Anabolic steroid (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Anabolic steroid" in English language version.

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Handelsman DJ (July 2021). "Androgen Misuse and Abuse". Endocr Rev. 42 (4): 457–501. doi:10.1210/endrev/bnab001. PMID 33484556. However, a third major quest, for the development of a nonvirilizing androgen ("anabolic steroid") suitable for use in women and children, based on dissociating the virilizing from the anabolic effects of androgens failed comprehensively (36). This failure is now understood as being due to the discovery of a singular androgen receptor (AR) together with the misinterpretation of nonspecific whole animal androgen bioassays employed to distinguish between anabolic and virilizing effects (37). The term "androgen" is used herein for both endogenous and synthetic androgens including references to chemicals named elsewhere as "anabolic steroids," "anabolic-androgenic steroids," or "specific AR modulators" (SARM), which continue to make an obsolete and oxymoronic distinction between virilizing and anabolic effects of androgens where there is no difference (36).
Handelsman DJ (July 2022). "History of androgens and androgen action". Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 36 (4): 101629. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2022.101629. PMID 35277356.
Handelsman DJ (September 2013). "Mechanisms of action of testosterone--unraveling a Gordian knot". N Engl J Med. 369 (11): 1058–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMe1305307. PMID 24024843. S2CID 44485330. These findings also highlight how obsolete is the term "anabolic steroid," when falsely distinguishing from "androgen," a dichotomy devoid of physiological meaning and lingering mainly as a media piñata.10
Iyer R, Handelsman DJ (2016). "Androgens". Frontiers of Hormone Research. Vol. 47. S. Karger AG. pp. 82–100. doi:10.1159/000445159. ISBN 978-3-318-05868-0. PMID 27347677. Following the hiatus of World War II, the pharmaceutical industry development of synthetic steroids included pursuing the goal of a nonvirilizing androgen ('anabolic steroid') potentially suitable for use to obtain pharmacological androgen effects in women and children. [...] the industrial quest for an 'anabolic steroid' based on dissociating the virilizing from the anabolic effects of androgens failed. This is now understood in the light of the later discovery of the singular AR together with the flawed interpretations of relatively nonspecific whole animal bioassays then used to screen synthetic steroids for supposedly distinct anabolic and virilizing effects. Yet, despite the industry's abandonment of this fruitless endeavor by 1980, and its recent reincarnation under the guise of developing a 'selective AR modulator' (SARM) [6], the empty concept of an 'anabolic steroid' persists as an ill-defined and misleading scientific terminology [7, 8] . In this paper, the more accurate and clearer term 'androgen' is used exclusively for both endogenous and synthetic androgens, but includes references to chemicals loosely defined elsewhere as 'anabolic steroids' or 'anabolicandrogenic steroids', which confuse by making an obsolete distinction where there is no difference.
Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Corpas E, de Herder WW, Dhatariya K, Dungan K, Hofland J, Kalra S, Kaltsas G, Kapoor N, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, Kovacs CS, Kuohung W, Laferrère B, Levy M, McGee EA, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Sahay R, Shah AS, Singer F, Sperling MA, Stratakis CA, Trence DL, Wilson DP, Handelsman DJ (5 October 2020). "Androgen Physiology, Pharmacology, Use and Misuse". Endotext. PMID 25905231. The identification of a single gene and protein for the androgen receptor in 1988 (584-586) explains the physiologic observation that, at equivalent doses, all androgens have essentially similar effects (587). The term "anabolic steroid" was invented during the post-WWII golden age of steroid pharmacology to define an idealized androgen lacking virilizing features but maintaining myotrophic properties so that it could be used safely in children and women. Although this quest proved illusory and was abandoned after all industry efforts failed to identify such a hypothetical synthetic androgen, the obsolete term "anabolic steroid" persists mainly as a lurid descriptor in popular media despite continuing to make a false distinction where there is no difference. Better understanding of the metabolic activation of androgens via 5α-reduction and aromatization in target tissues and the tissue-specific partial agonist/antagonist properties of some synthetic androgens may lead to more physiological concepts of tissue-specific androgen action ("specific androgen receptor modulator") governed by the physiological processes of pre-receptor androgen activation as well as post-receptor interaction with co-regulator proteins analogous to the development of synthetic estrogen partial agonists with tissue specificity ("specific estrogen receptor modulator") (588). The potential for new clinical therapeutic indications of novel tissue-selective androgens in clinical development remain to be fully evaluated (589).
Bond P, Smit DL, de Ronde W (2022). "Anabolic-androgenic steroids: How do they work and what are the risks?". Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 13: 1059473. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1059473. PMC 9837614. PMID 36644692. Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are a class of natural and synthetic hormones that owe their name to their chemical structure (the steroid nucleus, see Figure 1) and the biological effects (anabolic and androgenic) they induce. Anabolic refers to the skeletal muscle-building properties of AAS, whereas androgenic refers to the induction and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics (which in principle includes the anabolic action, thereby rendering the term an oxymoron (1)).
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