References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Aphrodite" in the English version

academia.edu

beniculturali.it

cir.campania.beniculturali.it

Museo Archeologico Nazionale (Napoli). "so-called Venus in a bikini." Cir.campania.beniculturali.it.

The statuette portrays Aphrodite on the point of untying the laces of the sandal on her left foot, under which a small Eros squats, touching the sole of her shoe with his right hand. The Goddess is leaning with her left arm (the hand is missing) against a figure of Priapus standing, naked and bearded, positioned on a small cylindrical altar while, next to her left thigh, there is a tree trunk over which the garment of the Goddess is folded. Aphrodite, almost completely naked, wears only a sort of costume, consisting of a corset held up by two pairs of straps and two short sleeves on the upper part of her arm, from which a long chain leads to her hips and forms a star-shaped motif at the level of her navel. The 'bikini', for which the statuette is famous, is obtained by the masterly use of the technique of gilding, also employed on her groin, in the pendant necklace and in the armilla on Aphrodite's right wrist, as well as on Priapus' phallus. Traces of the red paint are evident on the tree trunk, on the short curly hair gathered back in a bun and on the lips of the Goddess, as well as on the heads of Priapus and the Eros. Aphrodite's eyes are made of glass paste, while the presence of holes at the level of the ear-lobes suggest the existence of precious metal ear-rings which have since been lost. An interesting insight into the female ornaments of Roman times, the statuette, probably imported from the area of Alexandria, reproduces with a few modifications the statuary type of Aphrodite untying her sandal, known from copies in bronze and terracotta.

For extensive research and a bibliography on the subject, see: de Franciscis 1963, p. 78, tav. XCI; Kraus 1973, nn. 270–71, pp. 194–95; Pompei 1973, n. 132; Pompeji 1973, n. 199, pp. 142 e 144; Pompeji 1974, n. 281, pp. 148–49; Pompeii A.D. 79 1976, p. 83 e n. 218; Pompeii A.D. 79 1978, I, n. 208, pp. 64–65, II, n. 208, p. 189; Döhl, Zanker 1979, p. 202, tav. Va; Pompeii A.D. 79 1980, p. 79 e n. 198; Pompeya 1981, n. 198, p. 107; Pompeii lives 1984, fig. 10, p. 46; Collezioni Museo 1989, I, 2, n. 254, pp. 146–47; PPM II, 1990, n. 7, p. 532; Armitt 1993, p. 240; Vésuve 1995, n. 53, pp. 162–63; Vulkan 1995, n. 53, pp. 162–63; LIMC VIII, 1, 1997, p. 210, s.v. Venus, n. 182; LIMC VIII, 2, 1997, p. 144; LIMC VIII, 1, 1997, p. 1031, s.v. Priapos, n. 15; LIMC VIII, 2, 1997, p. 680; Romana Pictura 1998, n. 153, p. 317 e tav. a p. 245; Cantarella 1999, p. 128; De Caro 1999, pp. 100–01; De Caro 2000, p. 46 e tav. a p. 62; Pompeii 2000, n. 1, p. 62.

books.google.com

Cyrino 2010, p. 14. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Janda 2005, pp. 349–60. Janda, Michael (2005), Elysion. Entstehung und Entwicklung der griechischen Religion, Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen, ISBN 978-3851247022

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Penglase 1994, p. 164. Penglase, Charles (1994), Greek Myths and Mesopotamia: Parallels and Influence in the Homeric Hymns and Hesiod, New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-15706-4

Cyrino 2010, pp. 26–27. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, p. 26. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

O'Bryhim, Shawn David (22 June 2021). A Student's Commentary on Ovid's Metamorphoses Book 10. United States: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 80. ISBN 9781119770503.

Pestarino, Beatrice (8 August 2022). Kypriōn Politeia, the Political and Administrative Systems of the Classical Cypriot City-Kingdoms. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill Publications. pp. 135–136. ISBN 9789004520332.

Breitenberger 2007, pp. 8–12. Breitenberger, Barbara (2007), Aphrodite and Eros: The Development of Greek Erotic Mythology, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-96823-2

Cyrino 2010, pp. 49–52. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Breitenberger 2007, p. 8. Breitenberger, Barbara (2007), Aphrodite and Eros: The Development of Greek Erotic Mythology, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-96823-2

Breitenberger 2007, pp. 10–11. Breitenberger, Barbara (2007), Aphrodite and Eros: The Development of Greek Erotic Mythology, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-96823-2

Penglase 1994, p. 162. Penglase, Charles (1994), Greek Myths and Mesopotamia: Parallels and Influence in the Homeric Hymns and Hesiod, New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-15706-4

Penglase 1994, p. 163. Penglase, Charles (1994), Greek Myths and Mesopotamia: Parallels and Influence in the Homeric Hymns and Hesiod, New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-15706-4

Cyrino 2010, pp. 51–52. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Budin 2010, pp. 85–86, 96, 100, 102–03, 112, 123, 125. Budin, Stephanie L. (2010), "Aphrodite Enoplion", in Smith, Amy C.; Pickup, Sadie (eds.), Brill's Companion to Aphrodite, Brill's Companions in Classical Studies, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Publishers, pp. 85–86, 96, 100, 102–03, 112, 123, 125, ISBN 978-9047444503

Penglase 1994, pp. 162–63. Penglase, Charles (1994), Greek Myths and Mesopotamia: Parallels and Influence in the Homeric Hymns and Hesiod, New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-15706-4

Konaris 2016, p. 169. Konaris, Michael D. (2016), The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship: Interpretation and Belief in Nineteenth Century and Early Twentieth Century Germany and Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-873789-6

Burkert 1998, pp. 1–6. Burkert, Walter (1998) [1992], The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674643642

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Penglase 1994, pp. 162–64. Penglase, Charles (1994), Greek Myths and Mesopotamia: Parallels and Influence in the Homeric Hymns and Hesiod, New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-15706-4

Cyrino 2010, pp. 24–25. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, p. 25. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Bullough & Bullough 1993, p. 29. Bullough, Vern L.; Bullough, Bonnie (1993), Cross Dressing, Sex, and Gender (reprint ed.), Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 29, ISBN 978-0812214314

Clark 2015, p. 381. Clark, Nora (2015), Aphrodite and Venus in Myth and Mimesis, Cambridge, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4438-7127-3

Cyrino 2010, p. 28. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, pp. 28–29. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, p. 35. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, pp. 35–38. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, p. 39. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, pp. 39–40. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, p. 27. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Lewis Richard Farnell (1896). The Cults of the Greek States. Clarendon Press. p. 666.

Koloski-Ostrow & Lyons 2000, pp. 230–31. Koloski-Ostrow, Ann Olga; Lyons, Claire L. (2000), Naked Truths: Women, Sexuality, and Gender in Classical Art and Archaeology, New York and London: Routledge, pp. 230–31, ISBN 0415217520

Rosenzweig 2004, pp. 15–16. Rosenzweig, Rachel (2004), Worshipping Aphrodite: Art and Cult in Classical Athens, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, ISBN 0-472-11332-1

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Simon 1983, p. 48. Simon, Erika (1983), Festivals of Attica: An Archaeological Companion, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 0-299-09184-8

Simon 1983, pp. 48–49. Simon, Erika (1983), Festivals of Attica: An Archaeological Companion, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 0-299-09184-8

Simon 1983, pp. 47–48. Simon, Erika (1983), Festivals of Attica: An Archaeological Companion, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 0-299-09184-8

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Cyrino 2010, p. 40. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, pp. 40–41. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, pp. 41–42. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, pp. 41–43. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, p. 43. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Dunand 2007, p. 258. Dunand, Françoise (2007), "The Religious System in Alexandria", in Ogden, Daniel (ed.), A Companion to Greek Religion, Malden, Massachusetts, Oxford, England, and Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 253–63, ISBN 978-1-4051-2054-8

Dunand 2007, p. 257. Dunand, Françoise (2007), "The Religious System in Alexandria", in Ogden, Daniel (ed.), A Companion to Greek Religion, Malden, Massachusetts, Oxford, England, and Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 253–63, ISBN 978-1-4051-2054-8

Cyrino 2010, pp. 127–28. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, p. 128. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

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Ames-Lewis 2000, p. 194. Ames-Lewis, Francis (2000), The Intellectual Life of the Early Renaissance Artist, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-09295-4

Cyrino 2010, p. 21. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, pp. 20–21. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, pp. 13–14. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, p. 29. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, pp. 14–15. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, pp. 53–61. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

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Cyrino 2010, p. 72. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Anderson 2000, pp. 131–32. Anderson, Graham (2000), Fairytale in the Ancient World, London: Routledge, pp. 131–32, ISBN 978-0-415-23702-4

Lucian, Gallus 3, see also scholiast on Aristophanes, Birds 835; Eustathius, Ad Odysseam 1.300; Ausonius, 26.2.27; Libanius, Progymnasmata 2.26.

Hard, p. 202

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Slater 1968, pp. 199–200. Slater, Philip Elliot (1968), The Glory of Hera: Greek Mythology and the Greek Family, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-00222-3

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Cyrino 2010, pp. 44–45. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, p. 45. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

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Cyrino 2010, p. 48. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, pp. 48–49. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, pp. 71–72. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

Cyrino 2010, pp. 72–73. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6

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