Antler (English Wikipedia)

Gilbert, Clément; Ropiquet, Anne; Hassanin, Alexandre (2006). "Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 101–17. Bibcode:2006MolPE..40..101G. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.017. PMID 16584894.
Metz, Matthew C.; Emlen, Douglas J.; Stahler, Daniel R.; MacNulty, Daniel R.; Smith, Douglas W. (September 3, 2018). "Predation shapes the evolutionary traits of cervid weapons". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (10): 1619–1625. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2.1619M. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0657-5. PMID 30177803. S2CID 52147419.
Lin, Zeshan; Chen, Lei; Chen, Xianqing; Zhong, Yingbin; Yang, Yue; Xia, Wenhao; Liu, Chang; Zhu, Wenbo; Wang, Han; Yan, Biyao; Yang, Yifeng; Liu, Xing; Sternang Kvie, Kjersti; Røed, Knut Håkon; Wang, Kun (June 21, 2019). "Biological adaptations in the Arctic cervid, the reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus )". Science. 364 (6446) eaav6312. Bibcode:2019Sci...364.6312L. doi:10.1126/science.aav6312. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 31221829. S2CID 195191761.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Brown, Leslie (1993). The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Volume 1. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-861271-0.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Hall, Brian K. (2005). "Antlers". Bones and Cartilage: Developmental and Evolutionary Skeletal Biology. Academic Press. pp. 103–114. ISBN 0-12-319060-6. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
Whitaker, John O.; Hamilton, William J. Jr. (1998). Mammals of the Eastern United States. Cornell University Press. p. 517. ISBN 0-8014-3475-0. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
Payne, Junaidi; Francis, Charles M. (1985). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Borneo. Sabah Society. p. 298. ISBN 978-967-99947-1-1. Retrieved October 6, 2025.
George A. Feldhamer; William J. McShea (January 26, 2012). Deer: The Animal Answer Guide. JHU Press. pp. 32–. ISBN 978-1-4214-0387-8.
Dennis Walrod (2010). Antlers: A Guide to Collecting, Scoring, Mounting, and Carving. Stackpole Books. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8117-0596-7.
Dennis Walrod (2010). Antlers: A Guide to Collecting, Scoring, Mounting, and Carving. Stackpole Books. pp. 44–52. ISBN 978-0-8117-0596-7.
Dennis Walrod (2010). Antlers: A Guide to Collecting, Scoring, Mounting, and Carving. Stackpole Books. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-0-8117-0596-7.

brooklynmuseum.org (Global: 6,003^rd place; English: 5,025^th place)

"Bow, Bow Case, Arrows and Quiver". Brooklyn Museum.

collinsdictionary.com (Global: 1,831^st place; English: 1,216^th place)

"antler". CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved October 27, 2012. Archived from the original on October 28, 2012.

csuohio.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu

Bubenik, George A.; Bubenik, Peter G. (2008). "Palmated antlers of moose may serve as a parabolic reflector of sounds". European Journal of Wildlife Research. 54 (3): 533–5. doi:10.1007/s10344-007-0165-4. S2CID 44737101.
- James Randerson (March 20, 2008). "Moose's sharp hearing is attributed to antlers". The Guardian.

daytondailynews.com (Global: 5,304^th place; English: 2,602^nd place)

"Average Guy Outdoors: Now is the time for 'shed hunting' — or seeking antlers dropped by deer". dayton-daily-news. Retrieved March 17, 2026.

denverpost.com (Global: 937^th place; English: 484^th place)

"Shed hunting provides dogs with new tricks". The Denver Post. April 22, 2014. Retrieved March 17, 2026.

dkimages.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"970747.JPG". DK Images. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved December 28, 2022.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Malo, A. F.; Roldan, E. R. S.; Garde, J.; Soler, A. J.; Gomendio, M. (2005). "Antlers honestly advertise sperm production and quality". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 272 (1559): 149–57. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2933. PMC 1634960. PMID 15695205.
Ditchkoff, Stephen S.; Lochmiller, Robert L.; Masters, Ronald E.; Hoofer, Steven R.; Bussche, Ronald A. Van Den (2007). "Major-Histocompatibility-Complex-Associated Variation in Secondary Sexual Traits of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus): Evidence for Good-Genes Advertisement". Evolution. 55 (3): 616–25. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00794.x. PMID 11327168. S2CID 10418779.
Rössner, Gertrud E.; Costeur, Loïc; Scheyer, Torsten M. (December 16, 2020). "Antiquity and fundamental processes of the antler cycle in Cervidae (Mammalia)". The Science of Nature. 108 (1): 3. doi:10.1007/s00114-020-01713-x. ISSN 1432-1904. PMC 7744388. PMID 33326046.
Morina, Daniel L.; Demarais, Steve; Strickland, Bronson K.; Larson, Jamie E. (April 1, 2018). "While males fight, females choose: male phenotypic quality informs female mate choice in mammals". Animal Behaviour. 138: 69–74. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.02.004. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 3942922.
Landete-Castillejos, T.; Kierdorf, H.; Gomez, S.; Luna, S.; García, A. J.; Cappelli, J.; Pérez-Serrano, M.; Pérez-Barbería, J.; Gallego, L.; Kierdorf, U. (2019). "Antlers - Evolution, development, structure, composition, and biomechanics of an outstanding type of bone". Bone. 128 115046. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2019.115046. hdl:10578/30778. ISSN 1873-2763. PMID 31446115. S2CID 201751091.
Landete-Castillejos, T.; Currey, J. D.; Estevez, J. A.; Gaspar-López, E.; Garcia, A.; Gallego, L. (November 2007). "Influence of physiological effort of growth and chemical composition on antler bone mechanical properties". Bone. 41 (5): 794–803. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2007.07.013. PMID 17822969 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Chen, Poyu; Stokes, A. G.; McKittrick, Joanna M. (February 2009). "Comparison of the structure and mechanical properties of bovine femur bone and antler of the North American elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis)". Acta Biomaterialia. 5 (2): 693–706. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2008.09.011. PMID 18951859 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Picavet, P. P.; Balligand, M. (September 12, 2016). "Organic and mechanical properties of Cervidae antlers: a review". Veterinary Research Communications. 40 (3–4): 141–147. doi:10.1007/s11259-016-9663-8. PMID 27618827 – via Springer Link.
Fang, Zhongqi; Chen, Bin; Lin, Shiyun; Ye, Wei; Xiao, Hang; Chen, Xi (December 2018). "Investigation of inner mechanism of anisotropic mechanical property of antler bone". Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 88: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.07.043. PMID 30114597 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Rajaram, A.; Ramanathan, N. (December 1982). "Tensile properties of antler bone". Calcified Tissue International. 34 (3): 301–305. doi:10.1007/BF02411255. PMID 6809293 – via Springer Link.
Gilbert, Clément; Ropiquet, Anne; Hassanin, Alexandre (2006). "Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 101–17. Bibcode:2006MolPE..40..101G. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.017. PMID 16584894.
Kruuk, Loeske E. B.; Slate, Jon; Pemberton, Josephine M.; Brotherstone, Sue; Guinness, Fiona; Clutton-Brock, Tim (2002). "Antler Size in Red Deer: Heritability and Selection but No Evolution". Evolution. 56 (8): 1683–95. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01480.x. PMID 12353761. S2CID 33699313. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 16, 2016.
Perez-Gonzalez, J.; Carranza, J.; Torres-Porras, J.; Fernandez-Garcia, J. L. (2010). "Low Heterozygosity at Microsatellite Markers in Iberian Red Deer with Small Antlers". Journal of Heredity. 101 (5): 553–61. doi:10.1093/jhered/esq049. PMID 20478822.
Metz, Matthew C.; Emlen, Douglas J.; Stahler, Daniel R.; MacNulty, Daniel R.; Smith, Douglas W. (September 3, 2018). "Predation shapes the evolutionary traits of cervid weapons". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (10): 1619–1625. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2.1619M. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0657-5. PMID 30177803. S2CID 52147419.
Nasoori, Alireza (2020). "Formation, structure, and function of extra-skeletal bones in mammals". Biological Reviews. 95 (4): 986–1019. doi:10.1111/brv.12597. ISSN 1464-7931. PMID 32338826. S2CID 216556342.
Lin, Zeshan; Chen, Lei; Chen, Xianqing; Zhong, Yingbin; Yang, Yue; Xia, Wenhao; Liu, Chang; Zhu, Wenbo; Wang, Han; Yan, Biyao; Yang, Yifeng; Liu, Xing; Sternang Kvie, Kjersti; Røed, Knut Håkon; Wang, Kun (June 21, 2019). "Biological adaptations in the Arctic cervid, the reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus )". Science. 364 (6446) eaav6312. Bibcode:2019Sci...364.6312L. doi:10.1126/science.aav6312. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 31221829. S2CID 195191761.
Espmark, Yngve (October 1, 1964). "Studies in dominance-subordination relationship in a group of semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.)". Animal Behaviour. 12 (4): 420–426. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(64)90061-2. ISSN 0003-3472.
Schaefer and Mahoney (December 2001). "Antlers on Female Caribou: Biogeography of the Bones of Contention". Ecology. 82 (12): 3556–3560. doi:10.2307/2680172. JSTOR 2680172.
Melnycky; et al. (December 2013). "Scaling of antler size in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus): sexual dimorphism and variability in resource allocation". Journal of Mammalogy. 94 (6): 1371–1379. doi:10.1644/12-mamm-a-282.1. S2CID 86047535.
Wishart, William (1985). "Frequency of Antlered White-Tailed Does in Camp Wainwright, Alberta". Journal of Wildlife Management. 49 (2): 386–388. doi:10.2307/3801538. JSTOR 3801538.
Donaldson, John; Doutt, J. Kenneth (1965). "Antlers in Female White-Tailed Deer: A 4-Year Study". Journal of Wildlife Management. 29 (4): 699–705. doi:10.2307/3798545. JSTOR 3798545.
Bubenik, George A.; Bubenik, Peter G. (2008). "Palmated antlers of moose may serve as a parabolic reflector of sounds". European Journal of Wildlife Research. 54 (3): 533–5. doi:10.1007/s10344-007-0165-4. S2CID 44737101.
- James Randerson (March 20, 2008). "Moose's sharp hearing is attributed to antlers". The Guardian.
- Heckeberg, Nicola S. (February 18, 2020). "The systematics of the Cervidae: a total evidence approach". PeerJ. 8 e8114. doi:10.7717/peerj.8114. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 7034380. PMID 32110477.
- Samejima, Y., Matsuoka, H. A new viewpoint on antlers reveals the evolutionary history of deer (Cervidae, Mammalia). Sci Rep 10, 8910 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64555-7
- Sleivert, G; Burke, V; Palmer, C; Walmsley, A; Gerrard, D; Haines, S; Littlejohn, R (2003). "The effects of deer antler velvet extract or powder supplementation on aerobic power, erythropoiesis, and muscular strength and endurance characteristics". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 13 (3): 251–65. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.13.3.251. PMID 14669926.

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

Fieldsports Britain (August 28, 2009). "Fieldsports Britain: Grouse on the Glorious Twelfth, roebucks and". fieldsportschannel.tv. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2012.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Landete-Castillejos, T.; Kierdorf, H.; Gomez, S.; Luna, S.; García, A. J.; Cappelli, J.; Pérez-Serrano, M.; Pérez-Barbería, J.; Gallego, L.; Kierdorf, U. (2019). "Antlers - Evolution, development, structure, composition, and biomechanics of an outstanding type of bone". Bone. 128 115046. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2019.115046. hdl:10578/30778. ISSN 1873-2763. PMID 31446115. S2CID 201751091.

humankinetics.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

journals.humankinetics.com

Sleivert, G; Burke, V; Palmer, C; Walmsley, A; Gerrard, D; Haines, S; Littlejohn, R (2003). "The effects of deer antler velvet extract or powder supplementation on aerobic power, erythropoiesis, and muscular strength and endurance characteristics". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 13 (3): 251–65. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.13.3.251. PMID 14669926.

indianapublicmedia.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Love, Heather. "What Is The Difference Between Horns And Antlers?". A Moment of Science – Indiana Public Media. Retrieved December 5, 2020.

ingenious.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Deer-antler pick, used in flint mining from Grimes Graves". Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.^{[full citation needed]}

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Schaefer and Mahoney (December 2001). "Antlers on Female Caribou: Biogeography of the Bones of Contention". Ecology. 82 (12): 3556–3560. doi:10.2307/2680172. JSTOR 2680172.
Wishart, William (1985). "Frequency of Antlered White-Tailed Does in Camp Wainwright, Alberta". Journal of Wildlife Management. 49 (2): 386–388. doi:10.2307/3801538. JSTOR 3801538.
Donaldson, John; Doutt, J. Kenneth (1965). "Antlers in Female White-Tailed Deer: A 4-Year Study". Journal of Wildlife Management. 29 (4): 699–705. doi:10.2307/3798545. JSTOR 3798545.

medium.com (Global: 651^st place; English: 479^th place)

Laskow, Sarah (August 27, 2014). "Antler Farm". Medium (service). Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014.

moose-farm.ru (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Moose as a domestic animal". The Kostroma moose farm. Archived from the original on December 10, 2016.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Malo, A. F.; Roldan, E. R. S.; Garde, J.; Soler, A. J.; Gomendio, M. (2005). "Antlers honestly advertise sperm production and quality". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 272 (1559): 149–57. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2933. PMC 1634960. PMID 15695205.
Ditchkoff, Stephen S.; Lochmiller, Robert L.; Masters, Ronald E.; Hoofer, Steven R.; Bussche, Ronald A. Van Den (2007). "Major-Histocompatibility-Complex-Associated Variation in Secondary Sexual Traits of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus): Evidence for Good-Genes Advertisement". Evolution. 55 (3): 616–25. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00794.x. PMID 11327168. S2CID 10418779.
Rössner, Gertrud E.; Costeur, Loïc; Scheyer, Torsten M. (December 16, 2020). "Antiquity and fundamental processes of the antler cycle in Cervidae (Mammalia)". The Science of Nature. 108 (1): 3. doi:10.1007/s00114-020-01713-x. ISSN 1432-1904. PMC 7744388. PMID 33326046.
Landete-Castillejos, T.; Kierdorf, H.; Gomez, S.; Luna, S.; García, A. J.; Cappelli, J.; Pérez-Serrano, M.; Pérez-Barbería, J.; Gallego, L.; Kierdorf, U. (2019). "Antlers - Evolution, development, structure, composition, and biomechanics of an outstanding type of bone". Bone. 128 115046. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2019.115046. hdl:10578/30778. ISSN 1873-2763. PMID 31446115. S2CID 201751091.
Landete-Castillejos, T.; Currey, J. D.; Estevez, J. A.; Gaspar-López, E.; Garcia, A.; Gallego, L. (November 2007). "Influence of physiological effort of growth and chemical composition on antler bone mechanical properties". Bone. 41 (5): 794–803. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2007.07.013. PMID 17822969 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Chen, Poyu; Stokes, A. G.; McKittrick, Joanna M. (February 2009). "Comparison of the structure and mechanical properties of bovine femur bone and antler of the North American elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis)". Acta Biomaterialia. 5 (2): 693–706. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2008.09.011. PMID 18951859 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Picavet, P. P.; Balligand, M. (September 12, 2016). "Organic and mechanical properties of Cervidae antlers: a review". Veterinary Research Communications. 40 (3–4): 141–147. doi:10.1007/s11259-016-9663-8. PMID 27618827 – via Springer Link.
Fang, Zhongqi; Chen, Bin; Lin, Shiyun; Ye, Wei; Xiao, Hang; Chen, Xi (December 2018). "Investigation of inner mechanism of anisotropic mechanical property of antler bone". Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 88: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.07.043. PMID 30114597 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Rajaram, A.; Ramanathan, N. (December 1982). "Tensile properties of antler bone". Calcified Tissue International. 34 (3): 301–305. doi:10.1007/BF02411255. PMID 6809293 – via Springer Link.
Gilbert, Clément; Ropiquet, Anne; Hassanin, Alexandre (2006). "Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 101–17. Bibcode:2006MolPE..40..101G. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.017. PMID 16584894.
Kruuk, Loeske E. B.; Slate, Jon; Pemberton, Josephine M.; Brotherstone, Sue; Guinness, Fiona; Clutton-Brock, Tim (2002). "Antler Size in Red Deer: Heritability and Selection but No Evolution". Evolution. 56 (8): 1683–95. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01480.x. PMID 12353761. S2CID 33699313. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 16, 2016.
Perez-Gonzalez, J.; Carranza, J.; Torres-Porras, J.; Fernandez-Garcia, J. L. (2010). "Low Heterozygosity at Microsatellite Markers in Iberian Red Deer with Small Antlers". Journal of Heredity. 101 (5): 553–61. doi:10.1093/jhered/esq049. PMID 20478822.
Metz, Matthew C.; Emlen, Douglas J.; Stahler, Daniel R.; MacNulty, Daniel R.; Smith, Douglas W. (September 3, 2018). "Predation shapes the evolutionary traits of cervid weapons". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (10): 1619–1625. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2.1619M. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0657-5. PMID 30177803. S2CID 52147419.
Nasoori, Alireza (2020). "Formation, structure, and function of extra-skeletal bones in mammals". Biological Reviews. 95 (4): 986–1019. doi:10.1111/brv.12597. ISSN 1464-7931. PMID 32338826. S2CID 216556342.
Lin, Zeshan; Chen, Lei; Chen, Xianqing; Zhong, Yingbin; Yang, Yue; Xia, Wenhao; Liu, Chang; Zhu, Wenbo; Wang, Han; Yan, Biyao; Yang, Yifeng; Liu, Xing; Sternang Kvie, Kjersti; Røed, Knut Håkon; Wang, Kun (June 21, 2019). "Biological adaptations in the Arctic cervid, the reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus )". Science. 364 (6446) eaav6312. Bibcode:2019Sci...364.6312L. doi:10.1126/science.aav6312. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 31221829. S2CID 195191761.
Heckeberg, Nicola S. (February 18, 2020). "The systematics of the Cervidae: a total evidence approach". PeerJ. 8 e8114. doi:10.7717/peerj.8114. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 7034380. PMID 32110477.
Sleivert, G; Burke, V; Palmer, C; Walmsley, A; Gerrard, D; Haines, S; Littlejohn, R (2003). "The effects of deer antler velvet extract or powder supplementation on aerobic power, erythropoiesis, and muscular strength and endurance characteristics". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 13 (3): 251–65. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.13.3.251. PMID 14669926.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Malo, A. F.; Roldan, E. R. S.; Garde, J.; Soler, A. J.; Gomendio, M. (2005). "Antlers honestly advertise sperm production and quality". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 272 (1559): 149–57. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2933. PMC 1634960. PMID 15695205.
Rössner, Gertrud E.; Costeur, Loïc; Scheyer, Torsten M. (December 16, 2020). "Antiquity and fundamental processes of the antler cycle in Cervidae (Mammalia)". The Science of Nature. 108 (1): 3. doi:10.1007/s00114-020-01713-x. ISSN 1432-1904. PMC 7744388. PMID 33326046.
Heckeberg, Nicola S. (February 18, 2020). "The systematics of the Cervidae: a total evidence approach". PeerJ. 8 e8114. doi:10.7717/peerj.8114. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 7034380. PMID 32110477.

npr.org (Global: 114^th place; English: 75^th place)

Hughes, Zachariah (February 25, 2018). "Boom In Antler Pet Chews May Have Opened A Black Market". NPR. Retrieved March 17, 2026.

petsradar.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Godfrey, Hannah (May 25, 2022). "Are antlers safe for dogs? A vet reveals the pros, the cons, and how to minimize any risk". PetsRadar. Retrieved March 17, 2026.

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

das.psu.edu

Antlered Doe Archived February 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

reference.com (Global: 1,491^st place; English: 1,468^th place)

dictionary.reference.com

Harper, Douglas (2010). "Online Etymology Dictionary". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on November 8, 2010. Retrieved November 8, 2010.

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

Kruuk, Loeske E. B.; Slate, Jon; Pemberton, Josephine M.; Brotherstone, Sue; Guinness, Fiona; Clutton-Brock, Tim (2002). "Antler Size in Red Deer: Heritability and Selection but No Evolution". Evolution. 56 (8): 1683–95. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01480.x. PMID 12353761. S2CID 33699313. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 16, 2016.

sandiegozoo.org (Global: 9,384^th place; English: 7,336^th place)

"Mammals: Pronghorn". San Diego Zoo. Retrieved June 27, 2013.

science.org (Global: 1,007^th place; English: 665^th place)

Pennisi, Elizabeth (June 20, 2019). "Cancer genes help deer antlers grow". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved November 4, 2023.

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

Landete-Castillejos, T.; Currey, J. D.; Estevez, J. A.; Gaspar-López, E.; Garcia, A.; Gallego, L. (November 2007). "Influence of physiological effort of growth and chemical composition on antler bone mechanical properties". Bone. 41 (5): 794–803. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2007.07.013. PMID 17822969 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Chen, Poyu; Stokes, A. G.; McKittrick, Joanna M. (February 2009). "Comparison of the structure and mechanical properties of bovine femur bone and antler of the North American elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis)". Acta Biomaterialia. 5 (2): 693–706. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2008.09.011. PMID 18951859 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Fang, Zhongqi; Chen, Bin; Lin, Shiyun; Ye, Wei; Xiao, Hang; Chen, Xi (December 2018). "Investigation of inner mechanism of anisotropic mechanical property of antler bone". Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 88: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.07.043. PMID 30114597 – via Elsevier Science Direct.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Ditchkoff, Stephen S.; Lochmiller, Robert L.; Masters, Ronald E.; Hoofer, Steven R.; Bussche, Ronald A. Van Den (2007). "Major-Histocompatibility-Complex-Associated Variation in Secondary Sexual Traits of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus): Evidence for Good-Genes Advertisement". Evolution. 55 (3): 616–25. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00794.x. PMID 11327168. S2CID 10418779.
Morina, Daniel L.; Demarais, Steve; Strickland, Bronson K.; Larson, Jamie E. (April 1, 2018). "While males fight, females choose: male phenotypic quality informs female mate choice in mammals". Animal Behaviour. 138: 69–74. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.02.004. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 3942922.
Landete-Castillejos, T.; Kierdorf, H.; Gomez, S.; Luna, S.; García, A. J.; Cappelli, J.; Pérez-Serrano, M.; Pérez-Barbería, J.; Gallego, L.; Kierdorf, U. (2019). "Antlers - Evolution, development, structure, composition, and biomechanics of an outstanding type of bone". Bone. 128 115046. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2019.115046. hdl:10578/30778. ISSN 1873-2763. PMID 31446115. S2CID 201751091.
Kruuk, Loeske E. B.; Slate, Jon; Pemberton, Josephine M.; Brotherstone, Sue; Guinness, Fiona; Clutton-Brock, Tim (2002). "Antler Size in Red Deer: Heritability and Selection but No Evolution". Evolution. 56 (8): 1683–95. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01480.x. PMID 12353761. S2CID 33699313. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 16, 2016.
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Antler (English Wikipedia)

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