Antler (English Wikipedia)

"antler". CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved October 27, 2012. Archived from the original on October 28, 2012.

csuohio.edu

engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu

Bubenik, George A.; Bubenik, Peter G. (2008). "Palmated antlers of moose may serve as a parabolic reflector of sounds". European Journal of Wildlife Research. 54 (3): 533–5. doi:10.1007/s10344-007-0165-4. S2CID 44737101.
- James Randerson (March 20, 2008). "Moose's sharp hearing is attributed to antlers". The Guardian.

dkimages.com

"970747.JPG". DK Images. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved December 28, 2022.

doi.org

Malo, A. F.; Roldan, E. R. S.; Garde, J.; Soler, A. J.; Gomendio, M. (2005). "Antlers honestly advertise sperm production and quality". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 272 (1559): 149–57. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2933. PMC 1634960. PMID 15695205.
Ditchkoff, Stephen S.; Lochmiller, Robert L.; Masters, Ronald E.; Hoofer, Steven R.; Bussche, Ronald A. Van Den (2007). "Major-Histocompatibility-Complex-Associated Variation in Secondary Sexual Traits of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus): Evidence for Good-Genes Advertisement". Evolution. 55 (3): 616–25. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00794.x. PMID 11327168. S2CID 10418779.
Rössner, Gertrud E.; Costeur, Loïc; Scheyer, Torsten M. (December 16, 2020). "Antiquity and fundamental processes of the antler cycle in Cervidae (Mammalia)". The Science of Nature. 108 (1): 3. doi:10.1007/s00114-020-01713-x. ISSN 1432-1904. PMC 7744388. PMID 33326046.
Morina, Daniel L.; Demarais, Steve; Strickland, Bronson K.; Larson, Jamie E. (April 1, 2018). "While males fight, females choose: male phenotypic quality informs female mate choice in mammals". Animal Behaviour. 138: 69–74. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.02.004. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 3942922.
Landete-Castillejos, T.; Kierdorf, H.; Gomez, S.; Luna, S.; García, A. J.; Cappelli, J.; Pérez-Serrano, M.; Pérez-Barbería, J.; Gallego, L.; Kierdorf, U. (2019). "Antlers - Evolution, development, structure, composition, and biomechanics of an outstanding type of bone". Bone. 128: 115046. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2019.115046. hdl:10578/30778. ISSN 1873-2763. PMID 31446115. S2CID 201751091.
Landete-Castillejos, T.; Currey, J. D.; Estevez, J. A.; Gaspar-López, E.; Garcia, A.; Gallego, L. (November 2007). "Influence of physiological effort of growth and chemical composition on antler bone mechanical properties". Bone. 41 (5): 794–803. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2007.07.013. PMID 17822969 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Chen, Poyu; Stokes, A. G.; McKittrick, Joanna M. (February 2009). "Comparison of the structure and mechanical properties of bovine femur bone and antler of the North American elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis)". Acta Biomaterialia. 5 (2): 693–706. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2008.09.011. PMID 18951859 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Picavet, P. P.; Balligand, M. (September 12, 2016). "Organic and mechanical properties of Cervidae antlers: a review". Veterinary Research Communications. 40 (3–4): 141–147. doi:10.1007/s11259-016-9663-8. PMID 27618827 – via Springer Link.
Fang, Zhongqi; Chen, Bin; Lin, Shiyun; Ye, Wei; Xiao, Hang; Chen, Xi (December 2018). "Investigation of inner mechanism of anisotropic mechanical property of antler bone". Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 88: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.07.043. PMID 30114597 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Rajaram, A.; Ramanathan, N. (December 1982). "Tensile properties of antler bone". Calcified Tissue International. 34 (3): 301–305. doi:10.1007/BF02411255. PMID 6809293 – via Springer Link.
Gilbert, Clément; Ropiquet, Anne; Hassanin, Alexandre (2006). "Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 101–17. Bibcode:2006MolPE..40..101G. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.017. PMID 16584894.
Kruuk, Loeske E. B.; Slate, Jon; Pemberton, Josephine M.; Brotherstone, Sue; Guinness, Fiona; Clutton-Brock, Tim (2002). "Antler Size in Red Deer: Heritability and Selection but No Evolution". Evolution. 56 (8): 1683–95. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01480.x. PMID 12353761. S2CID 33699313. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 16, 2016.
Perez-Gonzalez, J.; Carranza, J.; Torres-Porras, J.; Fernandez-Garcia, J. L. (2010). "Low Heterozygosity at Microsatellite Markers in Iberian Red Deer with Small Antlers". Journal of Heredity. 101 (5): 553–61. doi:10.1093/jhered/esq049. PMID 20478822.
Metz, Matthew C.; Emlen, Douglas J.; Stahler, Daniel R.; MacNulty, Daniel R.; Smith, Douglas W. (September 3, 2018). "Predation shapes the evolutionary traits of cervid weapons". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (10): 1619–1625. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2.1619M. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0657-5. PMID 30177803. S2CID 52147419.
Nasoori, Alireza (2020). "Formation, structure, and function of extra-skeletal bones in mammals". Biological Reviews. 95 (4): 986–1019. doi:10.1111/brv.12597. ISSN 1464-7931. PMID 32338826. S2CID 216556342.
Lin, Zeshan; Chen, Lei; Chen, Xianqing; Zhong, Yingbin; Yang, Yue; Xia, Wenhao; Liu, Chang; Zhu, Wenbo; Wang, Han; Yan, Biyao; Yang, Yifeng; Liu, Xing; Sternang Kvie, Kjersti; Røed, Knut Håkon; Wang, Kun (June 21, 2019). "Biological adaptations in the Arctic cervid, the reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus )". Science. 364 (6446): eaav6312. Bibcode:2019Sci...364.6312L. doi:10.1126/science.aav6312. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 31221829. S2CID 195191761.
Espmark, Yngve (October 1, 1964). "Studies in dominance-subordination relationship in a group of semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.)". Animal Behaviour. 12 (4): 420–426. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(64)90061-2. ISSN 0003-3472.
Schaefer and Mahoney (December 2001). "Antlers on Female Caribou: Biogeography of the Bones of Contention". Ecology. 82 (12): 3556–3560. doi:10.2307/2680172. JSTOR 2680172.
Melnycky; et al. (December 2013). "Scaling of antler size in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus): sexual dimorphism and variability in resource allocation". Journal of Mammalogy. 94 (6): 1371–1379. doi:10.1644/12-mamm-a-282.1. S2CID 86047535.
Wishart, William (1985). "Frequency of Antlered White-Tailed Does in Camp Wainwright, Alberta". Journal of Wildlife Management. 49 (2): 386–388. doi:10.2307/3801538. JSTOR 3801538.
Donaldson, John; Doutt, J. Kenneth (1965). "Antlers in Female White-Tailed Deer: A 4-Year Study". Journal of Wildlife Management. 29 (4): 699–705. doi:10.2307/3798545. JSTOR 3798545.
Bubenik, George A.; Bubenik, Peter G. (2008). "Palmated antlers of moose may serve as a parabolic reflector of sounds". European Journal of Wildlife Research. 54 (3): 533–5. doi:10.1007/s10344-007-0165-4. S2CID 44737101.
- James Randerson (March 20, 2008). "Moose's sharp hearing is attributed to antlers". The Guardian.
- Heckeberg, Nicola S. (February 18, 2020). "The systematics of the Cervidae: a total evidence approach". PeerJ. 8: e8114. doi:10.7717/peerj.8114. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 7034380. PMID 32110477.
- Samejima, Y., Matsuoka, H. A new viewpoint on antlers reveals the evolutionary history of deer (Cervidae, Mammalia). Sci Rep 10, 8910 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64555-7
- Sleivert, G; Burke, V; Palmer, C; Walmsley, A; Gerrard, D; Haines, S; Littlejohn, R (2003). "The effects of deer antler velvet extract or powder supplementation on aerobic power, erythropoiesis, and muscular strength and endurance characteristics". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 13 (3): 251–65. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.13.3.251. PMID 14669926.
dx.doi.org
- Espmark, Yngve (October 1, 1964). "Studies in dominance-subordination relationship in a group of semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.)". Animal Behaviour. 12 (4): 420–426. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(64)90061-2. ISSN 0003-3472.

ghostarchive.org

Fieldsports Britain (August 28, 2009). "Fieldsports Britain: Grouse on the Glorious Twelfth, roebucks and". fieldsportschannel.tv. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2012.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Landete-Castillejos, T.; Kierdorf, H.; Gomez, S.; Luna, S.; García, A. J.; Cappelli, J.; Pérez-Serrano, M.; Pérez-Barbería, J.; Gallego, L.; Kierdorf, U. (2019). "Antlers - Evolution, development, structure, composition, and biomechanics of an outstanding type of bone". Bone. 128: 115046. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2019.115046. hdl:10578/30778. ISSN 1873-2763. PMID 31446115. S2CID 201751091.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Gilbert, Clément; Ropiquet, Anne; Hassanin, Alexandre (2006). "Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 101–17. Bibcode:2006MolPE..40..101G. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.017. PMID 16584894.
Metz, Matthew C.; Emlen, Douglas J.; Stahler, Daniel R.; MacNulty, Daniel R.; Smith, Douglas W. (September 3, 2018). "Predation shapes the evolutionary traits of cervid weapons". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (10): 1619–1625. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2.1619M. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0657-5. PMID 30177803. S2CID 52147419.
Lin, Zeshan; Chen, Lei; Chen, Xianqing; Zhong, Yingbin; Yang, Yue; Xia, Wenhao; Liu, Chang; Zhu, Wenbo; Wang, Han; Yan, Biyao; Yang, Yifeng; Liu, Xing; Sternang Kvie, Kjersti; Røed, Knut Håkon; Wang, Kun (June 21, 2019). "Biological adaptations in the Arctic cervid, the reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus )". Science. 364 (6446): eaav6312. Bibcode:2019Sci...364.6312L. doi:10.1126/science.aav6312. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 31221829. S2CID 195191761.

humankinetics.com

journals.humankinetics.com

Sleivert, G; Burke, V; Palmer, C; Walmsley, A; Gerrard, D; Haines, S; Littlejohn, R (2003). "The effects of deer antler velvet extract or powder supplementation on aerobic power, erythropoiesis, and muscular strength and endurance characteristics". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 13 (3): 251–65. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.13.3.251. PMID 14669926.

indianapublicmedia.org

Love, Heather. "What Is The Difference Between Horns And Antlers?". A Moment of Science – Indiana Public Media. Retrieved December 5, 2020.

ingenious.org.uk

"Deer-antler pick, used in flint mining from Grimes Graves". Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.^{[full citation needed]}

jstor.org

Schaefer and Mahoney (December 2001). "Antlers on Female Caribou: Biogeography of the Bones of Contention". Ecology. 82 (12): 3556–3560. doi:10.2307/2680172. JSTOR 2680172.
Wishart, William (1985). "Frequency of Antlered White-Tailed Does in Camp Wainwright, Alberta". Journal of Wildlife Management. 49 (2): 386–388. doi:10.2307/3801538. JSTOR 3801538.
Donaldson, John; Doutt, J. Kenneth (1965). "Antlers in Female White-Tailed Deer: A 4-Year Study". Journal of Wildlife Management. 29 (4): 699–705. doi:10.2307/3798545. JSTOR 3798545.

medium.com

Laskow, Sarah (August 27, 2014). "Antler Farm". Medium (service). Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014.

moose-farm.ru

"Moose as a domestic animal". The Kostroma moose farm. Archived from the original on December 10, 2016.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Malo, A. F.; Roldan, E. R. S.; Garde, J.; Soler, A. J.; Gomendio, M. (2005). "Antlers honestly advertise sperm production and quality". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 272 (1559): 149–57. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2933. PMC 1634960. PMID 15695205.
Ditchkoff, Stephen S.; Lochmiller, Robert L.; Masters, Ronald E.; Hoofer, Steven R.; Bussche, Ronald A. Van Den (2007). "Major-Histocompatibility-Complex-Associated Variation in Secondary Sexual Traits of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus): Evidence for Good-Genes Advertisement". Evolution. 55 (3): 616–25. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00794.x. PMID 11327168. S2CID 10418779.
Rössner, Gertrud E.; Costeur, Loïc; Scheyer, Torsten M. (December 16, 2020). "Antiquity and fundamental processes of the antler cycle in Cervidae (Mammalia)". The Science of Nature. 108 (1): 3. doi:10.1007/s00114-020-01713-x. ISSN 1432-1904. PMC 7744388. PMID 33326046.
Landete-Castillejos, T.; Kierdorf, H.; Gomez, S.; Luna, S.; García, A. J.; Cappelli, J.; Pérez-Serrano, M.; Pérez-Barbería, J.; Gallego, L.; Kierdorf, U. (2019). "Antlers - Evolution, development, structure, composition, and biomechanics of an outstanding type of bone". Bone. 128: 115046. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2019.115046. hdl:10578/30778. ISSN 1873-2763. PMID 31446115. S2CID 201751091.
Landete-Castillejos, T.; Currey, J. D.; Estevez, J. A.; Gaspar-López, E.; Garcia, A.; Gallego, L. (November 2007). "Influence of physiological effort of growth and chemical composition on antler bone mechanical properties". Bone. 41 (5): 794–803. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2007.07.013. PMID 17822969 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Chen, Poyu; Stokes, A. G.; McKittrick, Joanna M. (February 2009). "Comparison of the structure and mechanical properties of bovine femur bone and antler of the North American elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis)". Acta Biomaterialia. 5 (2): 693–706. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2008.09.011. PMID 18951859 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Picavet, P. P.; Balligand, M. (September 12, 2016). "Organic and mechanical properties of Cervidae antlers: a review". Veterinary Research Communications. 40 (3–4): 141–147. doi:10.1007/s11259-016-9663-8. PMID 27618827 – via Springer Link.
Fang, Zhongqi; Chen, Bin; Lin, Shiyun; Ye, Wei; Xiao, Hang; Chen, Xi (December 2018). "Investigation of inner mechanism of anisotropic mechanical property of antler bone". Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 88: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.07.043. PMID 30114597 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Rajaram, A.; Ramanathan, N. (December 1982). "Tensile properties of antler bone". Calcified Tissue International. 34 (3): 301–305. doi:10.1007/BF02411255. PMID 6809293 – via Springer Link.
Gilbert, Clément; Ropiquet, Anne; Hassanin, Alexandre (2006). "Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 101–17. Bibcode:2006MolPE..40..101G. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.017. PMID 16584894.
Kruuk, Loeske E. B.; Slate, Jon; Pemberton, Josephine M.; Brotherstone, Sue; Guinness, Fiona; Clutton-Brock, Tim (2002). "Antler Size in Red Deer: Heritability and Selection but No Evolution". Evolution. 56 (8): 1683–95. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01480.x. PMID 12353761. S2CID 33699313. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 16, 2016.
Perez-Gonzalez, J.; Carranza, J.; Torres-Porras, J.; Fernandez-Garcia, J. L. (2010). "Low Heterozygosity at Microsatellite Markers in Iberian Red Deer with Small Antlers". Journal of Heredity. 101 (5): 553–61. doi:10.1093/jhered/esq049. PMID 20478822.
Metz, Matthew C.; Emlen, Douglas J.; Stahler, Daniel R.; MacNulty, Daniel R.; Smith, Douglas W. (September 3, 2018). "Predation shapes the evolutionary traits of cervid weapons". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (10): 1619–1625. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2.1619M. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0657-5. PMID 30177803. S2CID 52147419.
Nasoori, Alireza (2020). "Formation, structure, and function of extra-skeletal bones in mammals". Biological Reviews. 95 (4): 986–1019. doi:10.1111/brv.12597. ISSN 1464-7931. PMID 32338826. S2CID 216556342.
Lin, Zeshan; Chen, Lei; Chen, Xianqing; Zhong, Yingbin; Yang, Yue; Xia, Wenhao; Liu, Chang; Zhu, Wenbo; Wang, Han; Yan, Biyao; Yang, Yifeng; Liu, Xing; Sternang Kvie, Kjersti; Røed, Knut Håkon; Wang, Kun (June 21, 2019). "Biological adaptations in the Arctic cervid, the reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus )". Science. 364 (6446): eaav6312. Bibcode:2019Sci...364.6312L. doi:10.1126/science.aav6312. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 31221829. S2CID 195191761.
Heckeberg, Nicola S. (February 18, 2020). "The systematics of the Cervidae: a total evidence approach". PeerJ. 8: e8114. doi:10.7717/peerj.8114. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 7034380. PMID 32110477.
Sleivert, G; Burke, V; Palmer, C; Walmsley, A; Gerrard, D; Haines, S; Littlejohn, R (2003). "The effects of deer antler velvet extract or powder supplementation on aerobic power, erythropoiesis, and muscular strength and endurance characteristics". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 13 (3): 251–65. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.13.3.251. PMID 14669926.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Malo, A. F.; Roldan, E. R. S.; Garde, J.; Soler, A. J.; Gomendio, M. (2005). "Antlers honestly advertise sperm production and quality". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 272 (1559): 149–57. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2933. PMC 1634960. PMID 15695205.
Rössner, Gertrud E.; Costeur, Loïc; Scheyer, Torsten M. (December 16, 2020). "Antiquity and fundamental processes of the antler cycle in Cervidae (Mammalia)". The Science of Nature. 108 (1): 3. doi:10.1007/s00114-020-01713-x. ISSN 1432-1904. PMC 7744388. PMID 33326046.
Heckeberg, Nicola S. (February 18, 2020). "The systematics of the Cervidae: a total evidence approach". PeerJ. 8: e8114. doi:10.7717/peerj.8114. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 7034380. PMID 32110477.

psu.edu

das.psu.edu

Antlered Doe Archived February 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

reference.com

dictionary.reference.com

Harper, Douglas (2010). "Online Etymology Dictionary". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on November 8, 2010. Retrieved November 8, 2010.

researchgate.net

Kruuk, Loeske E. B.; Slate, Jon; Pemberton, Josephine M.; Brotherstone, Sue; Guinness, Fiona; Clutton-Brock, Tim (2002). "Antler Size in Red Deer: Heritability and Selection but No Evolution". Evolution. 56 (8): 1683–95. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01480.x. PMID 12353761. S2CID 33699313. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 16, 2016.

sandiegozoo.org

"Mammals: Pronghorn". San Diego Zoo. Retrieved June 27, 2013.

science.org

Pennisi, Elizabeth (June 20, 2019). "Cancer genes help deer antlers grow". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved November 4, 2023.

sciencedirect.com

Landete-Castillejos, T.; Currey, J. D.; Estevez, J. A.; Gaspar-López, E.; Garcia, A.; Gallego, L. (November 2007). "Influence of physiological effort of growth and chemical composition on antler bone mechanical properties". Bone. 41 (5): 794–803. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2007.07.013. PMID 17822969 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Chen, Poyu; Stokes, A. G.; McKittrick, Joanna M. (February 2009). "Comparison of the structure and mechanical properties of bovine femur bone and antler of the North American elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis)". Acta Biomaterialia. 5 (2): 693–706. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2008.09.011. PMID 18951859 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Fang, Zhongqi; Chen, Bin; Lin, Shiyun; Ye, Wei; Xiao, Hang; Chen, Xi (December 2018). "Investigation of inner mechanism of anisotropic mechanical property of antler bone". Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 88: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.07.043. PMID 30114597 – via Elsevier Science Direct.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Ditchkoff, Stephen S.; Lochmiller, Robert L.; Masters, Ronald E.; Hoofer, Steven R.; Bussche, Ronald A. Van Den (2007). "Major-Histocompatibility-Complex-Associated Variation in Secondary Sexual Traits of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus): Evidence for Good-Genes Advertisement". Evolution. 55 (3): 616–25. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00794.x. PMID 11327168. S2CID 10418779.
Morina, Daniel L.; Demarais, Steve; Strickland, Bronson K.; Larson, Jamie E. (April 1, 2018). "While males fight, females choose: male phenotypic quality informs female mate choice in mammals". Animal Behaviour. 138: 69–74. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.02.004. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 3942922.
Landete-Castillejos, T.; Kierdorf, H.; Gomez, S.; Luna, S.; García, A. J.; Cappelli, J.; Pérez-Serrano, M.; Pérez-Barbería, J.; Gallego, L.; Kierdorf, U. (2019). "Antlers - Evolution, development, structure, composition, and biomechanics of an outstanding type of bone". Bone. 128: 115046. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2019.115046. hdl:10578/30778. ISSN 1873-2763. PMID 31446115. S2CID 201751091.
Kruuk, Loeske E. B.; Slate, Jon; Pemberton, Josephine M.; Brotherstone, Sue; Guinness, Fiona; Clutton-Brock, Tim (2002). "Antler Size in Red Deer: Heritability and Selection but No Evolution". Evolution. 56 (8): 1683–95. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01480.x. PMID 12353761. S2CID 33699313. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 16, 2016.
Metz, Matthew C.; Emlen, Douglas J.; Stahler, Daniel R.; MacNulty, Daniel R.; Smith, Douglas W. (September 3, 2018). "Predation shapes the evolutionary traits of cervid weapons". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (10): 1619–1625. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2.1619M. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0657-5. PMID 30177803. S2CID 52147419.
Nasoori, Alireza (2020). "Formation, structure, and function of extra-skeletal bones in mammals". Biological Reviews. 95 (4): 986–1019. doi:10.1111/brv.12597. ISSN 1464-7931. PMID 32338826. S2CID 216556342.
Lin, Zeshan; Chen, Lei; Chen, Xianqing; Zhong, Yingbin; Yang, Yue; Xia, Wenhao; Liu, Chang; Zhu, Wenbo; Wang, Han; Yan, Biyao; Yang, Yifeng; Liu, Xing; Sternang Kvie, Kjersti; Røed, Knut Håkon; Wang, Kun (June 21, 2019). "Biological adaptations in the Arctic cervid, the reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus )". Science. 364 (6446): eaav6312. Bibcode:2019Sci...364.6312L. doi:10.1126/science.aav6312. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 31221829. S2CID 195191761.
Melnycky; et al. (December 2013). "Scaling of antler size in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus): sexual dimorphism and variability in resource allocation". Journal of Mammalogy. 94 (6): 1371–1379. doi:10.1644/12-mamm-a-282.1. S2CID 86047535.
Bubenik, George A.; Bubenik, Peter G. (2008). "Palmated antlers of moose may serve as a parabolic reflector of sounds". European Journal of Wildlife Research. 54 (3): 533–5. doi:10.1007/s10344-007-0165-4. S2CID 44737101.
- James Randerson (March 20, 2008). "Moose's sharp hearing is attributed to antlers". The Guardian.

sheddogtrainer.com

North American Shed Hunting Dog Association

si.edu

naturalhistory.si.edu

"Arctic Wildlife – Arctic Studies Center". naturalhistory.si.edu. Archived from the original on May 1, 2018. Retrieved May 1, 2018.

springer.com

link.springer.com

Picavet, P. P.; Balligand, M. (September 12, 2016). "Organic and mechanical properties of Cervidae antlers: a review". Veterinary Research Communications. 40 (3–4): 141–147. doi:10.1007/s11259-016-9663-8. PMID 27618827 – via Springer Link.
Rajaram, A.; Ramanathan, N. (December 1982). "Tensile properties of antler bone". Calcified Tissue International. 34 (3): 301–305. doi:10.1007/BF02411255. PMID 6809293 – via Springer Link.

theguardian.com

Bubenik, George A.; Bubenik, Peter G. (2008). "Palmated antlers of moose may serve as a parabolic reflector of sounds". European Journal of Wildlife Research. 54 (3): 533–5. doi:10.1007/s10344-007-0165-4. S2CID 44737101.
- James Randerson (March 20, 2008). "Moose's sharp hearing is attributed to antlers". The Guardian.

vitaminsinamerica.com

"Velvet Antler – Research Summary". www.vitaminsinamerica.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2018.

web.archive.org

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