References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Almoravid dynasty" in the English version

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Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoglu, Gulru (16 June 2017). A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 302. ISBN 978-1-119-06857-0. As far west as the Maghrib, two Berber (Amazigh) dynasties that had emerged in the aftermath of the collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of Cordoba – the Almoravids (1040–1147), who were Abbasid vassals, and their autonomous Almohad successors (1121–1269) who claimed the caliphate for themselves...

Nyrop, Richard F. (1972). Area Handbook for Algeria. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 14. The Almoravids, who acknowledged the spiritual authority of the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad, founded their capital at Marrakech and by 1082 had extended their control along the Mediterranean coast beyond present-day Algiers to the edge of the Kabylia region.

Arnaud, Jean (2013). Introduction à la Mauritanie (in French). Institut de recherches et d'études sur le monde arabe et musulman. ISBN 978-2-271-08123-0.

Nantet, Bernard (2013). Le Sahara: Histoire, guerres et conquêtes (in French). Tallandier. ISBN 979-10-210-0172-5.

Gaudio, Attilio (1978). Le Dossier de la Mauritanie (in French). Nouvelles Editions Latines. ISBN 978-2-7233-0035-3.

Daddah, Mokhtar Ould (2003). La Mauritanie contre vents et marées (in French). Karthala Editions. ISBN 978-2-8111-3765-6.

Garcin, Jean-Claude; Balivet, Michel; Bianquis, Thierry (1995). États, sociétés et cultures du monde musulman médiéval : Xe–XVe siècle (1) (in French). Presses universitaires de France (réédition numérique Feni XX). ISBN 978-2-13-067300-2.

Boudraa, Nabil; Krause, Joseph (26 March 2009). North African Mosaic: A Cultural Reappraisal of Ethnic and Religious Minorities. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-4438-0768-5. But, as was the rule throughout the history of al-Andalus, the Almoravid Berbers accepted Arab cultural patterns and Arabic as the language of administration and culture.

Africana Bulletin (in French). Wyd. Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. 1964. p. 202. En outre, bien que les Almoravides aient parlé le berbère, l'arabe restait la langue officielle == Furthermore, although the Almoravids spoke Berber, Arabic remained the official language.

Bennison 2016, pp. 336, 341. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Meynier, Gilbert (2010). L'Algérie, coeur du Maghreb classique: de l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (698–1518) (in French). La Découverte. ISBN 978-2-7071-5231-2.

Bennison 2016, pp. 43–46, 61. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, p. 61. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Gómez-Rivas, Camilo (2014). Law and the Islamization of Morocco under the Almoravids: The Fatwās of Ibn Rushd al-Jadd to the Far Maghrib. Brill. p. 3. ISBN 978-90-04-27984-1.

Kennedy, Hugh (2016). Caliphate: The History of an Idea. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-09438-7.

Abun-Nasr 1987, p. 87. Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521337674.

Bennison 2016, pp. 55–56. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, pp. 58–61. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Messier 2010. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Baadj, Amar S. (11 August 2015). Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries). BRILL. p. 13. ISBN 978-90-04-29857-6.

Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1992). Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century. J. Currey. pp. 176–181. ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9.

Willis, John Ralph (12 October 2012). Studies in West African Islamic History: Volume 1: The Cultivators of Islam, Volume 2: The Evolution of Islamic Institutions & Volume 3: The Growth of Arabic Literature. Routledge. pp. 88–90. ISBN 978-1-136-25160-3.

Brill, E. J. (1993). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. A - Bābā Beg. BRILL. p. 318. ISBN 978-90-04-09787-2.

Bennison 2016, p. 28. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, p. 336. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, p. 30. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, pp. 30, 336. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Messier 2010, pp. 14–15. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Messier 2010, pp. 16–17. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Bennison 2016, p. 31. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Messier 2010, p. 17: "The Bani Gudala chose this moment to break away from the Sanhaja confederation. This open revolt of the Bani Gudala is linked with their rejection of Ibn Yasin; but it could also have something to do with their desire to seek their own fortune, now, along the salt routes to Awlil on the coast of the Atlantic. Regardless, it forced the Almoravids to split their forces. Ibn Yasin went north with a small detachment of Almoravid warriors. He added to his army as he went, recruiting tribesmen from the Bani Sarta and the Bani Tarja. He joined his forces to those of Abu Bakr Ibn Umar, Yahya's brother, who was already in the region of the Draa to the southwest of Sijilmasa. Yahya Ibn Umar, meanwhile, remained with part of the army in the Adrar, in the heartland of the Bani Lamtuna. He established his base at a place called Jabal Lamtuna. These mountains were surrounded by some 20,000 date palms. There was abundant water and pasturage. Most importantly, the place was easily defensible. He held up in a fortress called Azuggi, which his brother Yannu had built." Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Levtzion, Nehemia (2019). "'Abd Allah b. Yasin and the Almoravids". In Willis, John Ralph (ed.). Studies in West African Islamic History: The Cultivators of Islam. Routledge. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-1-315-29732-3. After the confrontation with Ibn Tashfin, Abu Bakr b. 'Umar returned to the desert, where he led the southern wing of the Almoravids in the jihad against the Sudanis. The base for his operations seems to have been the town of Azukki (Azugi, Arkar.) It is first mentioned as the fortress in Jabal Lamtuna (Adrar), where Yahya b. 'Umar was besieged and killed by the Juddala. Azukki, according to al-Bakri, was built by Yannu b. 'Umar, the brother of Yahya and Abu Bakr. Al-Idrisi mentions Azukki as an important Saharan town on the route from Sijilmasa to the Sudan, and adds that this was its Berber name, whereas Sudanis called it Kukadam (written as Quqadam).

Gaudio, Attilio (1978). Le Dossier de la Mauritanie (in French). Nouvelles Editions Latines. ISBN 978-2-7233-0035-3. L'historien El Bekri, dans sa Description de l'Afrique septentrionale, parle de l'ancienne fortresse d'Azougui, située dans une grande palmeraie de l'Adrar mauritanien, comme ayant été la véritable capital des sultans almoravides, avant leur épopée maroco-espagnole. Elle ne dut connaître qu'une splendeur éphémère, car depuis la fin du XIIe siècle son nom disparaît des chroniques.

Sabatier, Diane Himpan; Himpan, Brigitte (2019). Nomads of Mauritania. Vernon Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-62273-582-2.

Messier 2010, pp. 17–18. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Messier 2010, pp. 17–19. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Bennison 2016, p. 32. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Messier 2010, pp. 37–38. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Abun-Nasr 1987, p. 81. Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521337674.

Messier 2010, p. 39. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Bennison 2016, p. 34. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Deverdun 1959, p. 59–63; Messier 2010, p. 180; Abun-Nasr 1987, p. 83; Salmon 2018, p. 33; Wilbaux 2001, p. 208; Bennison 2016, p. 22, 34; Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014, p. 565. Deverdun, Gaston (1959). Marrakech: Des origines à 1912. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2. Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521337674. Salmon, Xavier (2018). Maroc Almoravide et Almohade: Architecture et décors au temps des conquérants, 1055–1269. Paris: LienArt. Wilbaux, Quentin (2001). La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2747523888. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821. Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle, eds. (2014). Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne (in French). Paris: Louvre éditions. ISBN 978-2350314907.

Bloom & Blair 2009, "Marrakesh"; Naylor 2009, p. 90; Park & Boum 2006, p. 238. Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture: Delhi to Mosque. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1. Archived from the original on 30 November 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015. Naylor, Phillip C. (2009). North Africa: A History from Antiquity to the Present. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71922-4. Park, Thomas K.; Boum, Aomar (2006). "Marrakech". Historical Dictionary of Morocco (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6511-2. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.

Abun-Nasr 1987, pp. 81–82. Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521337674.

Bennison 2016, pp. 34–35. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, p. 35. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, pp. 35–36. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, p. 36. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Messier 2010, p. 63. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Messier 2010, pp. 43–49. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Bennison 2016, p. 39. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Abun-Nasr 1987, p. 82. Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521337674.

Messier 2010, p. 49. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Bennison 2016, pp. 39, 337. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Messier 2010, pp. 65–66. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Messier 2010, p. 66. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Baadj, Amar S. (2015). Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries). Studies in the History and Society of the Maghrib. Brill. p. 50. ISBN 978-90-04-29857-6.

Messier 2010, pp. 66–67. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Albarrán, Javier (2018). "Al-Andalus". In Fitz, Francisco García; Monteiro, João Gouveia (eds.). War in the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1600. Routledge. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-1-351-77886-2.

Bennison 2016, p. 49. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, pp. 49–50. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, p. 50. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Messier 2010, p. 86: "Nor did Abu Bakr interfere with Yusuf's free hand in Morocco or Spain. The old amir ruled in the Sahara in the same way that tribal chiefs among the Sanhaja had done for generations, through a combination nation of tribal loyalties, religious appeal, and military strength. He had every intention to continue the religious revival in the vein of strict Malikite Islam. He brought to the desert a teacher from the city of Aghmat, the Imam al-Hadrami. The latter had studied Malikite law in both Qayrawan and Andalusia. Abu Bakr made him qadi, judge, in Azuggi. From there, Imam al-Hadrami went out to preach among the unbelievers." Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Bennison 2016, p. 2: "The Arabic narrative, such as it is, posits that Abu Bakir b. 'Umar returned to the Almoravids' southern base or capital at Azuggi in modern Mauritania with a handful of Maliki jurists, including Abu Bakr Muhammad al-Muradi from Qayrawan, to orchestrate the Almoravid advance south against the Soninke kingdom of Ghana, which was successfully conquered around 1076-7 and subsequently collapsed. (...) The nature of the Almoravid encounter with Ghana—conquest or partnership—and the ethnic and religious origins of those involved is impossible to determine in the absence of new sources. However, the Almoravids clearly achieved control of the salt trade and the gold flow north, their primary economic objective, and Islam did take root among the population of Ghana, their religious objective. Abu Bakr maintained Almoravid control of the Sahara at least in the vicinity of Azuggi, and the expansion of the Sanhaja eastwards appears to have been led by the Almoravid Masufa, a group with strong marriage and maternal connections to the Lamtuna, who migrated into the vast zone between Sijilmasa and Waraqlan, led quite possibly by Abu Bakr's son, Yahya, known as al-Masufi due to his maternal lineage." Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Norris, H. T. (1986). The Arab Conquest of the Western Sahara: Studies of the Historical Events, Religious Beliefs and Social Customs which Made the Remotest Sahara a Part of the Arab World. Longman. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-582-75643-4. Its present capital is Āṭār, though in the mediaeval period its principal towns were Azuqqi (Azougui), which, for a while, was the "capital" of the southern wing of the Almoravid movement, (...)

Bennison 2016, p. 37. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Gómez-Rivas, Camilo (2014). Law and the Islamization of Morocco under the Almoravids: The Fatwās of Ibn Rushd al-Jadd to the Far Maghrib. Brill. p. 13. ISBN 978-90-04-27984-1.

Messier 2010, p. 209. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Messier 2010, p. 86. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Bennison 2016, pp. 40, 42. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, p. 41. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, p. 43. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, pp. 43–44. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, p. 45. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, pp. 45, 47. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Messier 2010, p. 112. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Bennison 2016, p. 46. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Messier 2010, pp. 114–115. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Messier 2010, p. 115. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Messier 2010, p. 116. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Messier 2010, pp. 116–117. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Messier 2010, pp. 117–118. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Bennison 2016, pp. 54–55. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Messier 2010, p. 121. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Bennison 2016, pp. 57–58. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Messier 2010, pp. 121–122. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Bennison 2016, p. 56. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Messier 2010, p. 135. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Messier 2010, pp. 135–136. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

Bennison 2016, p. 57. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, p. 58. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, pp. 56, 59. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, pp. 61, 342. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, pp. 91, 270, 342–344. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

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Bennison 2016, p. 277. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, pp. 300–305. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, p. 302. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, p. 303. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bloom & Blair 2009, Marrakesh. Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture: Delhi to Mosque. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1. Archived from the original on 30 November 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.

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Bennison 2016, p. 304. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, p. 276. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

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Bennison 2016, pp. 299–300. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Bennison 2016, p. 27. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.

Sijelmassi, Mohamed (1987). ذخائر مخطوطات الخزانة الملكية بالمغرب: (Bibliothèque al-Hassania) (in French). www.acr-edition.com. ISBN 978-2-86770-025-5.

Gómez, Emilio García; Palencia, Ángel González (1945). Un eclipse de la poesía en Sevilla: la época almorávide (in Spanish). Real Academia Española.

Messier 2010, p. 118. Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

El Hamel, Chouki (2012). "Ibn Yasin, 'Abd Allah". In Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (eds.). Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.

Rodriguez-Manas, Francisco (2013). "'Abd Allah ibn Yasin: Almoravid: Sahara". In Shillington, Kevin (ed.). Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-135-45670-2.

Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). "The Almoravids or al-Murabitun". The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748696482.

Russell, Hopley (2012). "Yusuf ibn Tashfin, Abu Ya'qub". In Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (eds.). Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.

Hopley, Russell (2012). "'Ali, ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin". In Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (eds.). Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.

Flood, Timothy M. (2018). Rulers and Realms in Medieval Iberia, 711-1492. McFarland. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-4766-3372-5.

Cory, Stephen (2012). "Tashfin ibn ʿAli". In Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (eds.). Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 508. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.

Fierro, Maribel (2021). 'Abd al-Mu'min: Mahdism and Caliphate in the Islamic West. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-86154-192-8.

Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis, eds. (2012). "Ishaq ibn 'Ali". Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.

brill.com

Ould Cheikh, Abdel Wedoud; Saison, Bernard (1 January 1987). "Vie(s) Et Mort(s) De Al-Imām Al-Hadrāmi: Autour de la postérité saharienne du mouvement almoravide (11e-17e s.)". Arabica. 34 (1): 48–79. doi:10.1163/157005887X00342. ISSN 1570-0585. Au milieu du Ve siecle H/XIe siecle ap. J.C., l'écrivain andalou al-Bakri fait état de l'existence à «Arki» d'une «forteresse...au milieu de 20 000 palmiers...édifiée par Yannu Ibn 'Umar al-Ḥāğ, frère de Yaḥya Ibn 'Umar... ». Cette brève mention est vraisemblablement a l'origine du qualificatif d'«almoravide» qu'en l'absence de toute investigation proprement archéologique, les historiens modernes ont généralement attribué aux ruines apparentes du tell archéologique d'Azūgi; nous y reviendrons. Au siecle suivant, al-Idrisi (1154) localise la «première des stations du Sahara...au pays des Massūfa et des Lamṭa» ; étape sur un itinéraire transsaharien joignant Siğilmāsa a Silla, Takrūr ou Gāna, Azūki, ou Kukdam en «langue gināwiyya des Sudan», abrite une population prospère. Pour brève et à nos yeux trop imprécise qu'elle soit, l'évocation d'al-Idrisi est néanmoins la plus étoffée de celles qui nous sont parvenues des auteurs «médiévaux» de langue arabe. Aucun écrivain contemporain d'al-Idrisi, ou postérieur, qu'il s'agisse d'al-Zuhri (ap. 1133), d'Ibn Sa'id et surtout d'Ibn Haldun—qui n'en prononce même pas le nom dans son récit pourtant complet de l'histoire du mouvement almoravide—ne nous fournit en effet d'élément nouveau sur Azūgi. À la fin du XVe siècle, au moment où apparaissent les navigateurs portugais sur les côtes sahariennes, al-Qalqašandi et al-Himyari ne mentionnent plus «Azūqi» ou «Azīfi» que comme un toponyme parmi d'autres au Bilād al-Sudān... Les sources écrites arabes des XIe-XVe siècles ne livrent donc sur Azūgi que de brèves notices, infiniment moins détaillées et prolixes que celles dont font l'objet, pour la même période et chez ces mêmes auteurs, certaines grandes cités toutes proches, telles Awdagust, Gāna, Kawkaw, Niani, Walāta, etc... Faut-il voir dans cette discrétion un témoignage «a silentio» sur l'affaiblissement matériel d'une agglomération—une «ville» au sens où l'entendent habituellement les auteurs cités?—dont al-Idrisi affirme effectivement qu'elle n'est point une grande ville»?

doi.org

Masonen, Pekka; Fisher, Humphrey J. (1996). "Not quite Venus from the waves: The Almoravid conquest of Ghana in the modern historiography of Western Africa" (PDF). History in Africa. 23: 197–232. doi:10.2307/3171941. JSTOR 3171941. S2CID 162477947. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

Lange, Dierk (1996). "The Almoravid expansion and the downfall of Ghana". Der Islam. 73 (73): 122–159. doi:10.1515/islm.1996.73.2.313. S2CID 162370098..

Burkhalter, Sheryl L. (1992). "Listening for Silences in Almoravid History: Another Reading of "The Conquest That Never Was"". History in Africa. 19: 103–131. doi:10.2307/3171996. JSTOR 3171996. S2CID 163154435.

Leube, Georg (12 April 2016). "Sacred Topography: A Spatial Approach to the stelae of Gao-Saney". Islamic Africa. 7 (1): 44–59. doi:10.1163/21540993-00701005. ISSN 0803-0685.

Latham, J. D. (1 October 1978). "The Interpretation of a Passage on Scales (Maw Āzin) in an Andalusian Hisba Manual". Journal of Semitic Studies. 23 (2): 283–290. doi:10.1093/jss/23.2.283. ISSN 0022-4480.

Tabbaa, Yasser (2008). "Andalusian roots and Abbasid homage in the Qubbat al-Barudiyyin in Marrakesh". Muqarnas. 25: 133–146. doi:10.1163/22118993_02501006.

Draper, Peter (2005). "Islam and the West: The Early Use of the Pointed Arch Revisited". Architectural History. 48: 12. doi:10.1017/s0066622x00003701. ISSN 0066-622X. S2CID 194947480.

Tabbaa, Yasser (1985). "The Muqarnas Dome: Its Origin and Meaning". Muqarnas. 3: 61–74. doi:10.1163/22118993-90000196. JSTOR 1523084.

Almagro, Antonio (2015). "The Great Mosque of Tlemcen and the Dome of its Maqsura". Al-Qantara. 36 (1): 199–257. doi:10.3989/alqantara.2015.007. hdl:10261/122812.

"Abū ʿUbayd al-Bakrī". Encyclopaedia Islamica. 16 October 2015. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_com_0151. Retrieved 1 November 2021.

Monroe, James T. (30 November 2023), "Andalusī Heterodoxy and Colloquial Arabic Poetry", The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Poetry, New York: Routledge, pp. 86–107, doi:10.4324/9781003096955-4, ISBN 978-1-003-09695-5, retrieved 20 February 2024

dx.doi.org

metmuseum.org

"The Art of the Almoravid and Almohad Periods (ca. 1062–1269)". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 11 October 2022.

Partearroyo, Cristina (1992). "Almoravid and Almohad Textiles". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.). Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 105–113. ISBN 0870996371.

Khemir, Sabiha (1992). "The Arts of the Book". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.). Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870996371.

Dodds, Jerrilynn D., ed. (1992). Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870996371.

Perez, Manuel Casamar (1992). "The Almoravids and Almohads: An introduction". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.). Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 75–83. ISBN 0870996371.

openedition.org

books.openedition.org

Vanacker, Christiane (1979). "La Mauritanie jusqu'au XXe siècle". Introduction à la Mauritanie (in French). Institut de recherches et d’études sur les mondes arabes et musulmans, Éditions du CNRS. ISBN 978-2-271-08123-0. Il est souhaitable que les fouilles prévues à Azougui, première « capitale » fondée par les Almoravides (avant Marrakech) puissent être prochainement réalisées.

web.archive.org

"Definition of Almoravid". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.

Allain, Charles; Deverdun, Gaston (1957). "Les portes anciennes de Marrakech". Hespéris. 44: 85–126. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.

worldcat.org

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-systems Research. 12: 222–223. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 1 August 2020..

Messier, Ronald A. (2009). "Almoravids". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISBN 978-9004181304. ISSN 1873-9830.

Balafrej, Lamia (2012). "Saracen or Pisan?". Ars Orientalis. 42: 31–40. ISSN 0571-1371. JSTOR 43489762.

Leube, Georg (12 April 2016). "Sacred Topography: A Spatial Approach to the stelae of Gao-Saney". Islamic Africa. 7 (1): 44–59. doi:10.1163/21540993-00701005. ISSN 0803-0685.

Draper, Peter (2005). "Islam and the West: The Early Use of the Pointed Arch Revisited". Architectural History. 48: 12. doi:10.1017/s0066622x00003701. ISSN 0066-622X. S2CID 194947480.

Almoravid dynasty (English Wikipedia)

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