Ape (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Ape" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

18web.archive.org

1^st place

17doi.org

2^nd place

14nih.gov

4^th place

8harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

6worldcat.org

5^th place

5semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

3archive.today

14^th place

3independent.co.uk

36^th place

33^rd place

3science.org

1,160^th place

737^th place

2archive.org

6^th place

2rhinoresourcecenter.com

low place

7,592^nd place

2nytimes.com

7^th place

2newscientist.com

774^th place

716^th place

1deacademic.com

low place

1etymonline.com

287^th place

321^st place

1etymologiebank.nl

4,708^th place

low place

1umich.edu

459^th place

360^th place

1watsonia.org.uk

low place

1cnn.com

28^th place

26^th place

1books.google.com

3^rd place

1wikisource.org

27^th place

51^st place

1biodiversitylibrary.org

387^th place

373^rd place

1phys.org

1,283^rd place

1,130^th place

1ucl.ac.uk

1,306^th place

885^th place

1bucknell.edu

733^rd place

1,013^th place

1c18.net

low place

1scientificamerican.com

896^th place

674^th place

1nature.com

234^th place

397^th place

1bbc.com

20^th place

30^th place

1sciencedaily.com

993^rd place

920^th place

archive.org

The hypothetical Proto-Germanic form is given as *apōn (F. Kluge, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache (2002), online version, s.v. "Affe"; V. Orel, A handbook of Germanic etymology (2003), s.v. "*apōn" or as *apa(n) (Online Etymology Dictionary (2001–2014), s.v. "ape"; M. Philippa, F. Debrabandere, A. Quak, T. Schoonheim & N. van der Sijs, Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (2003–2009), s.v. "aap"). Perhaps ultimately derived from a non-Indo-European language, the word might be a direct borrowing from Celtic, or perhaps from Slavic, although in both cases it is also argued that the borrowing, if it took place, went in the opposite direction.
Martin, W. C. L. (1841). A General Introduction to the Natural History of Mammiferous Animals, With a Particular View of the Physical History of man, and the More Closely Allied Genera of the Order Quadrumana, or Monkeys. London: Wright and Co. printers. pp. 340, 361.

archive.today

Weisberger, Mindy (23 March 2024). "Why don't humans have tails? Scientists find answers in an unlikely place". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
Zimmer, Carl (16 November 2023). "Scientists Find First Evidence That Groups of Apes Cooperate - Some bonobos are challenging the notion that humans are the only primates capable of group-to-group alliances". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
Samuni, Liran; et al. (16 November 2023). "Cooperation across social borders in bonobos". Science. 382 (6672): 805–809. Bibcode:2023Sci...382..805S. doi:10.1126/science.adg0844. PMID 37972165. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.

bbc.com

M., Michael. "Chimpanzees over-hunt monkey prey almost to extinction". BBC Earth. Archived from the original on 6 June 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2018.

biodiversitylibrary.org

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, M. É. (1812). "Tableau des quadrumanes, ou des animaux composant le premier ordre de la classe des Mammifères". Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. 19. Paris: 85–122. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.

books.google.com

Benton, M. J. (2005). Vertebrate Palaeontology. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2011., p. 371

bucknell.edu

departments.bucknell.edu

Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 178–184. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.

c18.net

linnaeus.c18.net

"Letter, Carl Linnaeus to Johann Georg Gmelin. Uppsala, Sweden, 25 February 1747". Swedish Linnaean Society. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2009.

cnn.com

Weisberger, Mindy (23 March 2024). "Why don't humans have tails? Scientists find answers in an unlikely place". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.

deacademic.com

etymology_de.deacademic.com

The hypothetical Proto-Germanic form is given as *apōn (F. Kluge, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache (2002), online version, s.v. "Affe"; V. Orel, A handbook of Germanic etymology (2003), s.v. "*apōn" or as *apa(n) (Online Etymology Dictionary (2001–2014), s.v. "ape"; M. Philippa, F. Debrabandere, A. Quak, T. Schoonheim & N. van der Sijs, Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (2003–2009), s.v. "aap"). Perhaps ultimately derived from a non-Indo-European language, the word might be a direct borrowing from Celtic, or perhaps from Slavic, although in both cases it is also argued that the borrowing, if it took place, went in the opposite direction.

doi.org

Definitions of monophyly vary; for the one used here see e.g. Mishler 2009, pp. 114 Mishler, Brent D (2009). "Species are not uniquely real biological entities". In Ayala, F. J. & Arp, R. (eds.). Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology. pp. 110–122. doi:10.1002/9781444314922.ch6. ISBN 978-1-4443-1492-2.
Xia, Bo; Zhang, Weimin; Wudzinska, Aleksandra; Huang, Emily; Brosh, Ran; Pour, Maayan; Miller, Alexander; Dasen, Jeremy S.; Maurano, Matthew T.; Kim, Sang Y.; Boeke, Jef D. (16 September 2021). "The genetic basis of tail-loss evolution in humans and apes". bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.09.14.460388.
Grehan, J. R. (2006). "Mona Lisa smile: the morphological enigma of human and great ape evolution". Anatomical Record. 289B (4): 139–157. doi:10.1002/ar.b.20107. PMID 16865704.
Bugge, J. (1974). "Chapter 4". Cells Tissues Organs. 87 (Suppl. 62): 32–43. doi:10.1159/000144209. ISSN 1422-6405.
Rossie, J. B.; Hill, A. (2018). "A new species of Simiolus from the middle Miocene of the Tugen Hills, Kenya". Journal of Human Evolution. 125: 50–58. Bibcode:2018JHumE.125...50R. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.09.002. PMID 30502897. S2CID 54625375.
Rasmussen, D. T.; Friscia, A. R.; Gutierrez, M.; et al. (2019). "Primitive Old World monkey from the earliest Miocene of Kenya and the evolution of cercopithecoid bilophodonty". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (13): 6051–6056. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.6051R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1815423116. PMC 6442627. PMID 30858323.
Alba, D. M.; Fortuny, J.; Moyà-Solà, S. (2010). "Enamel thickness in the Middle Miocene great apes Anoiapithecus, Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1691): 2237–2245. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0218. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2880156. PMID 20335211.
Grabowski, M.; Jungers, W. L. (2017). "Evidence of a chimpanzee-sized ancestor of humans but a gibbon-sized ancestor of apes". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 880. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8..880G. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00997-4. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5638852. PMID 29026075.
Nengo, I.; Tafforeau, P.; Gilbert, C. C.; et al. (2017). "New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution" (PDF). Nature. 548 (7666): 169–174. Bibcode:2017Natur.548..169N. doi:10.1038/nature23456. PMID 28796200. S2CID 4397839. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
Mootnick, A.; Groves, C. P. (2005). "A new generic name for the hoolock gibbon (Hylobatidae)". International Journal of Primatology. 26 (4): 971–976. doi:10.1007/s10764-005-5332-4. S2CID 8394136.
Goodman, M. (1974). "Biochemical evidence on hominid phylogeny". Annual Review of Anthropology. 3 (1): 203–228. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.03.100174.001223.
Goodman, M.; Tagle, D. A.; Fitch, D. H.; et al. (1990). "Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 30 (3): 260–266. Bibcode:1990JMolE..30..260G. doi:10.1007/BF02099995. PMID 2109087. S2CID 2112935.
Johnson, R. J.; Lanaspa, M. A.; Gaucher, E. A. (2011). "Uric acid: A Danger Signal from the RNA World that may have a role in the Epidemic of Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and CardioRenal Disease: Evolutionary Considerations". Seminars in Nephrology. 31 (5): 394–399. doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2011.08.002. PMC 3203212. PMID 22000645.
Johnson, Richard J.; Andrews, Peter (2015). "The Fat Gene". Scientific American. 313 (4): 64–69. Bibcode:2015SciAm.313d..64J. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1015-64.
Samuni, Liran; et al. (16 November 2023). "Cooperation across social borders in bonobos". Science. 382 (6672): 805–809. Bibcode:2023Sci...382..805S. doi:10.1126/science.adg0844. PMID 37972165. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
Hoag, Hannah (2 December 2013). "Humans are becoming more carnivorous". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.14282. S2CID 183143537. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
Junker, Jessica; Quoss, Luise; Valdez, Jose; Arandjelovic, Mimi; Barrie, Abdulai; Campbell, Geneviève; Heinicke, Stefanie; Humle, Tatyana; Kouakou, Célestin Y.; Kühl, Hjalmar S.; Ordaz-Németh, Isabel; Pereira, Henrique M.; Rainer, Helga; Refisch, Johannes; Sonter, Laura; Sop, Tenekwetche (3 April 2024). "Threat of mining to African great apes". Science Advances. 10 (14). Bibcode:2024SciA...10L.335J. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adl0335. PMID 38569032. Retrieved 19 September 2024.

etymologiebank.nl

The hypothetical Proto-Germanic form is given as *apōn (F. Kluge, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache (2002), online version, s.v. "Affe"; V. Orel, A handbook of Germanic etymology (2003), s.v. "*apōn" or as *apa(n) (Online Etymology Dictionary (2001–2014), s.v. "ape"; M. Philippa, F. Debrabandere, A. Quak, T. Schoonheim & N. van der Sijs, Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (2003–2009), s.v. "aap"). Perhaps ultimately derived from a non-Indo-European language, the word might be a direct borrowing from Celtic, or perhaps from Slavic, although in both cases it is also argued that the borrowing, if it took place, went in the opposite direction.

etymonline.com

The hypothetical Proto-Germanic form is given as *apōn (F. Kluge, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache (2002), online version, s.v. "Affe"; V. Orel, A handbook of Germanic etymology (2003), s.v. "*apōn" or as *apa(n) (Online Etymology Dictionary (2001–2014), s.v. "ape"; M. Philippa, F. Debrabandere, A. Quak, T. Schoonheim & N. van der Sijs, Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (2003–2009), s.v. "aap"). Perhaps ultimately derived from a non-Indo-European language, the word might be a direct borrowing from Celtic, or perhaps from Slavic, although in both cases it is also argued that the borrowing, if it took place, went in the opposite direction.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Rossie, J. B.; Hill, A. (2018). "A new species of Simiolus from the middle Miocene of the Tugen Hills, Kenya". Journal of Human Evolution. 125: 50–58. Bibcode:2018JHumE.125...50R. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.09.002. PMID 30502897. S2CID 54625375.
Rasmussen, D. T.; Friscia, A. R.; Gutierrez, M.; et al. (2019). "Primitive Old World monkey from the earliest Miocene of Kenya and the evolution of cercopithecoid bilophodonty". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (13): 6051–6056. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.6051R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1815423116. PMC 6442627. PMID 30858323.
Grabowski, M.; Jungers, W. L. (2017). "Evidence of a chimpanzee-sized ancestor of humans but a gibbon-sized ancestor of apes". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 880. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8..880G. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00997-4. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5638852. PMID 29026075.
Nengo, I.; Tafforeau, P.; Gilbert, C. C.; et al. (2017). "New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution" (PDF). Nature. 548 (7666): 169–174. Bibcode:2017Natur.548..169N. doi:10.1038/nature23456. PMID 28796200. S2CID 4397839. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
Goodman, M.; Tagle, D. A.; Fitch, D. H.; et al. (1990). "Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 30 (3): 260–266. Bibcode:1990JMolE..30..260G. doi:10.1007/BF02099995. PMID 2109087. S2CID 2112935.
Johnson, Richard J.; Andrews, Peter (2015). "The Fat Gene". Scientific American. 313 (4): 64–69. Bibcode:2015SciAm.313d..64J. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1015-64.
Samuni, Liran; et al. (16 November 2023). "Cooperation across social borders in bonobos". Science. 382 (6672): 805–809. Bibcode:2023Sci...382..805S. doi:10.1126/science.adg0844. PMID 37972165. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
Junker, Jessica; Quoss, Luise; Valdez, Jose; Arandjelovic, Mimi; Barrie, Abdulai; Campbell, Geneviève; Heinicke, Stefanie; Humle, Tatyana; Kouakou, Célestin Y.; Kühl, Hjalmar S.; Ordaz-Németh, Isabel; Pereira, Henrique M.; Rainer, Helga; Refisch, Johannes; Sonter, Laura; Sop, Tenekwetche (3 April 2024). "Threat of mining to African great apes". Science Advances. 10 (14). Bibcode:2024SciA...10L.335J. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adl0335. PMID 38569032. Retrieved 19 September 2024.

independent.co.uk

Rush, J. (23 January 2015). "Ebola virus 'has killed a third of world's gorillas and chimpanzees' – and could pose greatest threat to their survival, conservationists warn". The Independent. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
Rush, J. (23 January 2015). "Ebola virus 'has killed a third of world's gorillas and chimpanzees' – and could pose greatest threat to their survival, conservationists warn". The Independent. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
Rush, J. (23 January 2015). "Ebola virus 'has killed a third of world's gorillas and chimpanzees' – and could pose greatest threat to their survival, conservationists warn". The Independent. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.

nature.com

Hoag, Hannah (2 December 2013). "Humans are becoming more carnivorous". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.14282. S2CID 183143537. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.

newscientist.com

Lawton, G. (2 November 2016). "Every human culture includes cooking – this is how it began". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
Callaway, E. (13 October 2006). "Loving bonobos have a carnivorous dark side". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Grehan, J. R. (2006). "Mona Lisa smile: the morphological enigma of human and great ape evolution". Anatomical Record. 289B (4): 139–157. doi:10.1002/ar.b.20107. PMID 16865704.
Rossie, J. B.; Hill, A. (2018). "A new species of Simiolus from the middle Miocene of the Tugen Hills, Kenya". Journal of Human Evolution. 125: 50–58. Bibcode:2018JHumE.125...50R. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.09.002. PMID 30502897. S2CID 54625375.
Rasmussen, D. T.; Friscia, A. R.; Gutierrez, M.; et al. (2019). "Primitive Old World monkey from the earliest Miocene of Kenya and the evolution of cercopithecoid bilophodonty". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (13): 6051–6056. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.6051R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1815423116. PMC 6442627. PMID 30858323.
Alba, D. M.; Fortuny, J.; Moyà-Solà, S. (2010). "Enamel thickness in the Middle Miocene great apes Anoiapithecus, Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1691): 2237–2245. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0218. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2880156. PMID 20335211.
Grabowski, M.; Jungers, W. L. (2017). "Evidence of a chimpanzee-sized ancestor of humans but a gibbon-sized ancestor of apes". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 880. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8..880G. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00997-4. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5638852. PMID 29026075.
Nengo, I.; Tafforeau, P.; Gilbert, C. C.; et al. (2017). "New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution" (PDF). Nature. 548 (7666): 169–174. Bibcode:2017Natur.548..169N. doi:10.1038/nature23456. PMID 28796200. S2CID 4397839. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
Goodman, M.; Tagle, D. A.; Fitch, D. H.; et al. (1990). "Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 30 (3): 260–266. Bibcode:1990JMolE..30..260G. doi:10.1007/BF02099995. PMID 2109087. S2CID 2112935.
Johnson, R. J.; Lanaspa, M. A.; Gaucher, E. A. (2011). "Uric acid: A Danger Signal from the RNA World that may have a role in the Epidemic of Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and CardioRenal Disease: Evolutionary Considerations". Seminars in Nephrology. 31 (5): 394–399. doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2011.08.002. PMC 3203212. PMID 22000645.
Samuni, Liran; et al. (16 November 2023). "Cooperation across social borders in bonobos". Science. 382 (6672): 805–809. Bibcode:2023Sci...382..805S. doi:10.1126/science.adg0844. PMID 37972165. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
Junker, Jessica; Quoss, Luise; Valdez, Jose; Arandjelovic, Mimi; Barrie, Abdulai; Campbell, Geneviève; Heinicke, Stefanie; Humle, Tatyana; Kouakou, Célestin Y.; Kühl, Hjalmar S.; Ordaz-Németh, Isabel; Pereira, Henrique M.; Rainer, Helga; Refisch, Johannes; Sonter, Laura; Sop, Tenekwetche (3 April 2024). "Threat of mining to African great apes". Science Advances. 10 (14). Bibcode:2024SciA...10L.335J. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adl0335. PMID 38569032. Retrieved 19 September 2024.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Rasmussen, D. T.; Friscia, A. R.; Gutierrez, M.; et al. (2019). "Primitive Old World monkey from the earliest Miocene of Kenya and the evolution of cercopithecoid bilophodonty". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (13): 6051–6056. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.6051R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1815423116. PMC 6442627. PMID 30858323.
Alba, D. M.; Fortuny, J.; Moyà-Solà, S. (2010). "Enamel thickness in the Middle Miocene great apes Anoiapithecus, Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1691): 2237–2245. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0218. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2880156. PMID 20335211.
Grabowski, M.; Jungers, W. L. (2017). "Evidence of a chimpanzee-sized ancestor of humans but a gibbon-sized ancestor of apes". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 880. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8..880G. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00997-4. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5638852. PMID 29026075.
Johnson, R. J.; Lanaspa, M. A.; Gaucher, E. A. (2011). "Uric acid: A Danger Signal from the RNA World that may have a role in the Epidemic of Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and CardioRenal Disease: Evolutionary Considerations". Seminars in Nephrology. 31 (5): 394–399. doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2011.08.002. PMC 3203212. PMID 22000645.

nytimes.com

Cochrane, J. (2 November 2017). "New Orangutan Species Could Be the Most Endangered Great Ape". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Zimmer, Carl (16 November 2023). "Scientists Find First Evidence That Groups of Apes Cooperate - Some bonobos are challenging the notion that humans are the only primates capable of group-to-group alliances". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.

phys.org

"A new primate species at the root of the tree of extant hominoids". 29 October 2015. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2015.

rhinoresourcecenter.com

Gray, J. E. "An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into tribes and families, with a list of the genera apparently appertaining to each tribe". Annals of Philosophy. New Series. 10: 337–344. Archived from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
Gray, JE. "An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into tribes and families, with a list of the genera apparently appertaining to each tribe". Annals of Philosophy. New Series. 10: 337–344. Archived from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2022.

science.org

"Fossils may pinpoint critical split between apes and monkeys". 15 May 2013. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
Samuni, Liran; et al. (16 November 2023). "Cooperation across social borders in bonobos". Science. 382 (6672): 805–809. Bibcode:2023Sci...382..805S. doi:10.1126/science.adg0844. PMID 37972165. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
Junker, Jessica; Quoss, Luise; Valdez, Jose; Arandjelovic, Mimi; Barrie, Abdulai; Campbell, Geneviève; Heinicke, Stefanie; Humle, Tatyana; Kouakou, Célestin Y.; Kühl, Hjalmar S.; Ordaz-Németh, Isabel; Pereira, Henrique M.; Rainer, Helga; Refisch, Johannes; Sonter, Laura; Sop, Tenekwetche (3 April 2024). "Threat of mining to African great apes". Science Advances. 10 (14). Bibcode:2024SciA...10L.335J. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adl0335. PMID 38569032. Retrieved 19 September 2024.

sciencedaily.com

"Extinction threat to monkeys and other primates due to habitat loss, hunting". Science Daily. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2018.

scientificamerican.com

Johnson, Richard J.; Andrews, Peter (2015). "The Fat Gene". Scientific American. 313 (4): 64–69. Bibcode:2015SciAm.313d..64J. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1015-64.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Rossie, J. B.; Hill, A. (2018). "A new species of Simiolus from the middle Miocene of the Tugen Hills, Kenya". Journal of Human Evolution. 125: 50–58. Bibcode:2018JHumE.125...50R. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.09.002. PMID 30502897. S2CID 54625375.
Nengo, I.; Tafforeau, P.; Gilbert, C. C.; et al. (2017). "New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution" (PDF). Nature. 548 (7666): 169–174. Bibcode:2017Natur.548..169N. doi:10.1038/nature23456. PMID 28796200. S2CID 4397839. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
Mootnick, A.; Groves, C. P. (2005). "A new generic name for the hoolock gibbon (Hylobatidae)". International Journal of Primatology. 26 (4): 971–976. doi:10.1007/s10764-005-5332-4. S2CID 8394136.
Goodman, M.; Tagle, D. A.; Fitch, D. H.; et al. (1990). "Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 30 (3): 260–266. Bibcode:1990JMolE..30..260G. doi:10.1007/BF02099995. PMID 2109087. S2CID 2112935.
Hoag, Hannah (2 December 2013). "Humans are becoming more carnivorous". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.14282. S2CID 183143537. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.

ucl.ac.uk

discovery.ucl.ac.uk

Nengo, I.; Tafforeau, P.; Gilbert, C. C.; et al. (2017). "New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution" (PDF). Nature. 548 (7666): 169–174. Bibcode:2017Natur.548..169N. doi:10.1038/nature23456. PMID 28796200. S2CID 4397839. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2019.

umich.edu

quod.lib.umich.edu

"Any simian known on the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages; monkey or ape"; cf. ape-ward: "a juggler who keeps a trained monkey for the amusement of the crowd." (Middle English Dictionary, s.v. "ape").

watsonia.org.uk

Definitions of paraphyly vary; for the one used here see e.g. Stace 2010, pp. 106 Stace, C. A. (2010). "Classification by molecules: what's in it for field botanists?" (PDF). Watsonia. 28: 103–122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2010.

web.archive.org

Definitions of paraphyly vary; for the one used here see e.g. Stace 2010, pp. 106 Stace, C. A. (2010). "Classification by molecules: what's in it for field botanists?" (PDF). Watsonia. 28: 103–122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
Gray, J. E. "An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into tribes and families, with a list of the genera apparently appertaining to each tribe". Annals of Philosophy. New Series. 10: 337–344. Archived from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
Benton, M. J. (2005). Vertebrate Palaeontology. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2011., p. 371
Rush, J. (23 January 2015). "Ebola virus 'has killed a third of world's gorillas and chimpanzees' – and could pose greatest threat to their survival, conservationists warn". The Independent. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
Gray, JE. "An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into tribes and families, with a list of the genera apparently appertaining to each tribe". Annals of Philosophy. New Series. 10: 337–344. Archived from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, M. É. (1812). "Tableau des quadrumanes, ou des animaux composant le premier ordre de la classe des Mammifères". Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. 19. Paris: 85–122. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
"Fossils may pinpoint critical split between apes and monkeys". 15 May 2013. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
"A new primate species at the root of the tree of extant hominoids". 29 October 2015. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
Nengo, I.; Tafforeau, P.; Gilbert, C. C.; et al. (2017). "New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution" (PDF). Nature. 548 (7666): 169–174. Bibcode:2017Natur.548..169N. doi:10.1038/nature23456. PMID 28796200. S2CID 4397839. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
Cochrane, J. (2 November 2017). "New Orangutan Species Could Be the Most Endangered Great Ape". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
"Letter, Carl Linnaeus to Johann Georg Gmelin. Uppsala, Sweden, 25 February 1747". Swedish Linnaean Society. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
Lawton, G. (2 November 2016). "Every human culture includes cooking – this is how it began". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
Hoag, Hannah (2 December 2013). "Humans are becoming more carnivorous". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.14282. S2CID 183143537. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
Callaway, E. (13 October 2006). "Loving bonobos have a carnivorous dark side". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
M., Michael. "Chimpanzees over-hunt monkey prey almost to extinction". BBC Earth. Archived from the original on 6 June 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
"Extinction threat to monkeys and other primates due to habitat loss, hunting". Science Daily. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
Rush, J. (23 January 2015). "Ebola virus 'has killed a third of world's gorillas and chimpanzees' – and could pose greatest threat to their survival, conservationists warn". The Independent. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
Rush, J. (23 January 2015). "Ebola virus 'has killed a third of world's gorillas and chimpanzees' – and could pose greatest threat to their survival, conservationists warn". The Independent. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ape" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 160.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Osman Hill, W. C. (1953). Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy I—Strepsirhini. Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths, No 3. Edinburgh University Press. p. 53. OCLC 500576914.
Bugge, J. (1974). "Chapter 4". Cells Tissues Organs. 87 (Suppl. 62): 32–43. doi:10.1159/000144209. ISSN 1422-6405.
Alba, D. M.; Fortuny, J.; Moyà-Solà, S. (2010). "Enamel thickness in the Middle Miocene great apes Anoiapithecus, Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1691): 2237–2245. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0218. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2880156. PMID 20335211.
Grabowski, M.; Jungers, W. L. (2017). "Evidence of a chimpanzee-sized ancestor of humans but a gibbon-sized ancestor of apes". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 880. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8..880G. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00997-4. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5638852. PMID 29026075.
Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 178–184. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
Wilson, Don E.; Cavallini, Paolo (2013). Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-96553-89-7. OCLC 1222638259.