Andromeda Galaxy (English Wikipedia)

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"The median values of the Milky Way and Andromeda masses are M_G = 0.8+0.4
−0.3×10¹² M_☉ and M_A = 1.5+0.5
−0.4×10¹² M_☉ at a 68% level" Peñarrubia, Jorge; Ma, Yin-Zhe; Walker, Matthew G.; McConnachie, Alan W. (29 July 2014). "A dynamical model of the local cosmic expansion". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 433 (3): 2204–2222. arXiv:1405.0306. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.443.2204P. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu879. S2CID 119295582., but compare "[we estimate] the virial mass and radius of the galaxy to be 0.8×10^¹² ± 0.1×10^¹² M_☉ (1.59×10⁴² ± 2.0×10⁴¹ kg)" Kafle, Prajwal R.; Sharma, Sanjib; Lewis, Geraint F.; et al. (1 February 2018). "The Need for Speed: Escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements of the Andromeda Galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (3): 4043–4054. arXiv:1801.03949. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475.4043K. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty082. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 54039546.
Chapman, Scott C.; Ibata, Rodrigo A.; Lewis, Geraint F.; et al. (2006). "A kinematically selected, metal-poor spheroid in the outskirts of M31". Astrophysical Journal. 653 (1): 255–266. arXiv:astro-ph/0602604. Bibcode:2006ApJ...653..255C. doi:10.1086/508599. S2CID 14774482. Also see the press release, "Andromeda's Stellar Halo Shows Galaxy's Origin to Be Similar to That of Milky Way" (Press release). Caltech Media Relations. 27 February 2006. Archived from the original on 9 May 2006. Retrieved 24 May 2006.
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Kafle, Prajwal R.; Sharma, Sanjib; Lewis, Geraint F.; et al. (1 February 2018). "The Need for Speed: Escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements of the Andromeda Galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (3): 4043–4054. arXiv:1801.03949. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475.4043K. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty082. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 54039546.
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Sawala, Till; Delhomelle, Jehanne; Deason, Alis J.; et al. (2 June 2025). "No certainty of a Milky Way–Andromeda collision". Nature Astronomy. 9 (8): 1206–1217. arXiv:2408.00064. Bibcode:2025NatAs...9.1206S. doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02563-1.
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Fesen, Robert A.; Kimeswenger, Stefan; Michael Shull, J.; Drechsler, Marcel; Strottner, Xavier; Sainty, Yann; Falls, Bray; Vergnes, Christophe; Martino, Nicolas; Walker, Sean; Rupert, Justin (2023). "The Spatial and Emission Properties of the Large [O III] Emission Nebula Near M31". The Astrophysical Journal. 957 (2): 82. arXiv:2307.06308. Bibcode:2023ApJ...957...82F. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acfe0d.
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Dorman, Claire E.; Guhathakurta, Puragra; Seth, Anil C.; Weisz, Daniel R.; Bell, Eric F.; Dalcanton, Julianne J.; Gilbert, Karoline M.; Hamren, Katherine M.; Lewis, Alexia R.; Skillman, Evan D.; Toloba, Elisa; Williams, Benjamin F. (9 April 2015). "A clear age-velocity dispersion correlation in Andromeda's stellar disk". The Astrophysical Journal. 803 (1): 24. arXiv:1502.03820. Bibcode:2015ApJ...803...24D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/803/1/24. S2CID 119223754.
Williams, Benjamin F.; Dalcanton, Julianne J.; Dolphin, Andrew E.; Weisz, Daniel R.; Lewis, Alexia R.; Lang, Dustin; Bell, Eric F.; Boyer, Martha; Fouesneau, Morgan; Gilbert, Karoline M.; Monachesi, Antonela; Skillman, Evan (5 June 2015). "A Global Star-forming Episode in M31 2-4 Gyr Ago". The Astrophysical Journal. 806 (1): 48. arXiv:1504.02120. Bibcode:2015ApJ...806...48W. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/806/1/48. S2CID 118435748.
Ibata, Rodrigo; Irwin, Michael; Lewis, Geraint; Ferguson, Annette M. N.; Tanvir, Nial (July 2001). "A giant stream of metal-rich stars in the halo of the galaxy M31". Nature. 412 (6842): 49–52. arXiv:astro-ph/0107090. Bibcode:2001Natur.412...49I. doi:10.1038/35083506. PMID 11452300. S2CID 4413139.
Patel, Ekta; Besla, Gurtina; Sohn, Sangmo Tony (1 February 2017). "Orbits of massive satellite galaxies – I. A close look at the Large Magellanic Cloud and a new orbital history for M33". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 464 (4): 3825–3849. arXiv:1609.04823. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2616. hdl:10150/623269.
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Kafle, Prajwal R.; Sharma, Sanjib; Lewis, Geraint F.; et al. (2018). "The need for speed: escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements of the Andromeda galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (3): 4043–4054. arXiv:1801.03949. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475.4043K. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty082. S2CID 54039546.
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pr.caltech.edu

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"The median values of the Milky Way and Andromeda masses are M_G = 0.8+0.4
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"The median values of the Milky Way and Andromeda masses are M_G = 0.8+0.4
−0.3×10¹² M_☉ and M_A = 1.5+0.5
−0.4×10¹² M_☉ at a 68% level" Peñarrubia, Jorge; Ma, Yin-Zhe; Walker, Matthew G.; McConnachie, Alan W. (29 July 2014). "A dynamical model of the local cosmic expansion". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 433 (3): 2204–2222. arXiv:1405.0306. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.443.2204P. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu879. S2CID 119295582., but compare "[we estimate] the virial mass and radius of the galaxy to be 0.8×10^¹² ± 0.1×10^¹² M_☉ (1.59×10⁴² ± 2.0×10⁴¹ kg)" Kafle, Prajwal R.; Sharma, Sanjib; Lewis, Geraint F.; et al. (1 February 2018). "The Need for Speed: Escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements of the Andromeda Galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (3): 4043–4054. arXiv:1801.03949. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475.4043K. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty082. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 54039546.
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Beaton, Rachael L.; Majewski, Steven R.; Guhathakurta, Puragra; et al. (1 April 2007). "Unveiling the Boxy Bulge and Bar of the Andromeda Spiral Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 658 (2): L91–L94. arXiv:astro-ph/0605239. Bibcode:2007ApJ...658L..91B. doi:10.1086/514333. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 889325.
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DiKerby, Stephen; Zhang, Shuo; Irwin, Jimmy (1 March 2025). "Fifteen Years of M31* X-Ray Variability and Flares". The Astrophysical Journal. 981 (1): 50. arXiv:2502.01365. Bibcode:2025ApJ...981...50D. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb1d5. ISSN 0004-637X.
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Andromeda Galaxy (English Wikipedia)

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nasa.gov (Global: 12th place; English: 73rd place)

nasa.gov

jpl.nasa.gov

starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov

nature.com (Global: 207th place; English: 347th place)

nd.edu (Global: 2,343rd place; English: 1,280th place)

news.nd.edu

newscientist.com (Global: 1,041st place; English: 901st place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

noirlab.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

sci-news.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

sciencealert.com (Global: 6,647th place; English: 5,633rd place)

sciencemuseum.org.uk (Global: low place; English: 8,101st place)

blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk

sciencephoto.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

scitechdaily.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

seds.org (Global: 942nd place; English: 5,625th place)

messier.seds.org

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

skyandtelescope.com (Global: 9,383rd place; English: 8,985th place)

slate.com (Global: 409th place; English: 260th place)

space.com (Global: 862nd place; English: 703rd place)

spaceanswers.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

spacetelescope.org (Global: 1,118th place; English: 7,871st place)

springer.com (Global: 182nd place; English: 172nd place)

link.springer.com

u-strasbg.fr (Global: 163rd place; English: 833rd place)

simbad.u-strasbg.fr

ucla.edu (Global: 885th place; English: 584th place)

physics.ucla.edu

ucsc.edu (Global: 4,139th place; English: 2,783rd place)

universetoday.com (Global: 3,994th place; English: 3,813th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

aanda.org (Global: 2,832^nd place; English: 2,956^th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

aip.org (Global: 2,273^rd place; English: 1,697^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

caltech.edu (Global: 240^th place; English: 473^rd place)

cfa.harvard.edu (Global: 2,284^th place; English: 4,960^th place)

de.wikisource.org (Global: 1,415^th place; English: 3,796^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

ebsco.com (Global: 3,424^th place; English: 2,154^th place)

esa.int (Global: 1,073^rd place; English: 1,115^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

hubblesite.org (Global: 6,472^nd place; English: 9,001^st place)

ianridpath.com (Global: 5,904^th place; English: 6,273^rd place)

iop.org (Global: 1,046^th place; English: 1,608^th place)

jcu.edu.au (Global: low place; English: 6,599^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

nature.com (Global: 207^th place; English: 347^th place)

nd.edu (Global: 2,343^rd place; English: 1,280^th place)

newscientist.com (Global: 1,041^st place; English: 901^st place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

sciencealert.com (Global: 6,647^th place; English: 5,633^rd place)

sciencemuseum.org.uk (Global: low place; English: 8,101^st place)

seds.org (Global: 942^nd place; English: 5,625^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

skyandtelescope.com (Global: 9,383^rd place; English: 8,985^th place)

slate.com (Global: 409^th place; English: 260^th place)

space.com (Global: 862^nd place; English: 703^rd place)

spacetelescope.org (Global: 1,118^th place; English: 7,871^st place)

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

u-strasbg.fr (Global: 163^rd place; English: 833^rd place)

ucla.edu (Global: 885^th place; English: 584^th place)

ucsc.edu (Global: 4,139^th place; English: 2,783^rd place)

universetoday.com (Global: 3,994^th place; English: 3,813^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)