Apex predator (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Apex predator" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

28doi.org

2^nd place

24nih.gov

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17harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

12web.archive.org

1^st place

5semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

3handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

2worldcat.org

5^th place

2jstor.org

26^th place

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2books.google.com

3^rd place

2telegraph.co.uk

30^th place

24^th place

2ghostarchive.org

32^nd place

21^st place

1usda.gov

438^th place

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1australiazoo.com

low place

1nationalgeographic.com

344^th place

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1etymonline.com

287^th place

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1pbs.org

198^th place

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1cornell.edu

332^nd place

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1consecol.org

low place

1sea.edu

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1colostate.edu

3,616^th place

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1umich.edu

459^th place

360^th place

1psu.edu

207^th place

136^th place

1npolar.no

low place

9,773^rd place

1rpi.edu

7,240^th place

4,476^th place

1newscientist.com

774^th place

716^th place

1berkeley.edu

580^th place

462^nd place

1si.edu

340^th place

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1zenodo.org

621^st place

380^th place

1theguardian.com

12^th place

11^th place

1thekennelclub.org.uk

2,829^th place

2,393^rd place

1thefalconrycentre.co.uk

low place

1bbc.co.uk

8^th place

10^th place

australiazoo.com

Whiting, Frances. "Terri fights to halt croc eggs harvest." Archived 2010-10-28 at the Wayback Machine Australia Zoo. 2007-06-11. Retrieved 2010-01-25.

bbc.co.uk

Jones, Lucy. "The rewilding plan that would return Britain to nature". BBC. Retrieved 6 June 2018. wolves, bears and lynx roamed the land. ... Humans chopped down the trees to make space for farms, and hunted the large animals to extinction, leaving plant-eaters to decimate the country's flora. Britain is now one of the few countries in the world that doesn't have top predators.

berkeley.edu

cnr.berkeley.edu

Wilmers, Christopher C. (2004). "The gray wolf – scavenger complex in Yellowstone National Park" (PDF). pp. 56, 90 and throughout. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-07-12. Retrieved 2010-01-25.

books.google.com

Werdelin, Lars; McDonald, H. G.; Shaw, Christopher A. (2018). Smilodon: The Iconic Sabertooth. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-4214-2556-6.
King, Richard J. (2013). The Devil's Cormorant: A Natural History. University of New Hampshire Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-61168-225-0.

colostate.edu

sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu

Berger, Joel (1999). "Anthropogenic extinction of top carnivores and interspecific animal behaviour: implications of the rapid decoupling of a web involving wolves, bears, moose and ravens" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 266 (1435): 2261–2267. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0917. PMC 1690453. PMID 10629976.

consecol.org

Davic, Robert D. (2003). "Linking Keystone Species and Functional Groups: A New Operational Definition of the Keystone Species Concept". Conservation Ecology. 7. doi:10.5751/ES-00502-0701r11. hdl:10535/2966. Retrieved 2011-02-03.

cornell.edu

dnr.cornell.edu

Lepak, Jesse M.; Kraft, Clifford E.; Weidel, Brian C. (March 2006). "Rapid food web recovery in response to removal of an introduced apex predator" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 63 (3): 569–575. doi:10.1139/f05-248. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2008.

doi.org

Ordiz, Andrés; Bischof, Richard; Swenson, Jon E. (2013). "Saving large carnivores, but losing the apex predator?". Biological Conservation. 168: 128–133. Bibcode:2013BCons.168..128O. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.09.024. hdl:11250/2492589.
Kristoffer T. Everatt; Jennifer F. Moore; Graham I.H. Kerley (2019). "Africa's apex predator, the lion, is limited by interference and exploitive competition with humans". Global Ecology and Conservation. 20: e00758. Bibcode:2019GEcoC..2000758E. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00758. ISSN 2351-9894. S2CID 202023472.
Sukhdeo, Michael V. K. (2012). "Where are the parasites in food webs?". Parasites & Vectors. 5 (1): 239. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-239. PMC 3523981. PMID 23092160.
Leat, Eliza H. K.; Bourgeon, Sophie; Eze, Jude I.; Muir, Derek C.G.; Williamson, Mary; Bustnes, Jan O.; Furness, Robert W.; Borgå, Katrine (2013-02-15). "Perfluoroalkyl substances in eggs and plasma of an avian top predator, great skua (Stercorarius skua), in the north Atlantic". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 32 (3): 569–576. doi:10.1002/etc.2101. PMID 23258709.
Lepak, Jesse M.; Kraft, Clifford E.; Weidel, Brian C. (March 2006). "Rapid food web recovery in response to removal of an introduced apex predator" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 63 (3): 569–575. doi:10.1139/f05-248. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2008.
Trewby, Iain D.; Young, Richard; McDonald, Robbie A.; Wilson, Gavin J.; Davison, John; Walker, Neil; Robertson, Andrew; Doncaster, C. Patrick; Delahay, Richard J. (April 2014). Criscuolo, François (ed.). "Impacts of Removing Badgers on Localised Counts of Hedgehogs". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e95477. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995477T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095477. PMC 3988185. PMID 24736454.
Davic, Robert D. (2003). "Linking Keystone Species and Functional Groups: A New Operational Definition of the Keystone Species Concept". Conservation Ecology. 7. doi:10.5751/ES-00502-0701r11. hdl:10535/2966. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
Wallach, Arian D.; Izhaki, Ido; Toms, Judith D.; Ripple, William J.; Shanas, Uri (2015). "What is an apex predator?". Oikos. 124 (11): 1453–1461. Bibcode:2015Oikos.124.1453W. doi:10.1111/oik.01977.
Stier, A. C.; Samhouri, J. F.; Novak, M.; Marshall, K. N.; Ward, E. J.; Holt, R. D.; Levin, P. S. (May 2016). "Ecosystem context and historical contingency in apex predator recoveries". Science Advances. 2 (5): e1501769. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E1769S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501769. PMC 4928970. PMID 27386535.
Croll, D. A.; Maron, J. L.; et al. (March 2005). "Introduced predators transform subarctic islands from grassland to tundra". Science. 307 (5717): 1959–1961. Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1959C. doi:10.1126/science.1108485. PMID 15790855. S2CID 19305264.
Pace, M. L.; Cole, J. J.; et al. (December 1999). "Trophic cascades revealed in diverse ecosystems". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 14 (12): 483–488. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01723-1. PMID 10542455.
Berger, Joel (1999). "Anthropogenic extinction of top carnivores and interspecific animal behaviour: implications of the rapid decoupling of a web involving wolves, bears, moose and ravens" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 266 (1435): 2261–2267. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0917. PMC 1690453. PMID 10629976.
Baum, Julia K.; Worm, Boris (2009). "Cascading top-down effects of changing oceanic predator abundances". Journal of Animal Ecology. 78 (4): 699–714. Bibcode:2009JAnEc..78..699B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01531.x. PMID 19298616.
Soulé, Michael E.; Bolger, Douglas T.; Alberts, Allison C.; Wright, John; Sorice, Marina; Hill, Scott (March 1988). "Reconstructed Dynamics of Rapid Extinctions of Chaparral-Requiring Birds in Urban Habitat Islands" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 2 (1): 75–92. Bibcode:1988ConBi...2...75S. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00337.x. hdl:2027.42/74761.
Prugh, Laura R.; Stoner, Chantal J.; Epps, Clinton W.; Bean, William T.; Ripple, William J.; Laliberte, Andrea S.; Brashares, Justin S. (2009). "The Rise of the Mesopredator". BioScience. 59 (9): 779–791. doi:10.1525/bio.2009.59.9.9. S2CID 40484905.
Estes, James A.; Terborgh, John; Brashares, Justin S.; Power, Mary E.; Berger, Joel; Bond, William J.; et al. (2011). "Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth". Science. 333 (6040): 301–306. Bibcode:2011Sci...333..301E. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.701.8043. doi:10.1126/science.1205106. PMID 21764740. S2CID 7752940.
Silliman, Brian R.; Hughes, Brent B.; Gaskins, Leo C.; He, Qiang; Tinker, M. Tim; Read, Andrew; Nifong, James; Stepp, Rick (2018). "Are the ghosts of nature's past haunting ecology today?". Current Biology. 28 (9): R532 – R537. Bibcode:2018CBio...28.R532S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.002. PMID 29738721.
Dobson, Andy P.; Wilmers, Christopher C; Getz, Wayne M. (2005). "Gray Wolves as Climate Change Buffers in Yellowstone". PLOS Biology. 3 (4): e92. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030092. PMC 1064850. PMID 15757363.
Bonhommeau, S.; Dubroca, L.; Le Pape, O.; Barde, J.; Kaplan, D. M.; Chassot, E.; Nieblas, A.-E. (2013). "Eating up the world's food web and the human trophic level". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (51): 20617–20620. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11020617B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1305827110. PMC 3870703. PMID 24297882.
Roopnarine, Peter D. (2014). "Humans are apex predators". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (9): E796. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111E.796R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1323645111. PMC 3948303. PMID 24497513.
Ben-Dor, Miki; Sirtoli, Raphael; Barkai, Ran (2021). "The evolution of the human trophic level during the Pleistocene". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 175: 27–56. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24247. PMID 33675083.
Callaway, Ewen (2011). "Cambrian super-predators grew large in arms race". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2011.318.
Zanno, Lindsay E.; Makovicky, Peter J. (22 November 2013). "Neovenatorid theropods are apex predators in the Late Cretaceous of North America". Nature Communications. 4 (1): 2827. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2827Z. doi:10.1038/ncomms3827. PMID 24264527.
Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Molnar, Ralph E. (2002). "Dinosaurian and Mammalian Predators Compared". Paleobiology. 28 (4): 527–543. Bibcode:2002Pbio...28..527V. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2002)028<0527:DAMPC>2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 3595499. S2CID 85725299.
Kriwet, J.; Witzmann, F.; Klug, S.; Heidtke, U. H.J (2008). "First direct evidence of a vertebrate three-level trophic chain in the fossil record". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1631): 181–186. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1170. PMC 2596183. PMID 17971323.
Rudstam, Lars G.; VanDeValk, Anthony J. (February 2004). "Cormorant Predation and the Population Dynamics of Walleye and Yellow Perch in Oneida Lake". Ecological Applications. 14 (1): 149–163. Bibcode:2004EcoAp..14..149R. doi:10.1890/03-5010. JSTOR 4493527. providing the opportunity to study the effects of an increase of a top predator on an existing predator-prey system
Hammerschlag, Neil; Gallagher, Austin J.; Wester, Julia; Luo, Jiangang; Ault, Jerald S. (2012). "Don't bite the hand that feeds: assessing ecological impacts of provisioning ecotourism on an apex marine predator". Functional Ecology. 26 (3): 567–576. Bibcode:2012FuEco..26..567H. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.01973.x.
Macdonald, Catherine; Gallagher, Austin J.; Barnett, Adam; Brunnschweiler, Juerg; Shiffman, David S.; Hammerschlag, Neil (2017). "Conservation potential of apex predator tourism". Biological Conservation. 215: 132–141. Bibcode:2017BCons.215..132M. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.07.013.

etymonline.com

"predator". Online Etymological Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2009-07-01. Retrieved 2010-01-25.

ghostarchive.org

"The 7 categories of dog". The Daily Telegraph. 10 March 2017. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11.
Lister, Paul (28 April 2015). "Bring on a few more apex predators". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. Retrieved 14 March 2018.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Ordiz, Andrés; Bischof, Richard; Swenson, Jon E. (2013). "Saving large carnivores, but losing the apex predator?". Biological Conservation. 168: 128–133. Bibcode:2013BCons.168..128O. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.09.024. hdl:11250/2492589.
Davic, Robert D. (2003). "Linking Keystone Species and Functional Groups: A New Operational Definition of the Keystone Species Concept". Conservation Ecology. 7. doi:10.5751/ES-00502-0701r11. hdl:10535/2966. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
Soulé, Michael E.; Bolger, Douglas T.; Alberts, Allison C.; Wright, John; Sorice, Marina; Hill, Scott (March 1988). "Reconstructed Dynamics of Rapid Extinctions of Chaparral-Requiring Birds in Urban Habitat Islands" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 2 (1): 75–92. Bibcode:1988ConBi...2...75S. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00337.x. hdl:2027.42/74761.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Ordiz, Andrés; Bischof, Richard; Swenson, Jon E. (2013). "Saving large carnivores, but losing the apex predator?". Biological Conservation. 168: 128–133. Bibcode:2013BCons.168..128O. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.09.024. hdl:11250/2492589.
Kristoffer T. Everatt; Jennifer F. Moore; Graham I.H. Kerley (2019). "Africa's apex predator, the lion, is limited by interference and exploitive competition with humans". Global Ecology and Conservation. 20: e00758. Bibcode:2019GEcoC..2000758E. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00758. ISSN 2351-9894. S2CID 202023472.
Trewby, Iain D.; Young, Richard; McDonald, Robbie A.; Wilson, Gavin J.; Davison, John; Walker, Neil; Robertson, Andrew; Doncaster, C. Patrick; Delahay, Richard J. (April 2014). Criscuolo, François (ed.). "Impacts of Removing Badgers on Localised Counts of Hedgehogs". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e95477. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995477T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095477. PMC 3988185. PMID 24736454.
Wallach, Arian D.; Izhaki, Ido; Toms, Judith D.; Ripple, William J.; Shanas, Uri (2015). "What is an apex predator?". Oikos. 124 (11): 1453–1461. Bibcode:2015Oikos.124.1453W. doi:10.1111/oik.01977.
Stier, A. C.; Samhouri, J. F.; Novak, M.; Marshall, K. N.; Ward, E. J.; Holt, R. D.; Levin, P. S. (May 2016). "Ecosystem context and historical contingency in apex predator recoveries". Science Advances. 2 (5): e1501769. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E1769S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501769. PMC 4928970. PMID 27386535.
Croll, D. A.; Maron, J. L.; et al. (March 2005). "Introduced predators transform subarctic islands from grassland to tundra". Science. 307 (5717): 1959–1961. Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1959C. doi:10.1126/science.1108485. PMID 15790855. S2CID 19305264.
Baum, Julia K.; Worm, Boris (2009). "Cascading top-down effects of changing oceanic predator abundances". Journal of Animal Ecology. 78 (4): 699–714. Bibcode:2009JAnEc..78..699B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01531.x. PMID 19298616.
Soulé, Michael E.; Bolger, Douglas T.; Alberts, Allison C.; Wright, John; Sorice, Marina; Hill, Scott (March 1988). "Reconstructed Dynamics of Rapid Extinctions of Chaparral-Requiring Birds in Urban Habitat Islands" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 2 (1): 75–92. Bibcode:1988ConBi...2...75S. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00337.x. hdl:2027.42/74761.
Estes, James A.; Terborgh, John; Brashares, Justin S.; Power, Mary E.; Berger, Joel; Bond, William J.; et al. (2011). "Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth". Science. 333 (6040): 301–306. Bibcode:2011Sci...333..301E. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.701.8043. doi:10.1126/science.1205106. PMID 21764740. S2CID 7752940.
Silliman, Brian R.; Hughes, Brent B.; Gaskins, Leo C.; He, Qiang; Tinker, M. Tim; Read, Andrew; Nifong, James; Stepp, Rick (2018). "Are the ghosts of nature's past haunting ecology today?". Current Biology. 28 (9): R532 – R537. Bibcode:2018CBio...28.R532S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.002. PMID 29738721.
Bonhommeau, S.; Dubroca, L.; Le Pape, O.; Barde, J.; Kaplan, D. M.; Chassot, E.; Nieblas, A.-E. (2013). "Eating up the world's food web and the human trophic level". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (51): 20617–20620. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11020617B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1305827110. PMC 3870703. PMID 24297882.
Roopnarine, Peter D. (2014). "Humans are apex predators". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (9): E796. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111E.796R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1323645111. PMC 3948303. PMID 24497513.
Zanno, Lindsay E.; Makovicky, Peter J. (22 November 2013). "Neovenatorid theropods are apex predators in the Late Cretaceous of North America". Nature Communications. 4 (1): 2827. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2827Z. doi:10.1038/ncomms3827. PMID 24264527.
Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Molnar, Ralph E. (2002). "Dinosaurian and Mammalian Predators Compared". Paleobiology. 28 (4): 527–543. Bibcode:2002Pbio...28..527V. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2002)028<0527:DAMPC>2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 3595499. S2CID 85725299.
Rudstam, Lars G.; VanDeValk, Anthony J. (February 2004). "Cormorant Predation and the Population Dynamics of Walleye and Yellow Perch in Oneida Lake". Ecological Applications. 14 (1): 149–163. Bibcode:2004EcoAp..14..149R. doi:10.1890/03-5010. JSTOR 4493527. providing the opportunity to study the effects of an increase of a top predator on an existing predator-prey system
Hammerschlag, Neil; Gallagher, Austin J.; Wester, Julia; Luo, Jiangang; Ault, Jerald S. (2012). "Don't bite the hand that feeds: assessing ecological impacts of provisioning ecotourism on an apex marine predator". Functional Ecology. 26 (3): 567–576. Bibcode:2012FuEco..26..567H. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.01973.x.
Macdonald, Catherine; Gallagher, Austin J.; Barnett, Adam; Brunnschweiler, Juerg; Shiffman, David S.; Hammerschlag, Neil (2017). "Conservation potential of apex predator tourism". Biological Conservation. 215: 132–141. Bibcode:2017BCons.215..132M. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.07.013.

jstor.org

Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Molnar, Ralph E. (2002). "Dinosaurian and Mammalian Predators Compared". Paleobiology. 28 (4): 527–543. Bibcode:2002Pbio...28..527V. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2002)028<0527:DAMPC>2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 3595499. S2CID 85725299.
Rudstam, Lars G.; VanDeValk, Anthony J. (February 2004). "Cormorant Predation and the Population Dynamics of Walleye and Yellow Perch in Oneida Lake". Ecological Applications. 14 (1): 149–163. Bibcode:2004EcoAp..14..149R. doi:10.1890/03-5010. JSTOR 4493527. providing the opportunity to study the effects of an increase of a top predator on an existing predator-prey system

nationalgeographic.com

animals.nationalgeographic.com

"Saltwater Crocodile." Archived 2013-09-06 at the Wayback Machine National Geographic. Retrieved 2010-01-25.

newscientist.com

Levy, Sharon (November 2002). "Top Dogs". Archived from the original on 2009-06-06. Retrieved 2010-01-25.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sukhdeo, Michael V. K. (2012). "Where are the parasites in food webs?". Parasites & Vectors. 5 (1): 239. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-239. PMC 3523981. PMID 23092160.
Leat, Eliza H. K.; Bourgeon, Sophie; Eze, Jude I.; Muir, Derek C.G.; Williamson, Mary; Bustnes, Jan O.; Furness, Robert W.; Borgå, Katrine (2013-02-15). "Perfluoroalkyl substances in eggs and plasma of an avian top predator, great skua (Stercorarius skua), in the north Atlantic". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 32 (3): 569–576. doi:10.1002/etc.2101. PMID 23258709.
Trewby, Iain D.; Young, Richard; McDonald, Robbie A.; Wilson, Gavin J.; Davison, John; Walker, Neil; Robertson, Andrew; Doncaster, C. Patrick; Delahay, Richard J. (April 2014). Criscuolo, François (ed.). "Impacts of Removing Badgers on Localised Counts of Hedgehogs". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e95477. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995477T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095477. PMC 3988185. PMID 24736454.
Stier, A. C.; Samhouri, J. F.; Novak, M.; Marshall, K. N.; Ward, E. J.; Holt, R. D.; Levin, P. S. (May 2016). "Ecosystem context and historical contingency in apex predator recoveries". Science Advances. 2 (5): e1501769. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E1769S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501769. PMC 4928970. PMID 27386535.
Croll, D. A.; Maron, J. L.; et al. (March 2005). "Introduced predators transform subarctic islands from grassland to tundra". Science. 307 (5717): 1959–1961. Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1959C. doi:10.1126/science.1108485. PMID 15790855. S2CID 19305264.
Pace, M. L.; Cole, J. J.; et al. (December 1999). "Trophic cascades revealed in diverse ecosystems". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 14 (12): 483–488. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01723-1. PMID 10542455.
Berger, Joel (1999). "Anthropogenic extinction of top carnivores and interspecific animal behaviour: implications of the rapid decoupling of a web involving wolves, bears, moose and ravens" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 266 (1435): 2261–2267. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0917. PMC 1690453. PMID 10629976.
Baum, Julia K.; Worm, Boris (2009). "Cascading top-down effects of changing oceanic predator abundances". Journal of Animal Ecology. 78 (4): 699–714. Bibcode:2009JAnEc..78..699B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01531.x. PMID 19298616.
Estes, James A.; Terborgh, John; Brashares, Justin S.; Power, Mary E.; Berger, Joel; Bond, William J.; et al. (2011). "Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth". Science. 333 (6040): 301–306. Bibcode:2011Sci...333..301E. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.701.8043. doi:10.1126/science.1205106. PMID 21764740. S2CID 7752940.
Silliman, Brian R.; Hughes, Brent B.; Gaskins, Leo C.; He, Qiang; Tinker, M. Tim; Read, Andrew; Nifong, James; Stepp, Rick (2018). "Are the ghosts of nature's past haunting ecology today?". Current Biology. 28 (9): R532 – R537. Bibcode:2018CBio...28.R532S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.002. PMID 29738721.
Dobson, Andy P.; Wilmers, Christopher C; Getz, Wayne M. (2005). "Gray Wolves as Climate Change Buffers in Yellowstone". PLOS Biology. 3 (4): e92. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030092. PMC 1064850. PMID 15757363.
Bonhommeau, S.; Dubroca, L.; Le Pape, O.; Barde, J.; Kaplan, D. M.; Chassot, E.; Nieblas, A.-E. (2013). "Eating up the world's food web and the human trophic level". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (51): 20617–20620. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11020617B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1305827110. PMC 3870703. PMID 24297882.
Roopnarine, Peter D. (2014). "Humans are apex predators". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (9): E796. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111E.796R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1323645111. PMC 3948303. PMID 24497513.
Ben-Dor, Miki; Sirtoli, Raphael; Barkai, Ran (2021). "The evolution of the human trophic level during the Pleistocene". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 175: 27–56. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24247. PMID 33675083.
Zanno, Lindsay E.; Makovicky, Peter J. (22 November 2013). "Neovenatorid theropods are apex predators in the Late Cretaceous of North America". Nature Communications. 4 (1): 2827. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2827Z. doi:10.1038/ncomms3827. PMID 24264527.
Kriwet, J.; Witzmann, F.; Klug, S.; Heidtke, U. H.J (2008). "First direct evidence of a vertebrate three-level trophic chain in the fossil record". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1631): 181–186. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1170. PMC 2596183. PMID 17971323.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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