Rabin, Roni Caryn. "Why Does a Routine Test of Newborns Reward 'Pink' Skin? The Apgar test grades infants in five areas, including skin tone. Babies of color score lower, and may be subjected to unnecessary treatment.", The New York Times, July 15, 2024. Accessed July 16, 2024. "Dr. Grünebaum led a study that analyzed the Apgar scores of more than nine million American babies born between 2016 and 2019. Overall, he found, only 2.6 percent of newborns got a perfect score. But the odds for a Black baby to do so were less than half those of a white infant: 3.3 percent of white babies scored a perfect 10, compared with 1.4 percent of Black newborns, the study found.... But critics of the Apgar score’s reliance on skin color fear that it is resulting in extra medical treatment being heaped on babies of color who are healthy, potentially sending them to intensive care unnecessarily."