American English (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "American English" in English language version.

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17books.google.com

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12doi.org

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7semanticscholar.org

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1livescience.com

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1oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

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about.com

german.about.com

"You Already Know Some German Words!". Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2017.

academia.edu

Boberg (2008), p. 145. Boberg, Charles (2008). "Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English". Journal of English Linguistics. 36 (2): 129–154. doi:10.1177/0075424208316648. S2CID 146478485.
Boberg (2008), pp. 130, 136–137. Boberg, Charles (2008). "Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English". Journal of English Linguistics. 36 (2): 129–154. doi:10.1177/0075424208316648. S2CID 146478485.

apastyle.org

blog.apastyle.org

"Punctuating Around Quotation Marks" (blog). Style Guide of the American Psychological Association. 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2015.

archive.org

Crystal, David (1997). English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53032-3.
Engel, Matthew (2017). That's the Way It Crumbles: The American Conquest of English. London: Profile Books. ISBN 9781782832621. OCLC 989790918.
Skeat, Walter William (1892). Principles of English etymology: The native element – Walter William Skeat. At the Clarendon Press. p. 1. Retrieved June 1, 2015. moose etymology.

arxiv.org

Gonçalves, Bruno; Loureiro-Porto, Lucía; Ramasco, José J.; Sánchez, David (May 25, 2018). "Mapping the Americanization of English in Space and Time". PLOS ONE. 13 (5): e0197741. arXiv:1707.00781. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1397741G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197741. PMC 5969760. PMID 29799872.

bartleby.com

"want. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Bartleby.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2013.

bbc.com

Harbeck, James (July 15, 2015). "Why isn't 'American' a language?". BBC Culture. Retrieved April 18, 2019.

books.google.com

Kretzchmar 2004, pp. 262–263. Kretzchmar, William A. (2004), Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110175325
Kretzchmar 2004, p. 262. Kretzchmar, William A. (2004), Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110175325
Kretzchmar 2004, pp. 258–9. Kretzchmar, William A. (2004), Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110175325
Plag, Ingo; Braun, Maria; Lappe, Sabine; Schramm, Mareile (2009). Introduction to English Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter. p. 53. ISBN 978-3-11-021550-2. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
Wolfram, Walt; Schilling, Natalie (2015). American English: Dialects and Variation. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 103–104.
Kortmann & Schneider 2004, p. 317. Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Company KG. ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
Wells (2008), p. xxi. Wells, John (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Pearson. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
Metcalf, Allan (2000). "The Far West and beyond". How We Talk: American Regional English Today. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 143. ISBN 0618043624. Another pronunciation even more widely heard among older teens and adults in California and throughout the West is 'een' for -ing, as in 'I'm think-een of go-een camp-een.'
Hunter, Marsha; Johnson, Brian K. (2009). "Articulators and Articulation". The Articulate Advocate: New Techniques of Persuasion for Trial Attorneys. Crown King Books. p. 92. ISBN 9780979689505. Regional Accents ... A distinguishing characteristic of the Upper Midwestern accent is the tendency to turn the 'ing' sound into 'een,' with a cheerful 'Good morneen!'
Kortmann & Schneider (2004), p. 295. Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Company KG. ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
Grzegorz Dogil; Susanne Maria Reiterer; Walter de Gruyter, eds. (2009). Language Talent and Brain Activity: Trends in Applied Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. p. 299. ISBN 978-3-11-021549-6.
Jones, Roach & Hartman (2006), p. xi. Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter; Hartman, James (2006). English Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68086-8. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
Gorrell, Robert M. (2001). What's in a Word?: Etymological Gossip about Some Interesting English Words – Robert M. Gorrell. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 9780874173673. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
Bailey, Vernon (1895). The Pocket Gophers of the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
Mencken, H. L. (January 1, 2010). The American Language: A Preliminary Inquiry Into the Development of English ... – H. L. Mencken. Cosimo. ISBN 9781616402594. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
Vorhees, Mara (2009). Boston. Con Pianta. Ediz. Inglese. Lonely Planet. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-74179-178-5.
Gordon, Matthew J.; Schneider, Edgar W. (2008). "New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: Phonology." Varieties of English 2: 67–86.

brailleauthority.org

"Unified English Braille (UEB)". Braille Authority of North America (BANA). November 2, 2016. Archived from the original on November 23, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2017.

census.gov

data.census.gov

"ACS B16001". ACS B16001. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 12, 2024.

cnn.com

edition.cnn.com

Kaur, Harmeet (May 20, 2018). "FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States". CNN. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023.

doi.org

Gonçalves, Bruno; Loureiro-Porto, Lucía; Ramasco, José J.; Sánchez, David (May 25, 2018). "Mapping the Americanization of English in Space and Time". PLOS ONE. 13 (5): e0197741. arXiv:1707.00781. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1397741G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197741. PMC 5969760. PMID 29799872.
Longmore 2007, pp. 517, 520. Longmore, Paul K. (2007). "'Good English without Idiom or Tone': The Colonial Origins of American Speech". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 37 (4). MIT: 513–542. doi:10.1162/jinh.2007.37.4.513. JSTOR 4139476. S2CID 143910740.
Longmore 2007, p. 537. Longmore, Paul K. (2007). "'Good English without Idiom or Tone': The Colonial Origins of American Speech". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 37 (4). MIT: 513–542. doi:10.1162/jinh.2007.37.4.513. JSTOR 4139476. S2CID 143910740.
Paulsen I (2022). The emergence of American English as a discursive variety Tracing enregisterment processes in nineteenth-century U.S. newspapers (pdf). Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.6207627. ISBN 9783961103386.
Hallé, Best & Levitt 1999, p. 283. Hallé, Pierre A.; Best, Catherine T.; Levitt, Andrea (1999). "Phonetic vs. phonological influences on French listeners' perception of American English approximants". Journal of Phonetics. 27 (3): 281–306. doi:10.1006/jpho.1999.0097.
Duncan (2016), pp. 1–2. Duncan, Daniel (2016). "'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study" (PDF). In Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur; Farris-Trimble, Ashley; McMullin, Kevin; Pulleyblank, Douglas (eds.). Supplemental Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Meeting on Phonology. Proceedings of the Annual Meetings on Phonology. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Linguistic Society of America. doi:10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653.
Boberg (2008), p. 145. Boberg, Charles (2008). "Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English". Journal of English Linguistics. 36 (2): 129–154. doi:10.1177/0075424208316648. S2CID 146478485.
Duncan (2016), pp. 1–2; Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 175–177. Duncan, Daniel (2016). "'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study" (PDF). In Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur; Farris-Trimble, Ashley; McMullin, Kevin; Pulleyblank, Douglas (eds.). Supplemental Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Meeting on Phonology. Proceedings of the Annual Meetings on Phonology. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Linguistic Society of America. doi:10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653. Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-016746-7.
Boberg (2008), pp. 130, 136–137. Boberg, Charles (2008). "Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English". Journal of English Linguistics. 36 (2): 129–154. doi:10.1177/0075424208316648. S2CID 146478485.
Labov (2007), p. 359. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.705.7860. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
Labov (2007), p. 373. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.705.7860. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
Dayag, Danilo (2004). "The English-language media in the Philippines". World Englishes. 23: 33–45. doi:10.1111/J.1467-971X.2004.00333.X. S2CID 145589555.

economist.com

"Fears of British English's disappearance are overblown". The Economist. July 20, 2017. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved April 18, 2019.

etymonline.com

Harper, Douglas. "fall". Online Etymology Dictionary.

georgefox.edu

digitalcommons.georgefox.edu

Hartley, Laura (1999). A View from the West: Perceptions of U.S. Dialects from the Point of View of Oregon. Faculty Publications – Department of World Languages, Sociology & Cultural Studies. 17.

ghostarchive.org

Baker, Mielke & Archangeli (2008). Baker, Adam; Mielke, Jeff; Archangeli, Diana (2008). "More velar than /g/: Consonant Coarticulation as a Cause of Diphthongization" (PDF). In Chang, Charles B.; Haynie, Hannah J. (eds.). Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 60–68. ISBN 978-1-57473-423-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
Labov (2007), p. 359. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.705.7860. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
Labov (2007), p. 373. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.705.7860. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (January 1, 2005). "New England" (PDF). The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. This phonemic and phonetic arrangement of the low back vowels makes Rhode Island more similar to New York City than to the rest of New England

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Gonçalves, Bruno; Loureiro-Porto, Lucía; Ramasco, José J.; Sánchez, David (May 25, 2018). "Mapping the Americanization of English in Space and Time". PLOS ONE. 13 (5): e0197741. arXiv:1707.00781. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1397741G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197741. PMC 5969760. PMID 29799872.

hindustantimes.com

"Cookies or biscuits? Data shows use of American English is growing the world over". Hindustan Times. The Guardian. July 17, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2020.

iana.org

"English". IANA language subtag registry. October 16, 2005. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
"United States". IANA language subtag registry. October 16, 2005. Retrieved January 11, 2019.

infoplease.com

dictionary.infoplease.com

"Want: meaning and definitions". Dictionary.infoplease.com. Retrieved May 29, 2013.

johndal.com

survey.johndal.com

Vaux, Bert; Jøhndal, Marius L. (2009). "Do you pronounce "cot" and "caught" the same?" Cambridge Online Survey of World Englishes. Cambridge: Cambridge University.

jstor.org

Longmore 2007, pp. 517, 520. Longmore, Paul K. (2007). "'Good English without Idiom or Tone': The Colonial Origins of American Speech". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 37 (4). MIT: 513–542. doi:10.1162/jinh.2007.37.4.513. JSTOR 4139476. S2CID 143910740.
Longmore 2007, p. 537. Longmore, Paul K. (2007). "'Good English without Idiom or Tone': The Colonial Origins of American Speech". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 37 (4). MIT: 513–542. doi:10.1162/jinh.2007.37.4.513. JSTOR 4139476. S2CID 143910740.
Lass, Roger (1990). "Early Mainland Residues in Southern Hiberno-English". Irish University Review. 20 (1): 137–148. JSTOR 25484343.
Labov (2007), p. 359. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.705.7860. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
Labov (2007), p. 373. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.705.7860. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.

langsci-press.org

Paulsen I (2022). The emergence of American English as a discursive variety Tracing enregisterment processes in nineteenth-century U.S. newspapers (pdf). Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.6207627. ISBN 9783961103386.

lingref.com

Baker, Mielke & Archangeli (2008). Baker, Adam; Mielke, Jeff; Archangeli, Diana (2008). "More velar than /g/: Consonant Coarticulation as a Cause of Diphthongization" (PDF). In Chang, Charles B.; Haynie, Hannah J. (eds.). Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 60–68. ISBN 978-1-57473-423-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.

linguisticsociety.org

journals.linguisticsociety.org

Duncan (2016), pp. 1–2. Duncan, Daniel (2016). "'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study" (PDF). In Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur; Farris-Trimble, Ashley; McMullin, Kevin; Pulleyblank, Douglas (eds.). Supplemental Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Meeting on Phonology. Proceedings of the Annual Meetings on Phonology. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Linguistic Society of America. doi:10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653.
Duncan (2016), pp. 1–2; Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 175–177. Duncan, Daniel (2016). "'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study" (PDF). In Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur; Farris-Trimble, Ashley; McMullin, Kevin; Pulleyblank, Douglas (eds.). Supplemental Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Meeting on Phonology. Proceedings of the Annual Meetings on Phonology. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Linguistic Society of America. doi:10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653. Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-016746-7.

livescience.com

Wolchover, Natalie (2012). "Why Do Americans and Brits Have Different Accents?" LiveScience. Purch.

lsu.edu

digitalcommons.lsu.edu

Elizabeth Ball Carr (August 1954). Trends in Word Compounding in American Speech (Thesis). Louisiana State University.

m-w.com

"Want – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". M-w.com. Retrieved May 29, 2013.

ncsu.edu

www4.ncsu.edu

Katz, Joshua (2013). "Beyond 'Soda, Pop, or Coke.' North Carolina State University.

newspapers.com

Crews, Haibert O. (January 23, 1923). "Talk American, Not English". Champaign-Urbana Courier. p. 10. Retrieved March 23, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
Davis, Robert (September 24, 1969). "News Briefs: Its Legal—We Speak English". Chicago Tribune. sec. 1, p. 3. Retrieved March 23, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Gonçalves, Bruno; Loureiro-Porto, Lucía; Ramasco, José J.; Sánchez, David (May 25, 2018). "Mapping the Americanization of English in Space and Time". PLOS ONE. 13 (5): e0197741. arXiv:1707.00781. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1397741G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197741. PMC 5969760. PMID 29799872.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Gonçalves, Bruno; Loureiro-Porto, Lucía; Ramasco, José J.; Sánchez, David (May 25, 2018). "Mapping the Americanization of English in Space and Time". PLOS ONE. 13 (5): e0197741. arXiv:1707.00781. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1397741G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197741. PMC 5969760. PMID 29799872.

oup.com

"Definition of day noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary". Oup.com. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
"Definition of sure adjective from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary". Oup.com. Retrieved May 29, 2013.

fds.oup.com

"angry". Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Archived from the original on March 9, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
"intelligent". Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Archived from the original on March 9, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2013.

oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

"Definition of ill adjective from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary". Oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2013.

pbs.org

"Do You Speak American?: What Lies Ahead?". PBS. Retrieved August 15, 2007.

petra.ac.id

kata.petra.ac.id

Yannuar, N.; Azimova, K.; Nguyen, D. (2014). "Perceptual Dialectology: Northerners and Southerners' View of Different American Dialects". k@ ta, 16(1), pp. 11, 13

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Labov (2007), p. 359. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.705.7860. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
Labov (2007), p. 373. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.705.7860. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.

randomhouse.com

"The Maven's Word of the Day: gesundheit". Random House. Retrieved May 29, 2013.

redlog.net

dialect.redlog.net

Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder (2003). "flourish Archived 2015-07-11 at the Wayback Machine". The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003. The Harvard Dialect Survey Archived April 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.

scroll.in

Reddy, C Rammanohar (August 6, 2017). "The Readers' Editor writes: Why Is American English Becoming Part of Everyday Usage in India?". Scroll.in. Retrieved April 18, 2019.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Longmore 2007, pp. 517, 520. Longmore, Paul K. (2007). "'Good English without Idiom or Tone': The Colonial Origins of American Speech". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 37 (4). MIT: 513–542. doi:10.1162/jinh.2007.37.4.513. JSTOR 4139476. S2CID 143910740.
Longmore 2007, p. 537. Longmore, Paul K. (2007). "'Good English without Idiom or Tone': The Colonial Origins of American Speech". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 37 (4). MIT: 513–542. doi:10.1162/jinh.2007.37.4.513. JSTOR 4139476. S2CID 143910740.
Boberg (2008), p. 145. Boberg, Charles (2008). "Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English". Journal of English Linguistics. 36 (2): 129–154. doi:10.1177/0075424208316648. S2CID 146478485.
Boberg (2008), pp. 130, 136–137. Boberg, Charles (2008). "Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English". Journal of English Linguistics. 36 (2): 129–154. doi:10.1177/0075424208316648. S2CID 146478485.
Labov (2007), p. 359. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.705.7860. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
Labov (2007), p. 373. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.705.7860. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
Dayag, Danilo (2004). "The English-language media in the Philippines". World Englishes. 23: 33–45. doi:10.1111/J.1467-971X.2004.00333.X. S2CID 145589555.

studyenglishtoday.net

"British vs. American English – Vocabulary Differences". www.studyenglishtoday.net. Retrieved April 18, 2019.

theword.cz

"The Word » American vs. British Smackdown: Station wagon vs. estate car". Retrieved April 18, 2019.

ucsd.edu

pages.ucsd.edu

Seyfarth, Scott; Garellek, Marc (2015). "Coda glottalization in American English". In ICPhS. University of California, San Diego, p. 1.

unm.edu

digitalrepository.unm.edu

Hayes, Dean (2013). "The Southern Accent and 'Bad English': A Comparative Perceptual Study of the Conceptual Network between Southern Linguistic Features and Identity". UNM Digital Repository: Electronic Theses and Dissertations. pp. 5, 51.

upenn.edu

ling.upenn.edu

Labov (2007), p. 359. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.705.7860. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
Labov (2007), p. 373. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.705.7860. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (January 1, 2005). "New England" (PDF). The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. This phonemic and phonetic arrangement of the low back vowels makes Rhode Island more similar to New York City than to the rest of New England

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