Ali (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Ali" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

278archive.org

6^th place

76doi.org

2^nd place

12proquest.com

206^th place

124^th place

7semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

6iranicaonline.org

358^th place

433^rd place

6worldcat.org

5^th place

4concordia.ca

8,706^th place

5,167^th place

2web.archive.org

1^st place

1britannica.com

40^th place

58^th place

1sunnah.com

3,751^st place

2,758^th place

1books.google.com

3^rd place

1jstor.org

26^th place

20^th place

1harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

archive.org

Mavani 2013, p. 71, 98. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Buehler 2014, p. 186. Buehler, A.F. (2014). "Fatima". In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H. (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–187. ISBN 978-1-61069-178-9.
Qutbuddin 2006, p. 248. Qutbuddin, T. (2006). "Fatima (al-Zahra') bint Muhammad". In Meri, J.W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Routledge. pp. 248–250. ISBN 0-415-96692-2.
Madelung 1997, p. 16. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Nasr et al. 2015, p. 379. Nasr, S.H.; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, M.M.; Lumbard, J.E.B.; Rustom, M., eds. (2015). The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-112586-7.
Lalani 2006, p. 29. Lalani, A.R. (2006). "'Ali ibn Abi Talib". In Leaman, O. (ed.). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 28–32. ISBN 9780415326391.
Mavani 2013, p. 72. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Bill & Williams 2002, p. 29. Bill, J.; Williams, J.A. (2002). Roman Catholics and Shi'i Muslims: Prayer, Passion, and Politics. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2689-8.
Shah-Kazemi 2014. Shah-Kazemi, R. (2014). "'Ali ibn Abi Talib". In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H. (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–187. ISBN 978-1-610-69177-2.
Faizer 2006. Faizer, R. (2006). "Sira". In Meri, J.W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 754. ISBN 0-415-96692-2.
Donner 2010, pp. 72–3. Donner, F.M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06414-0.
Mavani 2013, p. 79. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Mavani 2013, p. 80. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Jones 2009. Jones, L.G. (2009). "Ali ibn Abi Talib". In Campo, J.E. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islam. Facts on File. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1.
Mavani 2013, p. 20. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Jafri 1979, p. 20. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Mavani 2013, p. 2. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Jafri 1979, p. 21. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Mavani 2013, p. 70. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Lalani 2006, p. 590. Lalani, A.R. (2006). "'Ali ibn Abi Talib". In Leaman, O. (ed.). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 28–32. ISBN 9780415326391.
Madelung 1997, p. 253. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Afsaruddin 2013, p. 51. Afsaruddin, A. (2013). The First Muslims: History and Memory. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-85168-518-9.
Jafri 1979, p. 39. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Madelung 1997, pp. 30–2. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Jafri 1979, p. 37. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Madelung 1997, p. 35. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, pp. 31–33. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, pp. 36, 40. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 5. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Mavani 2013, p. 34. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Walker 2014, p. 3. Walker, A.H. (2014). "Abu Bakr al-Siddiq". In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H. (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–4. ISBN 9781610691789.
Shaban 1971, p. 16. Shaban, M.A. (1971). Islamic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-08137-8.
Madelung 1997, p. 32. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 43. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Jafri 1979, p. 40. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Qutbuddin 2006, p. 249. Qutbuddin, T. (2006). "Fatima (al-Zahra') bint Muhammad". In Meri, J.W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Routledge. pp. 248–250. ISBN 0-415-96692-2.
Jafri 1979, p. 41. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Madelung 1997, pp. 43–4. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Jafri 1979, pp. 40–1. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Ayoub 2014, pp. 17–20. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Jafri 1979, p. 47. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Madelung 1997, p. 50. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Mavani 2013, p. 116. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Madelung 1997, p. 141. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Jafri 1979, p. 44. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Madelung 1997, pp. 141, 253. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Mavani 2013, p. 113–114. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Mavani 2013, pp. 114, 117. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Anthony 2013. Anthony, S.W. (2013). "Ali b. Abi Talib". In Bowering, G. (ed.). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. pp. 30–32. ISBN 978-0-691-13484-0.
Mavani 2013, p. 117. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Aslan 2005, p. 122. Aslan, R. (2005). No god but God: The Origins and Evolution of Islam. Random House. ISBN 1-58836-445-3.
Madelung 1997, pp. 42, 52–54, 213–4. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Jafri 1979, p. 45. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Jafri 1979, pp. 47–8. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Afsaruddin 2013, p. 32. Afsaruddin, A. (2013). The First Muslims: History and Memory. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-85168-518-9.
Ayoub 2014, p. 32. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Jafri 1979, p. 46. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Glassé 2001, p. 40. Glassé, C., ed. (2001). "'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (598-40/598-661)". The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. pp. 39–41. ISBN 0-7591-0189-2.
Tabatabai 1975, p. 158. Tabatabai, S.M.H. (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Nasr, S.H. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8.
Madelung 1997, p. 22. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, pp. 66–7. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, pp. 62, 65. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, pp. 62–64. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 67. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Jafri 1979, p. 50. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Jafri 1979, p. 52. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Ayoub 2014, p. 43. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Madelung 1997, p. 71. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Jafri 1979, p. 51. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Jafri 1979, p. 54. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Kennedy 2016, p. 60. Kennedy, H. (2016). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (Third ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-78761-2.
Shaban 1971, pp. 62–3. Shaban, M.A. (1971). Islamic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-08137-8.
Madelung 1997, pp. 71–2. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Jafri 1979, pp. 52–3. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Madelung 1997, p. 68. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Jafri 1979, pp. 52–53, 55. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Madelung 1997, p. 87. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Veccia Vaglieri 1970, p. 67. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (1970). "The Patriarchal and Umayyad Caliphates". In Holt, P.M.; Lambton, A.K.S.; Lewis, B. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–103.
Madelung 1997, pp. 108, 113. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Jafri 1979, p. 53. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Madelung 1997, p. 108. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 109. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Jafri 1979, p. 63. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Madelung 1997, p. 98. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, pp. 100–2. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Jafri 1979, p. 59. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Madelung 1997, pp. 107–8. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Jafri 1979, p. 62. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Madelung 1997, p. 121. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, pp. 118–9. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 128. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Anthony 2013, p. 31. Anthony, S.W. (2013). "Ali b. Abi Talib". In Bowering, G. (ed.). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. pp. 30–32. ISBN 978-0-691-13484-0.
Madelung 1997, p. 111. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Veccia Vaglieri 1970, p. 68. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (1970). "The Patriarchal and Umayyad Caliphates". In Holt, P.M.; Lambton, A.K.S.; Lewis, B. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–103.
Madelung 1997, pp. 111, 119. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 122. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 123. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 112. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 127. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 126. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Donner 2010, p. 152. Donner, F.M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06414-0.
Kennedy 2016, p. 65. Kennedy, H. (2016). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (Third ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-78761-2.
Donner 2010, p. 157. Donner, F.M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06414-0.
Lapidus 2002, p. 56. Lapidus, I. (2002). A History of Islamic Societies (Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3.
Ayoub 2014, p. 81. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Madelung 1997, pp. 142–3. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Ayoub 2014, p. 70. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Madelung 1997, p. 143. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 147. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Jafri 1979, p. 64. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Madelung 1997, pp. 144–5. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 144. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Shaban 1971, p. 71. Shaban, M.A. (1971). Islamic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-08137-8.
Ayoub 2014, p. 85. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Veccia Vaglieri 1970, p. 69. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (1970). "The Patriarchal and Umayyad Caliphates". In Holt, P.M.; Lambton, A.K.S.; Lewis, B. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–103.
Shaban 1971, p. 72. Shaban, M.A. (1971). Islamic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-08137-8.
Donner 2010, p. 158. Donner, F.M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06414-0.
Madelung 1997, p. 72. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, pp. 309–10. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Tabatabai 1975, p. 43. Tabatabai, S.M.H. (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Nasr, S.H. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8.
Ayoub 2014, p. 91. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Madelung 1997, p. 148. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Tabatabai 1975, p. 45. Tabatabai, S.M.H. (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Nasr, S.H. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8.
Madelung 1997, p. 272. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Tabatabai 1975, p. 44. Tabatabai, S.M.H. (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Nasr, S.H. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8.
Madelung 1997, pp. 149–50. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Tabatabai 1975, p. 46. Tabatabai, S.M.H. (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Nasr, S.H. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8.
Tabatabai 1975, p. 64. Tabatabai, S.M.H. (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Nasr, S.H. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8.
Nasr et al. 2015, p. 3203. Nasr, S.H.; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, M.M.; Lumbard, J.E.B.; Rustom, M., eds. (2015). The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-112586-7.
Madelung 1997, p. 150. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Shaban 1971, p. 73. Shaban, M.A. (1971). Islamic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-08137-8.
Shaban 1971, pp. 72–73. Shaban, M.A. (1971). Islamic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-08137-8.
Mavani 2013, pp. 67–68. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Madelung 1997, pp. 251–252. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Jafri 1979, p. 71. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Jafri 1979, p. 67. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Ayoub 2014, p. 83. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Jafri 1979, pp. 55–6. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Ayoub 2014, p. 94. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Ayoub 2014, p. 95. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Madelung 1997, p. 264. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 276. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Ayoub 2014, p. 84. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Ayoub 2014, p. 109. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Ayoub 2014, p. 108. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Ayoub 2014, pp. 109–10. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Madelung 1997, p. 227. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Ayoub 2014, pp. 111–2. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Ayoub 2014, p. 89. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Madelung 1997, p. 133. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Cappucci 2014, p. 19. Cappucci, J. (2014). "'A'isha". In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H. (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 18–20. ISBN 978-1-61069-178-9.
Madelung 1997, p. 157. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Aslan 2005, p. 132. Aslan, R. (2005). No god but God: The Origins and Evolution of Islam. Random House. ISBN 1-58836-445-3.
Madelung 1997, pp. 98, 101, 107. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Ayoub 2014, p. 88. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Madelung 1997, p. 166. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Hazleton 2009, p. 107. Hazleton, L. (2009). After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-53209-9.
Madelung 1997, p. 169. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Donner 2010, p. 159. Donner, F.M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06414-0.
Madelung 1997, pp. 169–70. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 170. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Hazleton 2009, p. 113. Hazleton, L. (2009). After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-53209-9.
Madelung 1997, pp. 171–2. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 171. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 172. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Hazleton 2009, p. 121. Hazleton, L. (2009). After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-53209-9.
Madelung 1997, p. 180-1. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Hazleton 2009, p. 122. Hazleton, L. (2009). After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-53209-9.
Madelung 1997, p. 182. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 194. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Ayoub 2014, p. 97. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Madelung 1997, p. 190. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Rahman 1995, p. 58. Rahman, H.U. (1995). A Chronology of Islamic History, 570–1000 CE. Ta-Ha Publishers. ISBN 1-897940-32-7.
Donner 2010, p. 160. Donner, F.M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06414-0.
Ayoub 2014, p. 99. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Madelung 1997, p. 196. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 203. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 204. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, pp. 204–205. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Shah-Kazemi 2014, p. 23. Shah-Kazemi, R. (2014). "'Ali ibn Abi Talib". In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H. (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–187. ISBN 978-1-610-69177-2.
Madelung 1997, p. 186. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Kennedy 2016, p. 66. Kennedy, H. (2016). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (Third ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-78761-2.
Madelung 1997, p. 226. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Donner 2010, p. 161. Donner, F.M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06414-0.
Shaban 1971, p. 75. Shaban, M.A. (1971). Islamic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-08137-8.
Kennedy 2016, p. 67. Kennedy, H. (2016). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (Third ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-78761-2.
Madelung 1997, p. 232. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Hazleton 2009, p. 198. Hazleton, L. (2009). After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-53209-9.
Madelung 1997, p. 234. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 235. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Ayoub 2014, p. 119. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Madelung 1997, p. 238. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Adamec 2017, p. 406. Adamec, L.W. (2017). Historical Dictionary of Islam (Third ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-7723-6.
Veccia Vaglieri 1970, p. 70. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (1970). "The Patriarchal and Umayyad Caliphates". In Holt, P.M.; Lambton, A.K.S.; Lewis, B. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–103.
Ayoub 2014, pp. 123–4. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Madelung 1997, p. 241. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, pp. 241–2. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Afsaruddin 2013, p. 53. Afsaruddin, A. (2013). The First Muslims: History and Memory. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-85168-518-9.
Madelung 1997, p. 243. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 247. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 245. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 248–249. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Donner 2010, p. 163. Donner, F.M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06414-0.
Donner 2010, p. 162. Donner, F.M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06414-0.
Madelung 1997, pp. 249–50. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Ayoub 2014, p. 129. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Madelung 1997, p. 255. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Aslan 2005, p. 137. Aslan, R. (2005). No god but God: The Origins and Evolution of Islam. Random House. ISBN 1-58836-445-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 256. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 257. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 286. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Donner 2010, p. 165. Donner, F.M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06414-0.
Fadel 2013, p. 43. Fadel, M. (2013). "Arbitration". In Bowering, G. (ed.). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-691-13484-0.
Jafri 1979, p. 65. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Daftary 2013, p. 31. Daftary, F. (2013). A History of Shi'i Islam. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85772-333-8.
Madelung 1997, pp. 257–8. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, pp. 255, 257. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, pp. 259–60. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Wellhausen 1901, pp. 17–18. Wellhausen, J. (1901). Die Religiös-Politischen Oppositionsparteien im Alten Islam (in German). Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. OCLC 453206240.
Madelung 1997, p. 254. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 260. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Wellhausen 1901, p. 18. Wellhausen, J. (1901). Die Religiös-Politischen Oppositionsparteien im Alten Islam (in German). Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. OCLC 453206240.
Madelung 1997, pp. 259–261. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, pp. 260–1. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Wellhausen 1927, p. 85. Wellhausen, J. (1927). The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall. Translated by Weir, M.G. University of Calcutta. OCLC 752790641.
Ayoub 2014, pp. 141, 171. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Donner 2010, p. 164. Donner, F.M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06414-0.
Madelung 1997, p. 262. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 261. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Kelsay 1993, p. 87. Kelsay, J. (1993). Islam and War: A Study in Comparative Ethics. Westminster/John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-25302-4.
Ayoub 2014, p. 141. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Shaban 1971, p. 77. Shaban, M.A. (1971). Islamic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-08137-8.
Jafri 1979, p. 123. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Kennedy 2016, p. 68. Kennedy, H. (2016). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (Third ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-78761-2.
Kennedy 2016, p. 69. Kennedy, H. (2016). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (Third ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-78761-2.
Madelung 1997, pp. 268–9. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, pp. 262, 288–291, 293. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 307. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Donner 2010, p. 166. Donner, F.M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06414-0.
Madelung 1997, p. 308. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Madelung 1997, p. 311. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Jafri 1979, p. 91. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Jafri 1979, pp. 109–10. Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78080-2.
Madelung 1997, p. 334. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Anthony 2013, p. 216. Anthony, S.W. (2013). "Ali b. Abi Talib". In Bowering, G. (ed.). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. pp. 30–32. ISBN 978-0-691-13484-0.
Donner 1999, p. 26. Donner, Fred M. (1999). "Muhammad and the Caliphate: Political History of the Islamic Empire up to the Mongol Conquest". In Esposito, J.L. (ed.). The Oxford history of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–61. ISBN 0-19-510799-3.
Daftary 2007, pp. 2, 110, 128. Daftary, F. (2007). The Ismā'īlīs: Their History and Doctrines (Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-35561-5.
Thomas 2008. Thomas, D. (2008). "Nahj al-balagha". In Netton, I.R. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion. Routledge. pp. 477–478. ISBN 978-0-7007-1588-6.
Esposito 2003, p. 227. Esposito, J.L. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512558-4.
Shah-Kazemi 2006. Shah-Kazemi, R. (2006). "'Ali ibn Abi Talib". In Meri, J.W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Routledge. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-0-415-96690-0.
Amir-Moezzi 2009, p. 24. Amir-Moezzi, M.A. (2009). "Information, Doubts and Contradictions in Islamic Sources". In Kohlberg, E.; Amir-Moezzi, M.A. (eds.). Revelation and Falsification. Brill. pp. 12–23. ISBN 978-90-04-16782-7.
Amir-Moezzi 1994, p. 89. Amir-Moezzi, M.A. (1994). The Divine Guide In Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam. Translated by Streight, David. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-2122-8.
Esposito 2003, pp. 175–176. Esposito, J.L. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512558-4.
Lalani 2006, p. 28. Lalani, A.R. (2006). "'Ali ibn Abi Talib". In Leaman, O. (ed.). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 28–32. ISBN 9780415326391.
Corbin 2006, pp. 35–36. Corbin, H. (2006). History of Islamic Philosophy. Translated by Sherrard, L.; Sherrard, P. Kegan Paul International. ISBN 978-0-7103-0416-2.
Steigerwald 2004. Steigerwald, D. (2004). "'Ali". In Martin, R.C. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 1. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 35–38. ISBN 0028656040.
Madelung 1997, pp. 309–310. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Ayoub 2014, p. 134. Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-674-6.
Tabatabai 1975, pp. 46, 64. Tabatabai, S.M.H. (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Nasr, S.H. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8.
Madelung 1997, p. 310. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Glassé 2001, p. 41. Glassé, C., ed. (2001). "'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (598-40/598-661)". The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. pp. 39–41. ISBN 0-7591-0189-2.
Lalani 2006. Lalani, A.R. (2006). "'Ali ibn Abi Talib". In Leaman, O. (ed.). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 28–32. ISBN 9780415326391.
Nasr et al. 2015, p. 706. Nasr, S.H.; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, M.M.; Lumbard, J.E.B.; Rustom, M., eds. (2015). The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-112586-7.
Nasr et al. 2015, p. 706-7. Nasr, S.H.; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, M.M.; Lumbard, J.E.B.; Rustom, M., eds. (2015). The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-112586-7.
Mavani 2013, p. 46. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Mavani 2013, pp. 70–71. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Leaman 2006. Leaman, O. (2006). "Ahl al-Bayt". In Leaman, O. (ed.). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-415-32639-1.
Mavani 2013, pp. 41, 60. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Mavani 2013, p. 41. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Tabatabai 1975, p. 35. Tabatabai, S.M.H. (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Nasr, S.H. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8.
Steigerwald 2004, p. 36. Steigerwald, D. (2004). "'Ali". In Martin, R.C. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 1. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 35–38. ISBN 0028656040.
Mavani 2013, pp. 52, 53. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Steigerwald 2004, p. 37. Steigerwald, D. (2004). "'Ali". In Martin, R.C. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 1. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 35–38. ISBN 0028656040.
Mavani 2013, pp. 52–53. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Tabatabai 1975, pp. 186–189. Tabatabai, S.M.H. (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Nasr, S.H. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8.
Mavani 2013, p. 68. Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69428-2.
Robinson 2003, pp. 27, 28, 34. Robinson, C.F. (2003). Islamic Historiography. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62936-2.
Madelung 1997, pp. xi, 19, 20. Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.

books.google.com

Cortese & Calderini 2006, p. 8. Cortese, D.; Calderini, S. (2006). Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam (First ed.). Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1732-6.

britannica.com

Afsaruddin & Nasr 2023. Afsaruddin, A.; Nasr, S.H. (2023). "Ali". Encyclopedia Britannica.

concordia.ca

spectrum.library.concordia.ca

Khetia 2013, pp. 31–2. Khetia, V. (2013). Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources (Thesis). Concordia University.
Khetia 2013, p. 78. Khetia, V. (2013). Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources (Thesis). Concordia University.
Khetia 2013, p. 35. Khetia, V. (2013). Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources (Thesis). Concordia University.
Khetia 2013, p. 38. Khetia, V. (2013). Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources (Thesis). Concordia University.

doi.org

Gleave 2008. Gleave, R.M. (2008). "'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib". In Fleet; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324. ISBN 978-90-04-17137-4.
Shah-Kazemi 2015b. Shah-Kazemi, R. (2015b). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 2. Biography". In Daftary, F. (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Melvin-Koushki, M. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324. ISBN 978-90-04-17137-4.
Veccia Vaglieri 2012a. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012a). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0046. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Huart 2012a. Huart, Cl. (2012a). "'Ali". In Houtsma, M.Th.; Arnold, T.W.; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (First ed.). doi:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_COM_0020. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6.
Schmucker 2012. Schmucker, W. (2012). "Mubāhala". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5289. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
McAuliffe 2023. McAuliffe, J.D. (2023). "Fāṭima". In Pink, J. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00153.
Miskinzoda 2015, p. 69. Miskinzoda, G. (2015). "The Significance of the ḥadīth of the Position of Aaron for the Formulation of the Shī'ī Doctrine of Authority". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 78 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1017/S0041977X14001402. S2CID 159678004.
Miskinzoda 2015, pp. 76–7. Miskinzoda, G. (2015). "The Significance of the ḥadīth of the Position of Aaron for the Formulation of the Shī'ī Doctrine of Authority". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 78 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1017/S0041977X14001402. S2CID 159678004.
Amir-Moezzi 2014. Amir-Moezzi, M.A. (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 978-90-04-26961-3.
Veccia Vaglieri 2012b. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012b). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Veccia Vaglieri 2012d. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012d). "Fāṭima". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0217. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Lalani 2011. Lalani, A. (2011). "Ghadir Khumm". Islamic Studies. doi:10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0105.
Lecomte 2012. Lecomte, G. (2012). "Al-Saḳīfa". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0980. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Sajjadi 2018. Sajjadi, S. (2018). "Fadak". In Daftary, F. (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Khaleeli, A. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126.
Veccia Vaglieri 2012c. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012c). "Fadak". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2218. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Veccia Vaglieri 2012a, p. 382. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012a). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0046. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Hinds 1972a, p. 467. Hinds, M. (1972a). "The Murder of the Caliph 'Uthman". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 3 (4): 450–469. doi:10.1017/S0020743800025216. S2CID 159763369.
Daftary 2014, p. 30. Daftary, F. (2014). "'Alids". In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26329. ISBN 978-90-04-17137-4.
Levi Della Vida & Khoury 2012. Levi Della Vida, G.; Khoury, R.G. (2012). "'Ut̲h̲mān b. 'Affān". In Bearman; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1315. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Hinds 1972a. Hinds, M. (1972a). "The Murder of the Caliph 'Uthman". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 3 (4): 450–469. doi:10.1017/S0020743800025216. S2CID 159763369.
Veccia Vaglieri 2012f. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012f). "al-D̲j̲amal". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1962. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Bahramian 2015. Bahramian, A. (2015). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 3. Caliphate". In Daftary, Farhad (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Melvin-Koushki, M. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126.
Heck 2023. Heck, P.L. (2023). "Politics and the Quran". In Pink, J. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00149.
Hinds 1971, p. 361. Hinds, M. (1971). "Kûfan Political Alignments and Their Background in the Mid-Seventh Century A.D.". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 2 (4): 346–367. doi:10.1017/S0020743800001306. S2CID 155455942.
Petersen 1958, p. 165. Petersen, E.L. (1958). "'Alī and Mu'āwiah: The Rise of the Umayyad Caliphate 656–661". Acta Orientalia. 23: 157–196. doi:10.5617/ao.5297.
Lecker 2012. Lecker, M. (2012). "Ṣiffīn". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7018. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Hinds 1972b, p. 97. Hinds, M. (1972b). "The Siffin Arbitration Agreement". Journal of Semitic Studies. 17 (1): 93–129. doi:10.1093/jss/17.1.93.
Hinds 1972b, p. 98. Hinds, M. (1972b). "The Siffin Arbitration Agreement". Journal of Semitic Studies. 17 (1): 93–129. doi:10.1093/jss/17.1.93.
Levi Della Vida 2012. Levi Della Vida, G. (2012). "K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ites". In Bearman; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0497. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Hinds 1972b, p. 100. Hinds, M. (1972b). "The Siffin Arbitration Agreement". Journal of Semitic Studies. 17 (1): 93–129. doi:10.1093/jss/17.1.93.
Hinds 1972b, p. 101. Hinds, M. (1972b). "The Siffin Arbitration Agreement". Journal of Semitic Studies. 17 (1): 93–129. doi:10.1093/jss/17.1.93.
Hinds 1972b, p. 102. Hinds, M. (1972b). "The Siffin Arbitration Agreement". Journal of Semitic Studies. 17 (1): 93–129. doi:10.1093/jss/17.1.93.
Veccia Vaglieri 2012g. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012g). "Ibn Muld̲j̲am". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0339. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Veccia Vaglieri 2012e. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012e). "(al-)Ḥasan b. 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0272. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Lewis 2012. Lewis, B. (2012). "'Alids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0543. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Daftary 2014. Daftary, F. (2014). "'Alids". In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26329. ISBN 978-90-04-17137-4.
Huart 2012b. Huart, Cl. (2012b). "'Alids". In Houtsma, M.Th.; Arnold, T.W.; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (First ed.). doi:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_0645. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6.
Djebli 2012. Djebli, M. (2012). "Nahd̲j̲ al-Balāg̲h̲a". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5752. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Jozi & Shah-Kazemi 2015. Jozi, M.R.; Shah-Kazemi, R. (2015). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 6. Mysticism (Taṣawwuf and 'Irfān)". In Daftary, F. (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Brown, K. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126.
Modarressi 1993, p. 13. Modarressi, H. (1993). "Early Debates on the Integrity of the Qur'ān: A Brief Survey". Studia Islamica. 77 (77): 5–39. doi:10.2307/1595789. JSTOR 1595789.
Pakatchi 2015. Pakatchi, A. (2015). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 4. Qur'ān and Ḥadīth Sciences". In Daftary, F. (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Valey, M.I. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126.
Haj Manouchehri 2015. Haj Manouchehri, F. (2015). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 1. Names and Titles". In Daftary, F. (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Melvin-Koushki, Matthew. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126.
Alizadeh 2015. Alizadeh, M. (2015). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 11. The Iconography of Imam 'Alī in Persianate Islamic Art". In Daftary, F. (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Negahban, F. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126.
Gibb 2012. Gibb, H.A.R. (2012). "Amīr al-Mu'minīn". Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0617. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4. S2CID 186002378.
Miskinzoda 2015, p. 76. Miskinzoda, G. (2015). "The Significance of the ḥadīth of the Position of Aaron for the Formulation of the Shī'ī Doctrine of Authority". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 78 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1017/S0041977X14001402. S2CID 159678004.

dx.doi.org

Gleave 2008. Gleave, R.M. (2008). "'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib". In Fleet; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324. ISBN 978-90-04-17137-4.
Shah-Kazemi 2015b. Shah-Kazemi, R. (2015b). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 2. Biography". In Daftary, F. (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Melvin-Koushki, M. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324. ISBN 978-90-04-17137-4.
Veccia Vaglieri 2012a. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012a). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0046. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Huart 2012a. Huart, Cl. (2012a). "'Ali". In Houtsma, M.Th.; Arnold, T.W.; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (First ed.). doi:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_COM_0020. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6.
Schmucker 2012. Schmucker, W. (2012). "Mubāhala". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5289. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
McAuliffe 2023. McAuliffe, J.D. (2023). "Fāṭima". In Pink, J. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00153.
Amir-Moezzi 2014. Amir-Moezzi, M.A. (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 978-90-04-26961-3.
Veccia Vaglieri 2012b. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012b). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Veccia Vaglieri 2012d. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012d). "Fāṭima". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0217. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Lecomte 2012. Lecomte, G. (2012). "Al-Saḳīfa". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0980. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Sajjadi 2018. Sajjadi, S. (2018). "Fadak". In Daftary, F. (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Khaleeli, A. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126.
Veccia Vaglieri 2012c. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012c). "Fadak". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2218. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Veccia Vaglieri 2012a, p. 382. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012a). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0046. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Daftary 2014, p. 30. Daftary, F. (2014). "'Alids". In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26329. ISBN 978-90-04-17137-4.
Levi Della Vida & Khoury 2012. Levi Della Vida, G.; Khoury, R.G. (2012). "'Ut̲h̲mān b. 'Affān". In Bearman; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1315. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Veccia Vaglieri 2012f. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012f). "al-D̲j̲amal". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1962. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Bahramian 2015. Bahramian, A. (2015). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 3. Caliphate". In Daftary, Farhad (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Melvin-Koushki, M. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126.
Heck 2023. Heck, P.L. (2023). "Politics and the Quran". In Pink, J. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00149.
Lecker 2012. Lecker, M. (2012). "Ṣiffīn". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7018. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Levi Della Vida 2012. Levi Della Vida, G. (2012). "K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ites". In Bearman; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0497. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Veccia Vaglieri 2012g. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012g). "Ibn Muld̲j̲am". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0339. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Veccia Vaglieri 2012e. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012e). "(al-)Ḥasan b. 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0272. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Lewis 2012. Lewis, B. (2012). "'Alids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0543. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Daftary 2014. Daftary, F. (2014). "'Alids". In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26329. ISBN 978-90-04-17137-4.
Huart 2012b. Huart, Cl. (2012b). "'Alids". In Houtsma, M.Th.; Arnold, T.W.; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (First ed.). doi:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_0645. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6.
Djebli 2012. Djebli, M. (2012). "Nahd̲j̲ al-Balāg̲h̲a". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5752. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Jozi & Shah-Kazemi 2015. Jozi, M.R.; Shah-Kazemi, R. (2015). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 6. Mysticism (Taṣawwuf and 'Irfān)". In Daftary, F. (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Brown, K. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126.
Pakatchi 2015. Pakatchi, A. (2015). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 4. Qur'ān and Ḥadīth Sciences". In Daftary, F. (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Valey, M.I. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126.
Haj Manouchehri 2015. Haj Manouchehri, F. (2015). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 1. Names and Titles". In Daftary, F. (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Melvin-Koushki, Matthew. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126.
Alizadeh 2015. Alizadeh, M. (2015). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 11. The Iconography of Imam 'Alī in Persianate Islamic Art". In Daftary, F. (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Negahban, F. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126.
Gibb 2012. Gibb, H.A.R. (2012). "Amīr al-Mu'minīn". Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0617. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4. S2CID 186002378.

harvard.edu

rpl.hds.harvard.edu

"Druze in Syria". Harvard Divinity School. Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.

iranicaonline.org

Poonawala 1982. Poonawala, I.K. (1982). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭāleb I. Life". Encyclopaedia Iranica (Online ed.).
Pellat 1983. Pellat, Ch. (1983). "Abū Lo'Lo'a". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. I/3. pp. 333–334. ISSN 2330-4804.
It was only when Yazdegerd died (A.D. 651) that some mark of Arab authority was added to the coinage (Plate II, 1; Marv, 651-52). Most early drahms have only a short Arabic religious inscription in the margin (such as besm Allāh, "in the name of God"), with the name of Yazdegerd or his predecessor Ḵosrow II, but a few have the name of ʿAbdallāh b. ʿĀmer, conqueror and governor of southern and eastern Iran. The most common name in the first two decades of Arab rule is Ḵosrow II. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-sasanian-coins
Kohlberg 1982. Kohlberg, E. (1982). "ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB ii. ʿAlī as seen by the Community". Encyclopedia Iranica.
Madelung 2003. Madelung, W. (2003). "Ḥasan b. 'Ali b. Abi Ṭāleb". Encyclopaedia Iranica. pp. 26–28. ISSN 2330-4804. Archived from the original on 17 November 2013.
Amir-Moezzi 1998. Amir-Moezzi, M.A. (1998). "Eschatology iii. Imami Shi'ism". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. VIII/6. pp. 575–581. ISSN 2330-4804.

jstor.org

Modarressi 1993, p. 13. Modarressi, H. (1993). "Early Debates on the Integrity of the Qur'ān: A Brief Survey". Studia Islamica. 77 (77): 5–39. doi:10.2307/1595789. JSTOR 1595789.

proquest.com

Soufi 1997, p. 86. Soufi, D.L. (1997). The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought (PhD thesis). Princeton University. ProQuest 304390529.
Soufi 1997, pp. 84–5. Soufi, D.L. (1997). The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought (PhD thesis). Princeton University. ProQuest 304390529.
Soufi 1997, p. 84. Soufi, D.L. (1997). The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought (PhD thesis). Princeton University. ProQuest 304390529.
Soufi 1997, pp. 104–105. Soufi, D.L. (1997). The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought (PhD thesis). Princeton University. ProQuest 304390529.
Soufi 1997, p. 100. Soufi, D.L. (1997). The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought (PhD thesis). Princeton University. ProQuest 304390529.
Soufi 1997, p. 120. Soufi, D.L. (1997). The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought (PhD thesis). Princeton University. ProQuest 304390529.

search.proquest.com

Soufi 1997, p. 86. Soufi, D.L. (1997). The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought (PhD thesis). Princeton University. ProQuest 304390529.
Soufi 1997, pp. 84–5. Soufi, D.L. (1997). The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought (PhD thesis). Princeton University. ProQuest 304390529.
Soufi 1997, p. 84. Soufi, D.L. (1997). The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought (PhD thesis). Princeton University. ProQuest 304390529.
Soufi 1997, pp. 104–105. Soufi, D.L. (1997). The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought (PhD thesis). Princeton University. ProQuest 304390529.
Soufi 1997, p. 100. Soufi, D.L. (1997). The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought (PhD thesis). Princeton University. ProQuest 304390529.
Soufi 1997, p. 120. Soufi, D.L. (1997). The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought (PhD thesis). Princeton University. ProQuest 304390529.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Miskinzoda 2015, p. 69. Miskinzoda, G. (2015). "The Significance of the ḥadīth of the Position of Aaron for the Formulation of the Shī'ī Doctrine of Authority". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 78 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1017/S0041977X14001402. S2CID 159678004.
Miskinzoda 2015, pp. 76–7. Miskinzoda, G. (2015). "The Significance of the ḥadīth of the Position of Aaron for the Formulation of the Shī'ī Doctrine of Authority". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 78 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1017/S0041977X14001402. S2CID 159678004.
Hinds 1972a, p. 467. Hinds, M. (1972a). "The Murder of the Caliph 'Uthman". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 3 (4): 450–469. doi:10.1017/S0020743800025216. S2CID 159763369.
Hinds 1972a. Hinds, M. (1972a). "The Murder of the Caliph 'Uthman". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 3 (4): 450–469. doi:10.1017/S0020743800025216. S2CID 159763369.
Hinds 1971, p. 361. Hinds, M. (1971). "Kûfan Political Alignments and Their Background in the Mid-Seventh Century A.D.". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 2 (4): 346–367. doi:10.1017/S0020743800001306. S2CID 155455942.
Gibb 2012. Gibb, H.A.R. (2012). "Amīr al-Mu'minīn". Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0617. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4. S2CID 186002378.
Miskinzoda 2015, p. 76. Miskinzoda, G. (2015). "The Significance of the ḥadīth of the Position of Aaron for the Formulation of the Shī'ī Doctrine of Authority". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 78 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1017/S0041977X14001402. S2CID 159678004.

sunnah.com

"Sahih Muslim 1532b - The Book of Transactions - كتاب البيوع - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 26 January 2024.

web.archive.org

Madelung 2003. Madelung, W. (2003). "Ḥasan b. 'Ali b. Abi Ṭāleb". Encyclopaedia Iranica. pp. 26–28. ISSN 2330-4804. Archived from the original on 17 November 2013.
"Druze in Syria". Harvard Divinity School. Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.

worldcat.org

Pellat 1983. Pellat, Ch. (1983). "Abū Lo'Lo'a". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. I/3. pp. 333–334. ISSN 2330-4804.
Wellhausen 1901, pp. 17–18. Wellhausen, J. (1901). Die Religiös-Politischen Oppositionsparteien im Alten Islam (in German). Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. OCLC 453206240.
Wellhausen 1901, p. 18. Wellhausen, J. (1901). Die Religiös-Politischen Oppositionsparteien im Alten Islam (in German). Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. OCLC 453206240.
Wellhausen 1927, p. 85. Wellhausen, J. (1927). The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall. Translated by Weir, M.G. University of Calcutta. OCLC 752790641.
Madelung 2003. Madelung, W. (2003). "Ḥasan b. 'Ali b. Abi Ṭāleb". Encyclopaedia Iranica. pp. 26–28. ISSN 2330-4804. Archived from the original on 17 November 2013.
Amir-Moezzi 1998. Amir-Moezzi, M.A. (1998). "Eschatology iii. Imami Shi'ism". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. VIII/6. pp. 575–581. ISSN 2330-4804.