR 25188529.
PAL, PRATAPADITYA (1973). "Bronzes of Kashmir: Their Sources and Influences". Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. 121 (5207): 727. ISSN 0035-9114. JSTOR 41371150. Before the Karkotas came to the throne, Kashmir may have been occupied by a long succession of foreign rulers or tribes. Certainly both the Kushänas and the Huns were present in the area for centuries. Indeed, the history of Kashmir begins to take shape only with the foundation of the Karkota dynasty around AD 625. The immediate predecessors of the Karkotas appear to have been Huns...
Alram, Michael (2014a). "From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush". The Numismatic Chronicle. 174: 278. ISSN 0078-2696. JSTOR 44710198.
de la Vaissiere, Etienne (2007). "A Note on the Schøyen Copper Scroll: Bactrian or Indian?" (PDF). Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 21: 127. JSTOR i24047314. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
Bakker 2020, p. 93, 98-99. Bakker, Hans T. (2020). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv. ISBN 978-94-93194-00-7. JSTOR j.ctv13nb6sv.
GHOSE, MADHUVANTI (2003). "The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 153, Fig.13. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049312.
GHOSE, MADHUVANTI (2003). "The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 145–158. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049312.
GHOSE, MADHUVANTI (2003). "The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 151, Fig.10. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049312.
GHOSE, MADHUVANTI (2003). "The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 150, Fig.9. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049312.
GHOSE, MADHUVANTI (2003). "The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 150, Fig.6. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049312.
GRAY, BASIL (1991). "Post-Sasanian Metalwork". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 5: 61. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24048285.
Brentjes, B. (1971). "The Hoard of Hephthalite Silver Vessels Found near Samarkand". East and West. 21 (1/2): 77–78. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29755649.
Bakker 2020, p. 24. Bakker, Hans T. (2020). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv. ISBN 978-94-93194-00-7. JSTOR j.ctv13nb6sv.

knaw.nl

Bakker, Hans (2017), Monuments of Hope, Gloom and Glory in the Age of the Hunnic Wars: 50 years that changed India (484–534), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Section 4, ISBN 978-90-6984-715-3, archived from the original on 11 January 2020, retrieved 20 May 2019

nmma.nic.in

Indian Archaeology 1954–55 A review (PDF). p. 18.

oaji.net

"It is possible that the Sogdian aristocratic culture of that time preserved some memory of the glorious days of Khingila, the first Hephthalite conqueror of India. The profile of Rustam, shown on different paintings at Pendzhikent, is very distinct from the other depictions in the Sogdian art, and resembles the Hephthalite prototypes. The portraits feature narrow skulls, V-shaped eyebrows, hooked noses and heavy jaws, and thus closely resemble some portraits of Khingila on the coins(Grenet 2002, 218-219)." Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2014). "THE HEPHTHALITES: ICONOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS" (PDF). Tyragetia: 317–334.
Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2014). "The hephthalites: iconographical materials" (PDF). Tyragetia. VIII [XXIII]: 328.

orientalnumismaticsociety.org

Senior, R.C. (1991). "The Coinage of Sind from 250 AD up to the Arab Conquest" (PDF). Oriental Numismatic Society. 129 (June–July 1991): 3–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.

persee.fr

Parmentier, Henri (1930). "J. Ph. Vogel : La sculpture de Mathurâ". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 30 (1): 457.

punjabmonitor.com

"The earth betook itself (for succour), when it was afflicted by kings of the present age, who manifested pride; who were cruel through want of proper training; who,from delusion, transgressed the path of good conduct; (and) who were destitute of virtuous delights " from "Sondhni pillars: where Punjabis met with their Waterloo 1500 years ago". Punjab Monitor. Amritsar: Bhai Nand Lal Foundation. 27 April 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
"Sondhni pillars: where Punjabis met with their Waterloo 1500 years ago". Punjab Monitor. Amritsar: Bhai Nand Lal Foundation. 27 April 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2018.

scribd.com

ja.scribd.com

de la Vaissiere, Etienne (2007). "A Note on the Schøyen Copper Scroll: Bactrian or Indian?" (PDF). Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 21: 127. JSTOR i24047314. Retrieved 8 July 2018.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

"This makes it quite clear that the Alchon Huns in India must have had a substantial and rich empire, with the capacity to issue a relatively large volume of gold coins." in TANDON, PANKAJ (7 July 2015). "The Identity of Prakāśāditya". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 25 (4): 668. doi:10.1017/S1356186315000346. hdl:2144/37851. S2CID 43869990. Full article
Tandon, Pankaj (2015). "The Identity of Prakasaditya" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 25 (4): 647–668. doi:10.1017/S1356186315000346. hdl:2144/37851. S2CID 43869990. Retrieved 8 July 2018.

sino-platonic.org

Jäger, Ulf. "A Unique Alxon-Hunnic Horse-and-Rider Statuette (Late Fifth Century CE) from Ancient Bactria / Modern Afghanistan in the Pritzker Family Collection, Chicago" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2023.

taylorfrancis.com

Kim, Hyun Jin (19 November 2015). "THE HUNS OF CENTRAL ASIA AND SOUTH ASIA: THE KIDARITE AND HEPHTHALITE WHITE HUNS". The Huns. Routledge. p. 58. doi:10.4324/9781315661704. ISBN 978-1-317-34090-4. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.

tertullian.org

Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History. London: Bohn (1862) XVI-IX
Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History. London: Bohn (1862) XVII-V

uchicago.edu

dsal.uchicago.edu

Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 25. ISBN 0226742210.
Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (k). ISBN 0226742210.
Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (i). ISBN 0226742210.

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pro.geo.univie.ac.at

For an image of the copper scroll: Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna Showcase 8 Archived 15 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine
"Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna". Archived from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus. "The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012–2013 exhibit: 7. ALKHAN: KING KHINGILA AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF HUNNIC POWER IN NORTHWEST INDIA". Pro.geo.univie.ac.at. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.

web.archive.org

For an image of the copper scroll: Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna Showcase 8 Archived 15 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine
Bakker, Hans (2017), Monuments of Hope, Gloom and Glory in the Age of the Hunnic Wars: 50 years that changed India (484–534), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Section 4, ISBN 978-90-6984-715-3, archived from the original on 11 January 2020, retrieved 20 May 2019
Jäger, Ulf. "A Unique Alxon-Hunnic Horse-and-Rider Statuette (Late Fifth Century CE) from Ancient Bactria / Modern Afghanistan in the Pritzker Family Collection, Chicago" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
Senior, R.C. (1991). "The Coinage of Sind from 250 AD up to the Arab Conquest" (PDF). Oriental Numismatic Society. 129 (June–July 1991): 3–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
"Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna". Archived from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
Kim, Hyun Jin (19 November 2015). "THE HUNS OF CENTRAL ASIA AND SOUTH ASIA: THE KIDARITE AND HEPHTHALITE WHITE HUNS". The Huns. Routledge. p. 58. doi:10.4324/9781315661704. ISBN 978-1-317-34090-4. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus. "The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012–2013 exhibit: 7. ALKHAN: KING KHINGILA AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF HUNNIC POWER IN NORTHWEST INDIA". Pro.geo.univie.ac.at. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

"Here, for the first time, the names of Hepthalite (Alchon) kings are given, some of them otherwise known only from coins. Another important fact is that it dates all these kings in the same time." from Aydogdy Kurbanov (2010). The hephthalites: archaeological and historical analysis. Berlin: Free University of Berlin. p. 120. OCLC 863884689. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
"After the successful conclusion of the Eran episode, the conquering Hunas ultimately burst out of Eastern Malwa and swooped down upon the very heart of the Gupta empire. The eastern countries were overrun and the city of the Gaudas was occupied. The Manjusrimulakalpa gives a scintillating account of this phase of Toramana's conquest. It says that after Bhanugupta's defeat and discomfiture, Toramana led the Hunas against Magadha and obliged Baladitya (Narasimha-gupta Baladitya, the reigning Gupta monarch) to retire to Bengal. This great monarch (Toramana), Sudra by caste and possessed of great prowess and armies took hold of that position (bank of the Ganges) and commanded the country round about. That powerful king then invested the town called Tirtha in the Gauda country." in Upendra Thakur (1967). The Hūṇas in India. Vol. 58. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office. p. 122. OCLC 551489665.
Salomon, Richard (1989). "New Inscriptional Evidence For The History Of The Aulikaras of Mandasor". Indo-Iranian Journal. 32 (1): 4 and 27. doi:10.1163/000000089790082971. ISSN 0019-7246. JSTOR 24654606.
ALRAM, MICHAEL (2014). "From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush". The Numismatic Chronicle. 174: 274. ISSN 0078-2696. JSTOR 44710198.
ALRAM, MICHAEL (2014). "From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush". The Numismatic Chronicle. 174: 268. ISSN 0078-2696. JSTOR 44710198.
ALRAM, MICHAEL (2014). "From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush". The Numismatic Chronicle. 174: 274–275. ISSN 0078-2696. JSTOR 44710198.
Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2010). The hephthalites: archaeological and historical analysis (PDF) (Phd thesis). Berlin: Free University of Berlin. p. 120. OCLC 863884689. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
ALRAM, MICHAEL (2003). "Three Hunnic Bullae from Northwest India" (PDF). Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 180, Figure 11. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049314.
Upendra Thakur (1967). The Hūṇas in India. Vol. 58. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office. p. 122. OCLC 551489665.
Tej Ram Sharma (1978). Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions. Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 232. OCLC 923058151. GGKEY:RYD56P78DL9.
John Faithfull Fleet (1888). John Faithfull Fleet (ed.). Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the early Gupta kings and their successors. Vol. 3. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Print. pp. 147–148. OCLC 69001098. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015.
GHOSE, MADHUVANTI (2003). "The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 145–146. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049312.
Willis, Michael (2005). "Later Gupta History: Inscriptions, Coins and Historical Ideology". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 15 (2): 140 and 149. ISSN 1356-1863. JSTOR 25188529.
PAL, PRATAPADITYA (1973). "Bronzes of Kashmir: Their Sources and Influences". Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. 121 (5207): 727. ISSN 0035-9114. JSTOR 41371150. Before the Karkotas came to the throne, Kashmir may have been occupied by a long succession of foreign rulers or tribes. Certainly both the Kushänas and the Huns were present in the area for centuries. Indeed, the history of Kashmir begins to take shape only with the foundation of the Karkota dynasty around AD 625. The immediate predecessors of the Karkotas appear to have been Huns...
Alram, Michael (2014a). "From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush". The Numismatic Chronicle. 174: 278. ISSN 0078-2696. JSTOR 44710198.
Sankalia, Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal (1934). The University of Nālandā. Madras: B. G. Paul & co. OCLC 988183829.
GHOSE, MADHUVANTI (2003). "The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 153, Fig.13. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049312.
GHOSE, MADHUVANTI (2003). "The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 145–158. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049312.
GHOSE, MADHUVANTI (2003). "The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 151, Fig.10. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049312.
GHOSE, MADHUVANTI (2003). "The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 150, Fig.9. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049312.
GHOSE, MADHUVANTI (2003). "The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 150, Fig.6. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049312.
GRAY, BASIL (1991). "Post-Sasanian Metalwork". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 5: 61. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24048285.
Brentjes, B. (1971). "The Hoard of Hephthalite Silver Vessels Found near Samarkand". East and West. 21 (1/2): 77–78. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29755649.
Robert Göbl (1967). Dokumente zur Geschichte der iranischen Hunnen in Baktrien und Indien. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. OCLC 2561645. GGKEY:4TALPN86ZJB.

zenodo.org

Errington, Elizabeth (2017). Charles Masson and the Buddhist Sites of Afghanistan: Explorations, Excavations, Collections 1832–1835. British Museum. p. 34. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3355036.