Alphabet (English Wikipedia)

Pulgram, Ernst (1951). "Phoneme and Grapheme: A Parallel". WORD. 7 (1): 15–20. doi:10.1080/00437956.1951.11659389.
Taylor, Insup (1980). "The Korean writing system: An alphabet? A syllabary? A logography?". Processing of Visible Language. pp. 67–82. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-1068-6_5. ISBN 978-1-4684-1070-9.
Houston, Stephen; Baines, John; Cooper, Jerrold (2003). "Last Writing: Script Obsolescence in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 45 (3): 430–479. doi:10.1017/S0010417503000227. JSTOR 3879458. ProQuest 212670035.
Goldwasser, Orly (12 September 2012). "The Miners Who Invented the Alphabet – A Response to Christopher Rollston". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. 4 (3). doi:10.2458/azu_jaei_v04i3_goldwasser.
Coulmas 1999, pp. 13, 178–179. Coulmas, Florian (1999). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems. doi:10.1002/9781118932667. ISBN 978-0-631-19446-0.
Millard 1986, p. 396. Millard, A. R. (1986). "The Infancy of the Alphabet". World Archaeology. 17 (3): 390–398. doi:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979978. JSTOR 124703.
Westenholz, Aage (19 January 2007). "The Graeco-Babyloniaca Once Again". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie. 97 (2). doi:10.1515/ZA.2007.014.
Hock & Joseph 2009, p. 85. Hock, Hans Henrich; Joseph, Brian D. (2009). Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship. doi:10.1515/9783110214307. ISBN 978-3-11-021842-8.
Alphonsa, Alice Celin; Bhanja, Chuya China; Laskar, Azharuddin; Laskar, Rabul Hussain (2017). "Spectral feature based automatic tonal and non-tonal language classification". 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT). pp. 1271–1276. doi:10.1109/ICICICT1.2017.8342752. ISBN 978-1-5090-6106-8.
Lehmann, Reinhard G. (2012). "27–30–22–26 – How Many Letters Needs an Alphabet? The Case of Semitic". The Idea of Writing. pp. 11–52. doi:10.1163/9789004217003_003. ISBN 978-90-04-21700-3.
DIN 5007-1:2005-08 Filing of Character Strings – Part 1: General Rules for Processing (ABC Rules) (in German). German Institute for Standardisation (Deutsches Institut für Normung). 2005. doi:10.31030/9632328.
Millard 1986, p. 395 Millard, A. R. (1986). "The Infancy of the Alphabet". World Archaeology. 17 (3): 390–398. doi:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979978. JSTOR 124703.
Coulmas 1999, pp. 1–2, 292, 294. Coulmas, Florian (1999). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems. doi:10.1002/9781118932667. ISBN 978-0-631-19446-0.
Nordlund, Taru (2012). "Standardization of Finnish Orthography: From Reformists to National Awakeners". Walter de Gruyter: 351–372. doi:10.1515/9783110288179.351. ISBN 978-3-11-028817-9. S2CID 156286003.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)

evertype.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"ÖZBEK ALIFBOSI". www.evertype.com (in Uzbek). Archived from the original on 26 July 2026. Retrieved 13 December 2022.

fas.harvard.edu (Global: 2,293^rd place; English: 2,027^th place)

chaucer.fas.harvard.edu

"The Great Vowel Shift". chaucer.fas.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2022. Note how it says short vowels are similar between Middle and Modern English.

google.co.uk (Global: 1,519^th place; English: 727^th place)

books.google.co.uk

Barnes, Michael P. (2022). Runes: a handbook (paperback ed.). Woodbridge Rochester, NY: the Boydell press. ISBN 9781783276974.

google.com (Global: 109^th place; English: 87^th place)

Kim, Chin W. (1997). "The Structure of Phonological Units in Han'gŭl". In Kim-Renaud, Young-Key (ed.). King Sejong the Great: The Light of Fifteenth Century Korea. International Circle of Korean Linguistics. pp. 145, 148–150. ISBN 978-1-882177-00-4. Archived from the original on 15 May 2025. Retrieved 26 October 2025.

h2g2.com (Global: 9,307^th place; English: 5,970^th place)

Gnomon (8 April 2004). Lynn, Bernadette (ed.). "The Development of the Western Alphabet". BBC. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2008.

hawaii.edu (Global: 1,313^th place; English: 884^th place)

uhpress.hawaii.edu

DeFrancis, John (1989). Visible Speech: The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems. University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 196–198. ISBN 0-8248-1207-7. Archived from the original on 8 October 2025. Retrieved 26 October 2025.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Bram, Jagersma (4 November 2010). A Descriptive Grammar of Sumerian (Thesis). Leiden University. p. 15. hdl:1887/16107.
Maxwell, Alexander (2004). "Contemporary Hungarian Rune-Writing Ideological Linguistic Nationalism within a Homogenous Nation". Anthropos. hdl:10063/674.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Houston, Stephen; Baines, John; Cooper, Jerrold (2003). "Last Writing: Script Obsolescence in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 45 (3): 430–479. doi:10.1017/S0010417503000227. JSTOR 3879458. ProQuest 212670035.
Millard 1986, p. 396. Millard, A. R. (1986). "The Infancy of the Alphabet". World Archaeology. 17 (3): 390–398. doi:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979978. JSTOR 124703.
Darnell, John Coleman; Dobbs-Allsopp, F. W.; Lundberg, Marilyn J.; McCarter, P. Kyle; Zuckerman, Bruce; Manassa, Colleen (2005). "Two Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi el-Ḥôl: New Evidence for the Origin of the Alphabet from the Western Desert of Egypt". The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 59: 63, 65, 67–71, 73–113, 115–124. JSTOR 3768583.
Clark, Marybeth (2000). Deixis and Anaphora and Prelinguistic Universals. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 46–61. JSTOR 20000140.
Millard 1986, p. 395 Millard, A. R. (1986). "The Infancy of the Alphabet". World Archaeology. 17 (3): 390–398. doi:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979978. JSTOR 124703.

libretexts.org (Global: 4,683^rd place; English: 3,565^th place)

socialsci.libretexts.org

Gasser, Michael (10 April 2021). "4.5: English Accents". Social Sci LibreTexts. Archived from the original on 26 July 2026. Retrieved 15 December 2022.

mazzaroth.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ugaritic Writing online Archived 13 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

"alphabet". Merriam-Webster.com. October 2023.

proquest.com (Global: 121^st place; English: 59^th place)

Houston, Stephen; Baines, John; Cooper, Jerrold (2003). "Last Writing: Script Obsolescence in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 45 (3): 430–479. doi:10.1017/S0010417503000227. JSTOR 3879458. ProQuest 212670035.

rae.es (Global: 632^nd place; English: 3,255^th place)

Real Academia Española. Exclusión de «ch» y «ll» del abecedario.

rferl.org (Global: 733^rd place; English: 555^th place)

"Uzbekistan Aims For Full Transition To Latin-Based Alphabet By 2023". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 12 February 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2022.^{[better source needed]}

sanskritdocuments.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"A Practical Sanskrit Introductory by Charles Wikner". sanskritdocuments.org. Retrieved 30 November 2022.

scribd.com (Global: 467^th place; English: 428^th place)

"Aramaic Alphabet". Scribd. Retrieved 4 January 2023.^{[better source needed]}

scriptsource.org (Global: 6,106^th place; English: low place)

"ScriptSource – Ethiopic (Geʻez)". scriptsource.org. Retrieved 14 December 2022.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Nordlund, Taru (2012). "Standardization of Finnish Orthography: From Reformists to National Awakeners". Walter de Gruyter: 351–372. doi:10.1515/9783110288179.351. ISBN 978-3-11-028817-9. S2CID 156286003.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)

thediplomat.com (Global: 1,377^th place; English: 912^th place)

Berdiqulov, Aziz (21 September 2024). "The Latinization of Kazakhstan: Language, Modernization and Geopolitics". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 26 July 2026. Retrieved 11 February 2026.

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

Linstead, Stephen (11 December 2014). "English spellings don't match the sounds they are supposed to represent. It's time to change". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 July 2026. Retrieved 13 December 2022.

thekootneeti.in (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hitkari, Cherry (6 October 2021). "Alphabet's Epitome: The Invention of Hangul and its Contribution to the Korean Society". Archived from the original on 26 July 2026. Retrieved 30 November 2022.

unicode.org (Global: 691^st place; English: 581^st place)

"Proposal for Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols" (PDF). Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 19 May 2026.

utoronto.ca (Global: 1,483^rd place; English: 930^th place)

twpl.library.utoronto.ca

Rogers, Henry (1999). "Sociolinguistic factors in borrowed writing systems". Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics. 17.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Gnomon (8 April 2004). Lynn, Bernadette (ed.). "The Development of the Western Alphabet". BBC. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2008.
"Uniliteral Signs". Learn Hieroglyphs. Bibliotheca Alexandrina. Archived from the original on 25 July 2026. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
Ugaritic Writing online Archived 13 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine
DeFrancis, John (1989). Visible Speech: The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems. University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 196–198. ISBN 0-8248-1207-7. Archived from the original on 8 October 2025. Retrieved 26 October 2025.
Kim, Chin W. (1997). "The Structure of Phonological Units in Han'gŭl". In Kim-Renaud, Young-Key (ed.). King Sejong the Great: The Light of Fifteenth Century Korea. International Circle of Korean Linguistics. pp. 145, 148–150. ISBN 978-1-882177-00-4. Archived from the original on 15 May 2025. Retrieved 26 October 2025.
Hitkari, Cherry (6 October 2021). "Alphabet's Epitome: The Invention of Hangul and its Contribution to the Korean Society". Archived from the original on 26 July 2026. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
Thamis (18 January 2012). "The Phoenician Alphabet & Language". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 26 July 2026. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
Elanskaya, A. I. "КОПТСКОЕ ПИСЬМО • Большая российская энциклопедия – электронная версия". bigenc.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
Street, Julie (10 June 2020). "From A to Z — the surprising history of alphabetical order". ABC News. Archived from the original on 26 July 2026. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
"The Great Vowel Shift". chaucer.fas.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2022. Note how it says short vowels are similar between Middle and Modern English.
Gasser, Michael (10 April 2021). "4.5: English Accents". Social Sci LibreTexts. Archived from the original on 26 July 2026. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
Linstead, Stephen (11 December 2014). "English spellings don't match the sounds they are supposed to represent. It's time to change". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 July 2026. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
Berdiqulov, Aziz (21 September 2024). "The Latinization of Kazakhstan: Language, Modernization and Geopolitics". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 26 July 2026. Retrieved 11 February 2026.
"ÖZBEK ALIFBOSI". www.evertype.com (in Uzbek). Archived from the original on 26 July 2026. Retrieved 13 December 2022.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Galaal, Muuse Haaji Ismaaʻiil; Andrzejewski, Bogumił W. (1956). Hikmaad Soomaali. Oxford University Press. OCLC 63140.
Reindl, Donald (2005). The Effects of Historical German-Slovene Language Contact on the Slovene Language (Thesis). Indiana University, Department of Slavic Languages and Literature. p. 90. OCLC 58733309.
Dictionaries, An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography. Vol. 3rd. Walter De Gruyter. 1991. p. 2419. ISBN 978-3-11-012421-7. OCLC 749338660.

worldhistory.org (Global: 2,330^th place; English: 1,976^th place)

Thamis (18 January 2012). "The Phoenician Alphabet & Language". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 26 July 2026. Retrieved 30 November 2022.

Alphabet (English Wikipedia)

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