Andromeda Galaxy (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Andromeda Galaxy" in English language version.

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94harvard.edu

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aanda.org (Global: 5,591^st place; English: 5,552^nd place)

López-Corredoira, M.; Prieto, C. Allende; Garzón, F.; Wang, H.; Liu, C.; Deng, L. (1 April 2018). "Disk stars in the Milky Way detected beyond 25 kpc from its center". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 612: L8. arXiv:1804.03064. Bibcode:2018A&A...612L...8L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832880 – via aanda.org.

aip.org (Global: 2,204^th place; English: 1,735^th place)

Schewe, Phillip F.; Stein, Ben (26 July 1993). "The Andromeda Galaxy has a Double Nucleus". Physics News Update. American Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Kant, Immanuel (1969). Universal natural history and theory of the heavens. University of Michigan Press.
Hodge, Paul W. (1966). Galaxies and Cosmology. McGraw Hill.

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; English: 59^th place)

Riess, Adam G.; Fliri, Jürgen; Valls-Gabaud, David (2012). "Cepheid Period-Luminosity Relations in the Near-Infrared and the Distance to M31 from Thehubble Space Telescopewide Field Camera 3". The Astrophysical Journal. 745 (2): 156. arXiv:1110.3769. Bibcode:2012ApJ...745..156R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/745/2/156. S2CID 119113794.
Gil de Paz, Armando; Boissier, Samuel; Madore, Barry F.; et al. (2007). "The GALEX Ultraviolet Atlas of Nearby Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal. 173 (2): 185–255. arXiv:astro-ph/0606440. Bibcode:2007ApJS..173..185G. doi:10.1086/516636. S2CID 119085482.
Ribas, Ignasi; Jordi, Carme; Vilardell, Francesc; et al. (2005). "First Determination of the Distance and Fundamental Properties of an Eclipsing Binary in the Andromeda Galaxy". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 635 (1): L37 – L40. arXiv:astro-ph/0511045. Bibcode:2005ApJ...635L..37R. doi:10.1086/499161. S2CID 119522151.
"The median values of the Milky Way and Andromeda masses are M_G = 0.8+0.4
−0.3×10¹² M_☉ and M_A = 1.5+0.5
−0.4×10¹² M_☉ at a 68% level" Peñarrubia, Jorge; Ma, Yin-Zhe; Walker, Matthew G.; McConnachie, Alan W. (29 July 2014). "A dynamical model of the local cosmic expansion". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 433 (3): 2204–2222. arXiv:1405.0306. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.443.2204P. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu879. S2CID 119295582., but compare "[we estimate] the virial mass and radius of the galaxy to be 0.8×10^¹² ± 0.1×10^¹² M_☉ (1.59×10⁴² ± 2.0×10⁴¹ kg)" Kafle, Prajwal R.; Sharma, Sanjib; Lewis, Geraint F.; et al. (1 February 2018). "The Need for Speed: Escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements of the Andromeda Galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (3): 4043–4054. arXiv:1801.03949. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475.4043K. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty082. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 54039546.
Chapman, Scott C.; Ibata, Rodrigo A.; Lewis, Geraint F.; et al. (2006). "A kinematically selected, metal-poor spheroid in the outskirts of M31". Astrophysical Journal. 653 (1): 255–266. arXiv:astro-ph/0602604. Bibcode:2006ApJ...653..255C. doi:10.1086/508599. S2CID 14774482. Also see the press release, "Andromeda's Stellar Halo Shows Galaxy's Origin to Be Similar to That of Milky Way" (Press release). Caltech Media Relations. 27 February 2006. Archived from the original on 9 May 2006. Retrieved 24 May 2006.
Thilker, David A.; Braun, Robert; Walterbos, Ren A. M.; Corbelli, Edvige; Lockman, Felix J.; Murphy, Edward; Maddalena, Ronald (2004). "On the Continuing Formation of the Andromeda Galaxy: Detection of H i Clouds in the M31 Halo". The Astrophysical Journal. 601 (1): L39 – L42. arXiv:astro-ph/0311571. Bibcode:2004ApJ...601L..39T. doi:10.1086/381703.
Kafle, Prajwal R.; Sharma, Sanjib; Lewis, Geraint F.; et al. (1 February 2018). "The Need for Speed: Escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements of the Andromeda Galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (3): 4043–4054. arXiv:1801.03949. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475.4043K. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty082. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 54039546.
López-Corredoira, M.; Prieto, C. Allende; Garzón, F.; Wang, H.; Liu, C.; Deng, L. (1 April 2018). "Disk stars in the Milky Way detected beyond 25 kpc from its center". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 612: L8. arXiv:1804.03064. Bibcode:2018A&A...612L...8L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832880 – via aanda.org.
Sawala, Till; Delhomelle, Jehanne; Deason, Alis J.; et al. (2 June 2025). "No certainty of a Milky Way–Andromeda collision". Nature Astronomy. 9 (8): 1206–1217. arXiv:2408.00064. Bibcode:2025NatAs...9.1206S. doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02563-1.
Ueda, Junko; Iono, Daisuke; Yun, Min S.; et al. (2014). "Cold molecular gas in merger remnants. I. Formation of molecular gas disks". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 214 (1): 1. arXiv:1407.6873. Bibcode:2014ApJS..214....1U. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/214/1/1. S2CID 716993.
McConnachie, Alan W.; Irwin, Michael J.; Ferguson, Annette M. N.; et al. (2005). "Distances and metallicities for 17 Local Group galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 356 (4): 979–997. arXiv:astro-ph/0410489. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.356..979M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08514.x.
Ingrosso, Gabriele; Calchi Novati, Sebastiano; De Paolis, Francesco; et al. (2009). "Pixel-lensing as a way to detect extrasolar planets in M31". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 399 (1): 219–228. arXiv:0906.1050. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.399..219I. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15184.x. S2CID 6606414.
Beck, Rainer; Berkhuijsen, Elly M.; Giessuebel, Rene; et al. (2020). "Magnetic fields and cosmic rays in M 31". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 633: A5. arXiv:1910.09634. Bibcode:2020A&A...633A...5B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936481. S2CID 204824172.
Fesen, Robert A.; Kimeswenger, Stefan; Michael Shull, J.; Drechsler, Marcel; Strottner, Xavier; Sainty, Yann; Falls, Bray; Vergnes, Christophe; Martino, Nicolas; Walker, Sean; Rupert, Justin (2023). "The Spatial and Emission Properties of the Large [O III] Emission Nebula Near M31". The Astrophysical Journal. 957 (2): 82. arXiv:2307.06308. Bibcode:2023ApJ...957...82F. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acfe0d.
Lumbreras-Calle, A.; Fernández-Ontiveros, J. A.; Infante-Sainz, R.; Akhlaghi, M.; Montoro-Molina, B.; Pérez-Díaz, B.; del Pino, A.; Vives-Arias, H.; Hernán-Caballero, A.; López-Sanjuan, C.; Martín-Guerrero, M. A.; Eskandarlou, S.; Ederoclite, A. (December 2024). "Andromeda's tenuous veil: extensive nebular emission near (yet far from) M31". arXiv:2412.08327 [astro-ph.GA].
Ogle, Patrick; Petersen, Mark; Schaeffer, Tim; McCallum, Lewis; Noriega-Crespo, Alberto; Michael Rich, R.; Sebastian, Biny; Bjork, Carl; Body, Steeve; Chinnasamy, Sendhil; Dreschsler, Marcel; Kottary, Tarun; Sainty, Yann; Sparkman, Patrick; Strottner, Xavier (2025). "SDSO1 is a Ghost Planetary Nebula Bow Shock in Front of M31". arXiv:2507.15834 [astro-ph.GA].
Holland, Stephen (1998). "The Distance to the M31 Globular Cluster System". Astronomical Journal. 115 (5): 1916–1920. arXiv:astro-ph/9802088. Bibcode:1998AJ....115.1916H. doi:10.1086/300348. S2CID 16333316.
Stanek, Krzysztof Z.; Garnavich, Peter M. (1998). "Distance to M31 With the HST and Hipparcos Red Clump Stars". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 503 (2): 131–141. arXiv:astro-ph/9802121. Bibcode:1998ApJ...503L.131S. doi:10.1086/311539. S2CID 6383832.
Hammer, F; Yang, Y B; Wang, J L; Ibata, R; Flores, H; Puech, M (1 April 2018). "A 2–3 billion year old major merger paradigm for the Andromeda galaxy and its outskirts". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (2): 2754–2767. arXiv:1801.04279. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3343.
D'Souza, Richard; Bell, Eric F. (September 2018). "The Andromeda galaxy's most important merger about 2 billion years ago as M32's likely progenitor". Nature Astronomy. 2 (9): 737–743. arXiv:1807.08819. Bibcode:2018NatAs...2..737D. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0533-x. ISSN 2397-3366. S2CID 256713163.
Dorman, Claire E.; Guhathakurta, Puragra; Seth, Anil C.; Weisz, Daniel R.; Bell, Eric F.; Dalcanton, Julianne J.; Gilbert, Karoline M.; Hamren, Katherine M.; Lewis, Alexia R.; Skillman, Evan D.; Toloba, Elisa; Williams, Benjamin F. (9 April 2015). "A clear age-velocity dispersion correlation in Andromeda's stellar disk". The Astrophysical Journal. 803 (1): 24. arXiv:1502.03820. Bibcode:2015ApJ...803...24D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/803/1/24. S2CID 119223754.
Williams, Benjamin F.; Dalcanton, Julianne J.; Dolphin, Andrew E.; Weisz, Daniel R.; Lewis, Alexia R.; Lang, Dustin; Bell, Eric F.; Boyer, Martha; Fouesneau, Morgan; Gilbert, Karoline M.; Monachesi, Antonela; Skillman, Evan (5 June 2015). "A Global Star-forming Episode in M31 2-4 Gyr Ago". The Astrophysical Journal. 806 (1): 48. arXiv:1504.02120. Bibcode:2015ApJ...806...48W. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/806/1/48. S2CID 118435748.
Ibata, Rodrigo; Irwin, Michael; Lewis, Geraint; Ferguson, Annette M. N.; Tanvir, Nial (July 2001). "A giant stream of metal-rich stars in the halo of the galaxy M31". Nature. 412 (6842): 49–52. arXiv:astro-ph/0107090. Bibcode:2001Natur.412...49I. doi:10.1038/35083506. PMID 11452300. S2CID 4413139.
Patel, Ekta; Besla, Gurtina; Sohn, Sangmo Tony (1 February 2017). "Orbits of massive satellite galaxies – I. A close look at the Large Magellanic Cloud and a new orbital history for M33". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 464 (4): 3825–3849. arXiv:1609.04823. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2616. hdl:10150/623269.
Peñarrubia, Jorge; Ma, Yin-Zhe; Walker, Matthew G.; McConnachie, Alan W. (29 July 2014). "A dynamical model of the local cosmic expansion". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 433 (3): 2204–2222. arXiv:1405.0306. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.443.2204P. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu879. S2CID 119295582.
Kafle, Prajwal R.; Sharma, Sanjib; Lewis, Geraint F.; et al. (2018). "The need for speed: escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements of the Andromeda galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (3): 4043–4054. arXiv:1801.03949. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475.4043K. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty082. S2CID 54039546.
Kafle, Prajwal R.; Sharma, Sanjib; Lewis, Geraint F.; Robotham, Aaron S G.; Driver, Simon P. (2018). "The need for speed: Escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements of the Andromeda galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (3): 4043–4054. arXiv:1801.03949. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475.4043K. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty082. S2CID 54039546.
Kalirai, Jasonjot Singh; Gilbert, Karoline M.; Guhathakurta, Puragra; et al. (2006). "The Metal-Poor Halo of the Andromeda Spiral Galaxy (M31)". Astrophysical Journal. 648 (1): 389–404. arXiv:astro-ph/0605170. Bibcode:2006ApJ...648..389K. doi:10.1086/505697. S2CID 15396448.
Barmby, Pauline; Ashby, Matthew L. N.; Bianchi, Luciana; et al. (2006). "Dusty Waves on a Starry Sea: The Mid-Infrared View of M31". The Astrophysical Journal. 650 (1): L45 – L49. arXiv:astro-ph/0608593. Bibcode:2006ApJ...650L..45B. doi:10.1086/508626. S2CID 16780719.
Tamm, Antti; Tempel, Elmo; Tenjes, Peeter; et al. (2012). "Stellar mass map and dark matter distribution in M 31". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 546: A4. arXiv:1208.5712. Bibcode:2012A&A...546A...4T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220065. S2CID 54728023.
Kafle, Prajwal R.; Sharma, Sanjib; Lewis, Geraint F.; Robotham, Aaron S G.; Driver, Simon P. (2018). "The Need for Speed: Escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements of the Andromeda galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (3): 4043–4054. arXiv:1801.03949. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475.4043K. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty082. S2CID 54039546.
Watkins, Laura L.; van der Marel, Roeland P.; Sohn, Sangmo Tony; Wyn Evans, N.; et al. (March 2019). "Evidence for an Intermediate-mass Milky Way from Gaia DR2 Halo Globular Cluster Motions". The Astrophysical Journal. 873 (2): 118. arXiv:1804.11348. Bibcode:2019ApJ...873..118W. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab089f. ISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 85463973.
Braun, Robert; Thilker, David A.; Walterbos, René A. M.; Corbelli, Edvige (2009). "A Wide-Field High-Resolution H I Mosaic of Messier 31. I. Opaque Atomic Gas and Star Formation Rate Density". The Astrophysical Journal. 695 (2): 937–953. arXiv:0901.4154. Bibcode:2009ApJ...695..937B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/695/2/937. S2CID 17996197.
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Lehner, Nicolas; Howk, Chris; Wakker, Bart (25 April 2014). "Evidence for a Massive, Extended Circumgalactic Medium Around the Andromeda Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 804 (2): 79. arXiv:1404.6540. Bibcode:2015ApJ...804...79L. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/804/2/79. S2CID 31505650.
McCall, Marshall L. (2014). "A Council of Giants". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 440 (1): 405–426. arXiv:1403.3667. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.440..405M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu199. S2CID 119087190.
Tempel, Elmo; Tamm, Antti; Tenjes, Peeter (2010). "Dust-corrected surface photometry of M 31 from Spitzer far-infrared observations". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 509: A91. arXiv:0912.0124. Bibcode:2010A&A...509A..91T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912186. S2CID 118705514. wA91.
Mutch, Simon J.; Croton, Darren J.; Poole, Gregory B. (2011). "The Mid-life Crisis of the Milky Way and M31". The Astrophysical Journal. 736 (2): 84. arXiv:1105.2564. Bibcode:2011ApJ...736...84M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/736/2/84. S2CID 119280671.
Beaton, Rachael L.; Majewski, Steven R.; Guhathakurta, Puragra; et al. (1 April 2007). "Unveiling the Boxy Bulge and Bar of the Andromeda Spiral Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 658 (2): L91 – L94. arXiv:astro-ph/0605239. Bibcode:2007ApJ...658L..91B. doi:10.1086/514333. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 889325.
Gordon, Karl D.; Bailin, J.; Engelbracht, Charles W.; et al. (2006). "Spitzer MIPS Infrared Imaging of M31: Further Evidence for a Spiral-Ring Composite Structure". The Astrophysical Journal. 638 (2): L87 – L92. arXiv:astro-ph/0601314. Bibcode:2006ApJ...638L..87G. doi:10.1086/501046. S2CID 15495044.
Morrison, Heather; Caldwell, Nelson; Harding, Paul; et al. (2008). "Young Star Clusters in M 31". Galaxies in the Local Volume. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. Vol. 5. pp. 227–230. arXiv:0708.3856. Bibcode:2008ASSP....5..227M. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6933-8_50. ISBN 978-1-4020-6932-1. S2CID 17519849.
Pagani, Laurent; Lequeux, James; Cesarsky, Diego; et al. (1999). "Mid-infrared and far-ultraviolet observations of the star-forming ring of M 31". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 351: 447–458. arXiv:astro-ph/9909347. Bibcode:1999A&A...351..447P.
Block, David L.; Bournaud, Frédéric; Combes, Françoise; et al. (2006). "An almost head-on collision as the origin of the two off-centre rings in the Andromeda galaxy". Nature. 443 (1): 832–834. arXiv:astro-ph/0610543. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..832B. doi:10.1038/nature05184. PMID 17051212. S2CID 4426420.
Bullock, James S.; Johnston, Kathryn V. (2005). "Tracing Galaxy Formation with Stellar Halos I: Methods". Astrophysical Journal. 635 (2): 931–949. arXiv:astro-ph/0506467. Bibcode:2005ApJ...635..931B. doi:10.1086/497422. S2CID 14500541.
Bender, Ralf; Kormendy, John; Bower, Gary; et al. (2005). "HST STIS Spectroscopy of the Triple Nucleus of M31: Two Nested Disks in Keplerian Rotation around a Supermassive Black Hole". Astrophysical Journal. 631 (1): 280–300. arXiv:astro-ph/0509839. Bibcode:2005ApJ...631..280B. doi:10.1086/432434. S2CID 53415285.
Garcia, Michael R.; Hextall, Richard; Baganoff, Frederick K.; Galache, Jose; Melia, Fulvio; Murray, Stephen S.; Primini, F. A.; Sjouwerman, Loránt O.; Williams, Ben (1 February 2010). "X-ray and Radio Variability of M31*, The Andromeda Galaxy Nuclear Supermassive Black Hole". The Astrophysical Journal. 710 (1): 755–763. arXiv:0907.4977. Bibcode:2010ApJ...710..755G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/710/1/755. hdl:1721.1/96091. ISSN 0004-637X.
Yang, Yang; Li, Zhiyuan; Sjouwerman, Loránt O.; Yuan, Feng; Shen, Zhi-Qiang (1 August 2017). "Very Large Array Multiband Monitoring Observations of M31*". The Astrophysical Journal. 845 (2): 140. arXiv:1707.08317. Bibcode:2017ApJ...845..140Y. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa8265. ISSN 0004-637X.
DiKerby, Stephen; Zhang, Shuo; Irwin, Jimmy (1 March 2025). "Fifteen Years of M31* X-Ray Variability and Flares". The Astrophysical Journal. 981 (1): 50. arXiv:2502.01365. Bibcode:2025ApJ...981...50D. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb1d5. ISSN 0004-637X.
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Tremaine, Scott (1995). "An Eccentric-Disk Model for the Nucleus of M31". Astronomical Journal. 110: 628–633. arXiv:astro-ph/9502065. Bibcode:1995AJ....110..628T. doi:10.1086/117548. S2CID 8408528.
Akiba, Tatsuya; Madigan, Ann-Marie (1 November 2021). "On the Formation of an Eccentric Nuclear Disk following the Gravitational Recoil Kick of a Supermassive Black Hole". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 921 (1): L12. arXiv:2110.10163. Bibcode:2021ApJ...921L..12A. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac30d9. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 239049969.
Marelli, Martino; Tiengo, Andrea; De Luca, Andrea; et al. (2017). "Discovery of periodic dips in the brightest hard X-ray source of M31 with EXTraS". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 851 (2): L27. arXiv:1711.05540. Bibcode:2017ApJ...851L..27M. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa9b2e. S2CID 119266242.
Barnard, Robin; Kolb, Ulrich C.; Osborne, Julian P. (2005). "Timing the bright X-ray population of the core of M31 with XMM-Newton". arXiv:astro-ph/0508284.
Barmby, Pauline; Huchra, John P. (2001). "M31 Globular Clusters in the Hubble Space Telescope Archive. I. Cluster Detection and Completeness". Astronomical Journal. 122 (5): 2458–2468. arXiv:astro-ph/0107401. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.2458B. doi:10.1086/323457. S2CID 117895577.
Meylan, Georges; Sarajedini, Ata; Jablonka, Pascale; et al. (2001). "G1 in M31 – Giant Globular Cluster or Core of a Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy?". Astronomical Journal. 122 (2): 830–841. arXiv:astro-ph/0105013. Bibcode:2001AJ....122..830M. doi:10.1086/321166. S2CID 17778865.
Ma, Jun; de Grijs, Richard; Yang, Yanbin; et al. (2006). "A 'super' star cluster grown old: the most massive star cluster in the Local Group". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 368 (3): 1443–1450. arXiv:astro-ph/0602608. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.368.1443M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10231.x. S2CID 15947017.
Cohen, Judith G. (2006). "The Not So Extraordinary Globular Cluster 037-B327 in M31" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 653 (1): L21 – L23. arXiv:astro-ph/0610863. Bibcode:2006ApJ...653L..21C. doi:10.1086/510384. S2CID 1733902.
Burstein, David; Li, Yong; Freeman, Kenneth C.; et al. (2004). "Globular Cluster and Galaxy Formation: M31, the Milky Way, and Implications for Globular Cluster Systems of Spiral Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal. 614 (1): 158–166. arXiv:astro-ph/0406564. Bibcode:2004ApJ...614..158B. doi:10.1086/423334. S2CID 56003193.
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"The median values of the Milky Way and Andromeda masses are M_G = 0.8+0.4
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"The median values of the Milky Way and Andromeda masses are M_G = 0.8+0.4
−0.3×10¹² M_☉ and M_A = 1.5+0.5
−0.4×10¹² M_☉ at a 68% level" Peñarrubia, Jorge; Ma, Yin-Zhe; Walker, Matthew G.; McConnachie, Alan W. (29 July 2014). "A dynamical model of the local cosmic expansion". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 433 (3): 2204–2222. arXiv:1405.0306. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.443.2204P. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu879. S2CID 119295582., but compare "[we estimate] the virial mass and radius of the galaxy to be 0.8×10^¹² ± 0.1×10^¹² M_☉ (1.59×10⁴² ± 2.0×10⁴¹ kg)" Kafle, Prajwal R.; Sharma, Sanjib; Lewis, Geraint F.; et al. (1 February 2018). "The Need for Speed: Escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements of the Andromeda Galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (3): 4043–4054. arXiv:1801.03949. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475.4043K. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty082. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 54039546.
Kafle, Prajwal R.; Sharma, Sanjib; Lewis, Geraint F.; et al. (1 February 2018). "The Need for Speed: Escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements of the Andromeda Galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (3): 4043–4054. arXiv:1801.03949. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475.4043K. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty082. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 54039546.
Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia H. (1953). "Why do Galaxies have a Spiral Form?". Scientific American. 189 (3): 89–99. Bibcode:1953SciAm.189c..89P. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0953-89. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 24944338.
Roberts, I. (1888). "Photographs of the Nebulae M 31, h 44, and h 51 Andromedae, and M 27 Vulpeculae". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 49 (2): 65–66. Bibcode:1888MNRAS..49...65R. doi:10.1093/mnras/49.2.65. ISSN 0035-8711.
D'Souza, Richard; Bell, Eric F. (September 2018). "The Andromeda galaxy's most important merger about 2 billion years ago as M32's likely progenitor". Nature Astronomy. 2 (9): 737–743. arXiv:1807.08819. Bibcode:2018NatAs...2..737D. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0533-x. ISSN 2397-3366. S2CID 256713163.
Watkins, Laura L.; van der Marel, Roeland P.; Sohn, Sangmo Tony; Wyn Evans, N.; et al. (March 2019). "Evidence for an Intermediate-mass Milky Way from Gaia DR2 Halo Globular Cluster Motions". The Astrophysical Journal. 873 (2): 118. arXiv:1804.11348. Bibcode:2019ApJ...873..118W. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab089f. ISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 85463973.
Beaton, Rachael L.; Majewski, Steven R.; Guhathakurta, Puragra; et al. (1 April 2007). "Unveiling the Boxy Bulge and Bar of the Andromeda Spiral Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 658 (2): L91 – L94. arXiv:astro-ph/0605239. Bibcode:2007ApJ...658L..91B. doi:10.1086/514333. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 889325.
Garcia, Michael R.; Hextall, Richard; Baganoff, Frederick K.; Galache, Jose; Melia, Fulvio; Murray, Stephen S.; Primini, F. A.; Sjouwerman, Loránt O.; Williams, Ben (1 February 2010). "X-ray and Radio Variability of M31*, The Andromeda Galaxy Nuclear Supermassive Black Hole". The Astrophysical Journal. 710 (1): 755–763. arXiv:0907.4977. Bibcode:2010ApJ...710..755G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/710/1/755. hdl:1721.1/96091. ISSN 0004-637X.
Yang, Yang; Li, Zhiyuan; Sjouwerman, Loránt O.; Yuan, Feng; Shen, Zhi-Qiang (1 August 2017). "Very Large Array Multiband Monitoring Observations of M31*". The Astrophysical Journal. 845 (2): 140. arXiv:1707.08317. Bibcode:2017ApJ...845..140Y. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa8265. ISSN 0004-637X.
DiKerby, Stephen; Zhang, Shuo; Irwin, Jimmy (1 March 2025). "Fifteen Years of M31* X-Ray Variability and Flares". The Astrophysical Journal. 981 (1): 50. arXiv:2502.01365. Bibcode:2025ApJ...981...50D. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb1d5. ISSN 0004-637X.
Akiba, Tatsuya; Madigan, Ann-Marie (1 November 2021). "On the Formation of an Eccentric Nuclear Disk following the Gravitational Recoil Kick of a Supermassive Black Hole". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 921 (1): L12. arXiv:2110.10163. Bibcode:2021ApJ...921L..12A. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac30d9. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 239049969.
An, Jin H.; Evans, N. W.; Kerins, E.; Baillon, P.; Calchi Novati, S.; Carr, B. J.; Creze, M.; Giraud-Heraud, Y.; Gould, A.; Hewett, P.; Jetzer, Ph.; Kaplan, J.; Paulin-Henriksson, S.; Smartt, S. J.; Tsapras, Y.; Valls-Gabaud, D. (2004). "The Anomaly in the Candidate Microlensing Event PA-99-N2". The Astrophysical Journal. 601 (2): 845–857. arXiv:astro-ph/0310457. Bibcode:2004ApJ...601..845A. doi:10.1086/380820. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 8312033.
Rudenko, Pavlo; Worthey, Guy; Mateo, Mario (December 2009). "Intermediate age clusters in the field containing M31 and M32 stars". The Astronomical Journal. 138 (6): 1985–1989. Bibcode:2009AJ....138.1985R. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/6/1985. ISSN 0004-6256.
Sohn, Sangmo Tony; Anderson, Jay; and van der Marel, Roeland P. (1 July 2012). "The M31 velocity vector. I. The Hubble Space Telescope proper-motion measurements". The Astrophysical Journal. 753 (1): 7. arXiv:1205.6863. Bibcode:2012ApJ...753....7S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/1/7. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 53071357.

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