Langensiepen, Bernd; Güleryüz, Ahmet (1995). Cooper, James (ed.). The Ottoman Steam Navy, 1828-1923. Translated by Cooper, James. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 47. ISBN9781557506597. Retrieved 3 October 2020. 1 March 1915: Russian warships begin a blockade of the coal ports on the Anatolian coast.
