Andes (English Wikipedia)

Miller, Meghan S.; Levander, Alan; Niu, Fenglin; Li, Aibing (23 June 2008). "Upper mantle structure beneath the Caribbean-South American plate boundary from surface wave tomography" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (B1): B01312. Bibcode:2009JGRB..114.1312M. doi:10.1029/2007JB005507. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
Lamb, Simon; Davis, Paul (October 2003). "Cenozoic climate change as a possible cause for the rise of the Andes". Nature. 425 (6960): 792–797. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..792L. doi:10.1038/nature02049. PMID 14574402.
Isacks, Bryan L. (1988), "Uplift of the Central Andean Plateau and Bending of the Bolivian Orocline" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 93 (B4): 3211–3231, Bibcode:1988JGR....93.3211I, doi:10.1029/jb093ib04p03211
Kley, J. (1999), "Geologic and geometric constraints on a kinematic model of the Bolivian orocline", Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 12 (2): 221–235, Bibcode:1999JSAES..12..221K, doi:10.1016/s0895-9811(99)00015-2
Beck, Myrl E. (1987), "Tectonic rotations on the leading edge of South America: The Bolivian orocline revisited", Geology, 15 (9): 806–808, Bibcode:1987Geo....15..806B, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<806:trotle>2.0.co;2
Prezzi, Claudia B.; Vilas, Juan F. (1998). "New evidence of clockwise vertical axis rotations south of the Arica elbow (Argentine Puna)". Tectonophysics. 292 (1): 85–100. Bibcode:1998Tectp.292...85P. doi:10.1016/s0040-1951(98)00058-4.
Santos, J.O.S.; Rizzotto, G.J.; Potter, P.E.; McNaughton, N.J.; Matos, R.S.; Hartmann, L.A.; Chemale Jr., F.; Quadros, M.E.S. (2008). "Age and autochthonous evolution of the Sunsás Orogen in West Amazon Craton based on mapping and U–Pb geochronology". Precambrian Research. 165 (3–4): 120–152. Bibcode:2008PreR..165..120S. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2008.06.009.
Rapela, C. W.; Pankhurst, R. J.; Casquet, C.; Baldo, E.; Saavedra, J.; Galindo, C.; Fanning, C. M. (1998). "The Pampean Orogeny of the southern proto-Andes: Cambrian continental collision in the Sierras de Córdoba". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 142 (1): 181–217. Bibcode:1998GSLSP.142..181R. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.142.01.10.
Wilson, T.J. (1991). "Transition from back-arc to foreland basin development in the southernmost Andes: Stratigraphic record from the Ultima Esperanza District, Chile". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 103 (1): 98–111. Bibcode:1991GSAB..103...98W. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0098:tfbatf>2.3.co;2.
Rodriguez Piceda, Constanza; Gao, Ya-Jian; Cacace, Mauro; Scheck-Wenderoth, Magdalena; Bott, Judith; Strecker, Manfred; Tilmann, Frederik (17 March 2023). "The influence of mantle hydration and flexure on slab seismicity in the southern Central Andes". Communications Earth & Environment. 4 (1): 79. Bibcode:2023ComEE...4...79R. doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00729-1.
Dorbath, L.; Dorbath, C.; Jimenez, E.; Rivera, L. (1991). "Seismicity and tectonic deformation in the Eastern Cordillera and the sub-Andean zone of central Peru". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 4 (1–2): 13–24. Bibcode:1991JSAES...4...13D. doi:10.1016/0895-9811(91)90015-D. CORE output ID 39863456.
Suárez, Gerardo; Molnar, Peter; Burchfiel, B. Clark (1983). "Seismicity, fault plane solutions, depth of faulting, and active tectonics of the Andes of Peru, Ecuador, and southern Colombia". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 88 (B12): 10403–10428. Bibcode:1983JGR....8810403S. doi:10.1029/JB088iB12p10403.
González-Maurel, Osvaldo; le Roux, Petrus; Godoy, Benigno; Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Menzies, Andrew (15 November 2019). "The great escape: Petrogenesis of low-silica volcanism of Pliocene to Quaternary age associated with the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex of northern Chile (21°10′–22°50′S)". Lithos. 346–347 105162. Bibcode:2019Litho.34605162G. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105162.
Armijo, Rolando; Lacassin, Robin; Coudurier-Curveur, Aurélie; Carrizo, Daniel (April 2015). "Coupled tectonic evolution of Andean orogeny and global climate". Earth-Science Reviews. 143: 1–35. Bibcode:2015ESRv..143....1A. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.01.005.
Kuhle, M (2011). "The High-Glacial (Last Glacial Maximum) Glacier Cover of the Aconcagua Group and Adjacent Massifs in the Mendoza Andes (South America) with a Closer Look at Further Empirical Evidence". In Ehlers, J; Gibbard, PL; Hughes, PD (eds.). Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, A Closer Look. Developments in Quaternary Sciences. Vol. 15. Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V. pp. 735–738. Bibcode:2011DevQS..15..735K. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53447-7.00053-2. ISBN 978-0-444-53447-7.
Kuhle, M (2004). "The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) glacier cover of the Aconcagua group and adjacent massifs in the Mendoza Andes (South America)". In Ehlers, J; Gibbard, PL (eds.). Quaternary Glaciation— Extent and Chronology. Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica. Developments in Quaternary Sciences. Vol. 2c. Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V. pp. 75–81. Bibcode:2004DevQS...2...75K. doi:10.1016/S1571-0866(04)80113-1. ISBN 978-0-444-51593-3.

argentine-embassy-uk.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Information on Argentina". Argentine Embassy London.

asu.edu (Global: 2,418^th place; English: 1,574^th place)

geomorphology.sese.asu.edu

Isacks, Bryan L. (1988), "Uplift of the Central Andean Plateau and Bending of the Bolivian Orocline" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 93 (B4): 3211–3231, Bibcode:1988JGR....93.3211I, doi:10.1029/jb093ib04p03211

blueplanetbiomes.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Climate of the Andes". Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2007.
"Pants of the Andies". Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2007.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Borsdorf, Axel; Stadel, Christoph (12 March 2015). The Andes: A Geographical Portrait. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-03530-7.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Andes Mountains | Definition, Map, Plate Boundary, & Location | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 27 July 2025. Retrieved 27 July 2025.

ciren.cl (Global: low place; English: low place)

bibliotecadigital.ciren.cl

Villela Olavarría, Daniela; Cantallopts Araya, Jorge (1 May 2017). A 30 años del Plan Aurífero Nacional, una revisión a la minería de oro en Chile (Report) (in Spanish). Vol. DE 08/2017. COCHILCO.

cochilco.cl (Global: low place; English: low place)

COCHILCO (2024). Informe Consumo de Agua en la Minería del Cobre: Actualización al año 2023 (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). pp. 2–3. Retrieved 4 May 2025.

commodity.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Lithium: What Role Does Tesla Play In The Demand For This Precious Metal? - Commodity.com". commodity.com. Retrieved 9 March 2023.

conservation.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Biodiversity Hotspots". Conservation International. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
"Biodiversity Hotspots". Conservation International. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
"Biodiversity Hotspots". Conservation International. Retrieved 18 August 2026.

core.ac.uk (Global: 1,383^rd place; English: 954^th place)

Dorbath, L.; Dorbath, C.; Jimenez, E.; Rivera, L. (1991). "Seismicity and tectonic deformation in the Eastern Cordillera and the sub-Andean zone of central Peru". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 4 (1–2): 13–24. Bibcode:1991JSAES...4...13D. doi:10.1016/0895-9811(91)90015-D. CORE output ID 39863456.

dechile.net (Global: 9,805^th place; English: low place)

etimologias.dechile.net

"Cordillera". etimologias.dechile.net. Retrieved 27 December 2015.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Miller, Meghan S.; Levander, Alan; Niu, Fenglin; Li, Aibing (23 June 2008). "Upper mantle structure beneath the Caribbean-South American plate boundary from surface wave tomography" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (B1): B01312. Bibcode:2009JGRB..114.1312M. doi:10.1029/2007JB005507. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
Lamb, Simon; Davis, Paul (October 2003). "Cenozoic climate change as a possible cause for the rise of the Andes". Nature. 425 (6960): 792–797. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..792L. doi:10.1038/nature02049. PMID 14574402.
Isacks, Bryan L. (1988), "Uplift of the Central Andean Plateau and Bending of the Bolivian Orocline" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 93 (B4): 3211–3231, Bibcode:1988JGR....93.3211I, doi:10.1029/jb093ib04p03211
Kley, J. (1999), "Geologic and geometric constraints on a kinematic model of the Bolivian orocline", Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 12 (2): 221–235, Bibcode:1999JSAES..12..221K, doi:10.1016/s0895-9811(99)00015-2
Beck, Myrl E. (1987), "Tectonic rotations on the leading edge of South America: The Bolivian orocline revisited", Geology, 15 (9): 806–808, Bibcode:1987Geo....15..806B, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<806:trotle>2.0.co;2
Prezzi, Claudia B.; Vilas, Juan F. (1998). "New evidence of clockwise vertical axis rotations south of the Arica elbow (Argentine Puna)". Tectonophysics. 292 (1): 85–100. Bibcode:1998Tectp.292...85P. doi:10.1016/s0040-1951(98)00058-4.
Santos, J.O.S.; Rizzotto, G.J.; Potter, P.E.; McNaughton, N.J.; Matos, R.S.; Hartmann, L.A.; Chemale Jr., F.; Quadros, M.E.S. (2008). "Age and autochthonous evolution of the Sunsás Orogen in West Amazon Craton based on mapping and U–Pb geochronology". Precambrian Research. 165 (3–4): 120–152. Bibcode:2008PreR..165..120S. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2008.06.009.
Rapela, C. W.; Pankhurst, R. J.; Casquet, C.; Baldo, E.; Saavedra, J.; Galindo, C.; Fanning, C. M. (1998). "The Pampean Orogeny of the southern proto-Andes: Cambrian continental collision in the Sierras de Córdoba". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 142 (1): 181–217. Bibcode:1998GSLSP.142..181R. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.142.01.10.
Wilson, T.J. (1991). "Transition from back-arc to foreland basin development in the southernmost Andes: Stratigraphic record from the Ultima Esperanza District, Chile". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 103 (1): 98–111. Bibcode:1991GSAB..103...98W. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0098:tfbatf>2.3.co;2.
Rodriguez Piceda, Constanza; Gao, Ya-Jian; Cacace, Mauro; Scheck-Wenderoth, Magdalena; Bott, Judith; Strecker, Manfred; Tilmann, Frederik (17 March 2023). "The influence of mantle hydration and flexure on slab seismicity in the southern Central Andes". Communications Earth & Environment. 4 (1): 79. Bibcode:2023ComEE...4...79R. doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00729-1.
Dorbath, L.; Dorbath, C.; Jimenez, E.; Rivera, L. (1991). "Seismicity and tectonic deformation in the Eastern Cordillera and the sub-Andean zone of central Peru". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 4 (1–2): 13–24. Bibcode:1991JSAES...4...13D. doi:10.1016/0895-9811(91)90015-D. CORE output ID 39863456.
Suárez, Gerardo; Molnar, Peter; Burchfiel, B. Clark (1983). "Seismicity, fault plane solutions, depth of faulting, and active tectonics of the Andes of Peru, Ecuador, and southern Colombia". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 88 (B12): 10403–10428. Bibcode:1983JGR....8810403S. doi:10.1029/JB088iB12p10403.
González-Maurel, Osvaldo; le Roux, Petrus; Godoy, Benigno; Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Menzies, Andrew (15 November 2019). "The great escape: Petrogenesis of low-silica volcanism of Pliocene to Quaternary age associated with the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex of northern Chile (21°10′–22°50′S)". Lithos. 346–347 105162. Bibcode:2019Litho.34605162G. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105162.
Armijo, Rolando; Lacassin, Robin; Coudurier-Curveur, Aurélie; Carrizo, Daniel (April 2015). "Coupled tectonic evolution of Andean orogeny and global climate". Earth-Science Reviews. 143: 1–35. Bibcode:2015ESRv..143....1A. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.01.005.
Kuhle, M (2011). "The High-Glacial (Last Glacial Maximum) Glacier Cover of the Aconcagua Group and Adjacent Massifs in the Mendoza Andes (South America) with a Closer Look at Further Empirical Evidence". In Ehlers, J; Gibbard, PL; Hughes, PD (eds.). Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, A Closer Look. Developments in Quaternary Sciences. Vol. 15. Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V. pp. 735–738. Bibcode:2011DevQS..15..735K. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53447-7.00053-2. ISBN 978-0-444-53447-7.
Brüggen, J (1929). "Zur Glazialgeologie der chilenischen". Anden. Geol. Rundsch. (in German). 20. Berlin: 1–35. doi:10.1007/BF01805072.
Kuhle, M (2004). "The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) glacier cover of the Aconcagua group and adjacent massifs in the Mendoza Andes (South America)". In Ehlers, J; Gibbard, PL (eds.). Quaternary Glaciation— Extent and Chronology. Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica. Developments in Quaternary Sciences. Vol. 2c. Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V. pp. 75–81. Bibcode:2004DevQS...2...75K. doi:10.1016/S1571-0866(04)80113-1. ISBN 978-0-444-51593-3.

fao.org (Global: 428^th place; English: 480^th place)

"Mountains, biodiversity and conservation". Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 28 January 2019.

guinnessworldrecords.com (Global: 873^rd place; English: 697^th place)

"The Andes - Longest continental mountain range". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 30 May 2024. Retrieved 21 October 2025.

infobae.com (Global: 232^nd place; English: 619^th place)

Villantoy Gómez, Abigail (24 May 2024). "Pallaqueras: la actividad femenina poco conocida donde se trabaja seleccionando manualmente rocas con metales preciosos". Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 March 2025.

lanacion.com.ar (Global: 355^th place; English: 788^th place)

"Jujuy apuesta a captar las cargas de Brasil en tránsito hacia Chile by Emiliano Galli". La Nación. La Nación newspaper. 7 August 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2011.

mch.cl (Global: low place; English: low place)

La mina eléctrica: Cómo la minería enfrenta el reto de las condiciones ambientales

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Lamb, Simon; Davis, Paul (October 2003). "Cenozoic climate change as a possible cause for the rise of the Andes". Nature. 425 (6960): 792–797. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..792L. doi:10.1038/nature02049. PMID 14574402.

panda.org (Global: 4,531^st place; English: 4,372^nd place)

wwf.panda.org

"Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forest Ecoregions". wwf.panda.org. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2015.

rice.edu (Global: 3,744^th place; English: 2,530^th place)

gseis.rice.edu

Miller, Meghan S.; Levander, Alan; Niu, Fenglin; Li, Aibing (23 June 2008). "Upper mantle structure beneath the Caribbean-South American plate boundary from surface wave tomography" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (B1): B01312. Bibcode:2009JGRB..114.1312M. doi:10.1029/2007JB005507. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2010.

scielo.cl (Global: 4,292^nd place; English: 6,449^th place)

Arriagada, César; Ferrando, Rodolfo; Córdova, Loreto; Morata, Diego; Roperch, Pierrick (2013), "The Maipo Orocline: A first scale structural feature in the Miocene to Recent geodynamic evolution in the central Chilean Andes" (PDF), Andean Geology, 40 (3): 419–437

sonami.cl (Global: low place; English: low place)

Distritos productivos para el desarrollo de la minería chilena [Productive districts for the development of mining in Chile] (Report) (in Spanish). Centro de Estudios y Documentación Mineros de SONAMI. 2025.

trademap.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Trade Map - List of exporters for the selected product in 2023 (Copper ores and concentrates)". www.trademap.org. Retrieved 17 August 2024.

waterlog.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

W. van Immerzeel, 1989. Irrigation and erosion/flood control at high altitudes in the Andes. Published in Annual Report 1989, pp. 8–24, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands. On line:

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"The Andes - Longest continental mountain range". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 30 May 2024. Retrieved 21 October 2025.
Miller, Meghan S.; Levander, Alan; Niu, Fenglin; Li, Aibing (23 June 2008). "Upper mantle structure beneath the Caribbean-South American plate boundary from surface wave tomography" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (B1): B01312. Bibcode:2009JGRB..114.1312M. doi:10.1029/2007JB005507. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
"Climate of the Andes". Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2007.
"Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forest Ecoregions". wwf.panda.org. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
"Pants of the Andies". Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2007.
"Andes travel map". Archived from the original on 24 September 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010.

zoom-maps.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

andes.zoom-maps.com

"Andes travel map". Archived from the original on 24 September 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010.

Andes (English Wikipedia)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

argentine-embassy-uk.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

asu.edu (Global: 2,418th place; English: 1,574th place)

geomorphology.sese.asu.edu

blueplanetbiomes.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37th place; English: 64th place)

ciren.cl (Global: low place; English: low place)

bibliotecadigital.ciren.cl

cochilco.cl (Global: low place; English: low place)

commodity.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

conservation.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

core.ac.uk (Global: 1,383rd place; English: 954th place)

dechile.net (Global: 9,805th place; English: low place)

etimologias.dechile.net

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

fao.org (Global: 428th place; English: 480th place)

guinnessworldrecords.com (Global: 873rd place; English: 697th place)

infobae.com (Global: 232nd place; English: 619th place)

lanacion.com.ar (Global: 355th place; English: 788th place)

mch.cl (Global: low place; English: low place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

panda.org (Global: 4,531st place; English: 4,372nd place)

wwf.panda.org

rice.edu (Global: 3,744th place; English: 2,530th place)

gseis.rice.edu

scielo.cl (Global: 4,292nd place; English: 6,449th place)

sonami.cl (Global: low place; English: low place)

trademap.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

waterlog.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

zoom-maps.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

andes.zoom-maps.com

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

asu.edu (Global: 2,418^th place; English: 1,574^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

core.ac.uk (Global: 1,383^rd place; English: 954^th place)

dechile.net (Global: 9,805^th place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

fao.org (Global: 428^th place; English: 480^th place)

guinnessworldrecords.com (Global: 873^rd place; English: 697^th place)

infobae.com (Global: 232^nd place; English: 619^th place)

lanacion.com.ar (Global: 355^th place; English: 788^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

panda.org (Global: 4,531^st place; English: 4,372^nd place)

rice.edu (Global: 3,744^th place; English: 2,530^th place)

scielo.cl (Global: 4,292^nd place; English: 6,449^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)