Apothecaries' system (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Apothecaries' system" in English language version.

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ru. "Аптекарский вес". Большой Энциклопедический словарь. Retrieved 2010-10-16.

allbusiness.com

Connor, R.D. (1995). "The evolution of weighing". Canadian Chemical News.

archive.org

In 1850, an attempt was made in Ireland to solve this problem: "In relation to the weights and measures, a great innovation has been made, which, however, the College feels confident will receive the sanction of the public and the profession. [...] In the formularies, however, [of the Edinburgh Pharmacopœia], the Troy pound, with its well-known submultiples, has been retained, whereas it is now rejected by the Irish College, and its place supplied by the avoirdupois pound, the avoirdupois ounce being, like the Troy ounce, subdivided into eight drachms, and each of these, like the Troy drachm, into three scruples. [...] At present the two systems are in use with the apothecary, for his purchases are made in avoirdupois, and his sales generally, though not always, in Troy weight." Royal College of Physicians in Ireland (1850). The Pharmacopœia of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. p. xxii. See also p. xlvi, and a review of the work.
London Pharmacopoeia, 1796. 1796. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
British Pharmacopoeia, 1864. 1864. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
The Parmacopeia of the United States of America, Ninth Decennial Revision. 1916. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
British Pharmacopoeia, 1864. 1916. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
Sir Robert Christison (1842). A dispensatory, or commentary on the pharmacopoeias of Great Britain: comprising the natural history, description, chemistry, pharmacy, actions, uses, and doses of the articles of the materia medica. Black. p. 38. Retrieved 20 December 2011. dessert spoon.
Ellis, Benjamin (1854). Medical Formulary (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Blanchard and Lea. p. 69.
Beasley, Henry (1850). The Druggist's general receipt book. London: Churchill. p. 396.
Noback, C.; Noback, F. (1851). Vollständiges Taschenbuch der Münz-, Maass- und Gewichtsverhältnisse. Leipzig.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Volume 1 and Volume 2.
Alexander, J.H. (1850). Universal Dictionary of Weights and Measures, Ancient and Modern. Baltimore: W. Minifie and Company.
"Im Preußischen ist der Unterschied zwischen Civil- und Medicinalgewicht durch eine Verordnung vom 16. Mai 1816 aufgehoben." Wörterbuch, EnzyklopäDisches (1829). Encyclopädisches Wörterbuch der medicinischen Wissenschaften. p. 151.

arts-et-metiers.net

A photograph of the Pile de Charlemagne is shown on the website of the Musée des Arts et Métiers, under the rubric School visits / L'aventure du mètre.

books.google.com

"Medicinal-Gewicht, Apotheker-Gewicht ist dasjenige Gewicht, nach welchem Aerzte und Apotheker die Quantitäten der Arzneimittel bestimmen. Nur an wenigen Orten werden beide Arten der Gewichte unterschieden und Medicinalgewicht bei dem Einkauf der Arzneiwaaren im Großen von dem Apothekergewicht bei der Anfertigung und dem Einzel-Verkauf in den Apotheken getrennt. In diesem Fall ist das Medicinalgewicht dem gewöhnlichen Landesgewicht beinahe oder völlig gleich und das Pfund wird dann in 16 Unzen getheilt. Bei dem eigentlichen Apothekergewicht aber nimmt man nur einen Theil des Landesgewichts und theilt dieses Pfund in 12 Unzen oder 96 Drachmen oder 288 Scrupel oder 5760 Gran oder 7452 Aß." Krüger, J.F. (1830). Vollständiges Handbuch der Münzen, Maße und Gewichte aller Länder der Erde. Quedlinburg und Leipzig. p. 186.
Henry, William (1831). The elements of experimental chemistry. Vol. II (11th ed.). Philadelphia. p. 493.
"Die deutschen Schriftsteller bedienen sich bei dem Mangel allgemeiner deutscher Maße meistens der Altfranzösischen, des Apothekergewichts, der metrischen Maße und Gewichte, die preußischen am allgemeinsten, die Baiern nicht selten der in ihren Staaten eingeführten." Gehler, J.S.T.; et al. (1836). Physikalisches Wörterbuch. Vol. VI, Part 2. Leipzig. p. 1359.
"Although fast becoming obsolete, the apothecary system for weighing and calculating pharmaceutical preparations is still used and must be taken into consideration." US Navy (2000). Hospital corpsman – Nonresident training course. DIANE Publishing. pp. 6–10–6–16. ISBN 1-4289-2660-7.
"An acre is not an acre, nor a bushel a bushel, if you travel but ten miles. A pound is not a pound, if you go from a goldsmith to a grocer; nor a gallon a gallon, if you go from the alehouse to the tavern. What purpose does this variety serve, or what necessity is there, which the difference of price would not better answer and supply?" Fleetwood, William (1854). The Works. Vol. III. Oxford. p. 61.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
"In most countries there are two kinds of Weights, one for the precious Metals, and the other for Merchandize, as the Troy and Avoirdupois Weights in England. Kelly, Patrick (1811). The universal cambist, and commercial instructor. Vol. I. London. p. xi.
In 1850, an attempt was made in Ireland to solve this problem: "In relation to the weights and measures, a great innovation has been made, which, however, the College feels confident will receive the sanction of the public and the profession. [...] In the formularies, however, [of the Edinburgh Pharmacopœia], the Troy pound, with its well-known submultiples, has been retained, whereas it is now rejected by the Irish College, and its place supplied by the avoirdupois pound, the avoirdupois ounce being, like the Troy ounce, subdivided into eight drachms, and each of these, like the Troy drachm, into three scruples. [...] At present the two systems are in use with the apothecary, for his purchases are made in avoirdupois, and his sales generally, though not always, in Troy weight." Royal College of Physicians in Ireland (1850). The Pharmacopœia of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. p. xxii. See also p. xlvi, and a review of the work.
"Im Königreich der Niederlande ist das Medicinal-Gewicht im Großen und das eigentliche Apotheker-Gewicht verschieden. Bei dem erstern gehören 8 Drachmen zu einer Once (Unze) und 128 zu einem Medicinal-Pond; die Drachme wird wie in Deutschland in 3 Scrupel oder 60 Grän getheilt. In dem eigentlichen Apotheker-Gewicht gehören auch 8 Drachemn zu einer Unze, aber nur 96 Drachmen zu einem Pond. Die Drachme selbst ist in beiden Gewichtsarten gleich [...]." Krüger, J.F. (1830). Vollständiges Handbuch der Münzen, Maße und Gewichte aller Länder der Erde. Quedlinburg und Leipzig. p. 65.
E.g. in Copenhagen at some time the apothecaries' system was the Prussian one, while the pharmaceutical system was the Danish commercial system. "Das Apothekergewicht ist dem unter Berlin bemerkten gleich; im Großen aber werden Medicinalartikel nach Dän. Handelsgewicht verkauft." Bock, J.H.D.; Crüger, Carl (1828). Nelkenbrecher's allgemeines Taschenbuch der Münz-, Maß- und Gewichtskunde für Banquiers und Kaufleute (14th ed.). Berlin. p. 188.
Zupko, Ronald Edward (1977). British Weights & Measures: A History from Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century. Maddison: The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-299-07340-8.
"As this abbreviation [referring to Lb.] is used to represent both the avoirdupois, and troy or apothecaries' pound, it is necessary to observe, that the former is indicated when this sign is preceded by Arabic figures; and the latter, when it is followed by Roman numerals." Cooley, A.J. (1850). "Weights". A cyclopaedia of six thousand practical receipts. p. 560.
Brande, W.T. (1830). A manual of chemistry. Vol. I (3rd ed.). London. p. 489.
"Weights and Measures". Medical Times. 1853.
Dunglison, Robley (1860). "Weight". Medical lexicon – A dictionary of medical science. Philadelphia. p. 979.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Squire, P. (1867). A companion to the British pharmacopœia. xvi.
Thornton 1911, p. 60. Thornton, Edward Quin (1911). A Manual of Materia Medica for Medical Students. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. LCCN 15021277.
Hare & Chrystie 1891, p. 57. Hare, Hobart Amory; Chrystie, Walter, eds. (1891). A System of Practical Therapeutics. Philadelphia: Lea Brothers and Company. LCCN 07005735.
Dunglison 1844, p. 145. Dunglison, Robley (1844). The Medical Student; Or, Aids to the Study of Medicine. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard. p. 145.
Milne-Edwards & Vavasseur 1831, p. 27. Milne-Edwards, Henri; Vavasseur, Pierre; et al. (1831). A manual of materia medica and pharmacy, from the French of H.M. Edwards and P. Vavasseur, corrected and adapted to British practice by John Davies. London: Whittaker, Treacher, and Company. LCCN 07018447.
Bastedo 1918, p. 582. Bastedo, Walter Arthur (1918). Materia Medica: Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Prescription Writing for Students and Practitioners (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. ISBN 9781371060992. LCCN 18001726.
Barr 1918, p. 43. Barr, William Miller (1918). Industrial engineering: a handbook of useful information for managers, engineers, superintendents, designers, draftsmen and other engaged in constructive work, Part 1. New York City: W.M. Barr Company. LCCN 18023408.
The Pharmacopoeia of the Royal College of Physicians of London, M.DCCC.IX. Translated into English, with notes, &c. Translated by Richard Powell (3rd ed.). 1815. p. 6.
"VIII Pharmacy". Handbook of the Hospital Corps: United States Navy. Published by the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery under the authority of the Secretary of the Navy. NAVMED P-5004. Washington: United States Government Printing Office. 1959. p. 3.
Cooley, A.J. (1850). "Weights". A cyclopaedia of six thousand practical receipts. p. 8.
Stella Goostray (1952). Problems in Solutions and Dosage. p. 117.
Brande, W.T. (1830). A manual of chemistry. Vol. I. p. 490.
E.g. a German handbook of medicine prescription from 1835 when describing the English system mentioned that no such system was in current use in Germany: "Von Maassen ist in Deutschland gegenwärtig [...] fast nur noch das Quart [...] gebräuchlich." Phoebus, P. (1836). Handbuch der Arzneiverordnungslehre. Vol. I. Berlin. p. 99.
Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 6. 1917.
Noback, C.; Noback, F. (1851). Vollständiges Taschenbuch der Münz-, Maass- und Gewichtsverhältnisse. Leipzig.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Volume 1 and Volume 2.
"The Greek weights, mentioned by Roman authors, are chiefly the talent, divided into 60 minæ, and the mina into 100 drachmæ. The mina was nearly equal to the Roman libra." Adam, Alexander; James Boyd; Lorenzo L. da Ponte (1842). Roman Antiquities: Or an Account of the Manners and Customs of the Romans (8th ed.). New York.
"Bayern [...] hat schon im Jahre 1811 nicht nur sein Civilgewicht in eine sehr zweckmäßige Übereinstimmung mit dem französischen Grammengewicht gebracht, sondern auch sein Medicinalgewicht genau nach dem neu eingeführten Civilgericht reguliert [...], wonach das Medicinalpfund (= 360 Grammes) sich zu dem Civilpfunde (= 560 Grammes) [...] wie 9:14 verhält [...]." "[...] ob es nicht besser wäre, das Medicinalgewicht nach diesem zu reguliren und das Apothekerpfund auf genau drei Viertheile des Zollpfunds festzustellen?" Seeger (1847). "Vorschlag zu Abänderung unseres gegenwärtigen bestehenden und zu Einführung eines gemeinsamen teutschen Medicinalgewichts". Vereinigte Deutsche Zeitschrift für die Staatsarzneikunde: 713–724.
Phoebus, P. (1836). Handbuch der Arzneiverordnungslehre. Vol. I. Berlin. pp. 94–96.
The obolus and the (originally Greek) drachma were later additions to the Roman weight system. [2]
Loehmann, Tafeln der Medicinal- und Apothekergewichte aller Länder und freier Städte in Europa etc., Leipzig 1832. (Alternative title: Tafeln zur Verwandlung des Längen- und Hohl-Maßes, sowie des Gewichts usw. aller Hauptländer Europas.) Cited after Phoebus, P. (1836). Handbuch der Arzneiverordnungslehre. Vol. I. Berlin. p. § 40.
Hager, Hermann (1861). Medicamenta homoeopathica et isopathica omnia. Lesnae.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Weinberger, Rudolf (1857). Arznei-Verordnungslehre und vollständiges Recept-Taschenbuch nach der neuesten österr. Pharmakopöe. Wien.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Hille, K.C. (1831). "Medicinal-Gewicht". Magazin für Pharmacie und die Dahin Einschlagenden Wissenschaften. Heidelberg: 268.
Gesellschaft, Deutsche Pharmazeutische; Apotheker, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Berufsvertretungen Deutscher; Norddeutschland, Apotheker-Verein in; Apotheker-Verein, Allgemeiner Deutscher (1842). "Königl. Griech. Verordnung über das Medicinalgewicht". Archiv und Zeitung des Apotheker-Vereins in Norddeutschland. Hannover.
Karmarch, Karl (1861). "Gewichte und Maße". Technologische Encyklopädie. Vol. Band 23. p. 332.
Trommsdorff, J.B. (1827). Systematisches Handbuch der Pharmacie für Aerzte und Apotheker (3rd ed.). Erfurt.
Hoffmann, Johann Gottfried (1838). "Ueber Maasse und Gewichte, veranlasst durch die Schrift des Herrn Adelfeld über die Maasse und Gewichte der deutschen Zollvereinsstaaten". Allgemeine Preussische Staatszeitung. ISBN 9783112169582.
Geffcken (1848). "Bericht über die Lübecker Kreisversammlung des norddeutschen Apotheker-Vereins am 6. August 1848". Archiv und Zeitung des Apotheker-Vereins in Norddeutschland: 217–226. (The relevant passage is in a quoted summary of an earlier report.)
"§4. Ein von dem Handelsgewichte abweichendes Medizinalgewicht findet ferner nicht statt. [...] §8. [...] Der Zeitpunkt, mit welchem die Vorschrift im §4. in Kraft treten soll, wird durch Königliche Verordnung festgesetzt werden." Gesetz, betreffend die Einführung des allgemeinen Landesgewichts in den Hohenzollernschen Landen. Vom 26. März 1860.
Riedel, T. (1864). "Die Normalgaben der Arzneien nach dem Unzen- und Grammen-Gewicht, zugleich als Repetitorium der Arzneimittellehre, von Dr. F.L. Strumpf (book review)". Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Therapie: 82–86.
Verfügung vom 16. März 1867 betreffend das Preußische Medicinalgewicht.
Dickens, Charles (1863). "At your fingers' ends". All the Year Round.

colostate.edu

lamar.colostate.edu

Upton, J.K. (1878). "Report on worldwide state of metrication to the US House of Representatives". Archived from the original on 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2008-04-17.

doi.org

Jackson 2021, p. 806. Jackson, Rebecca L. (2021). "'The Uncertain Method of Drops': How a Non-Uniform Unit Survived the Century of Standardization". Perspectives on Science. 29 (6): 802–841. doi:10.1162/posc_a_00395.
Jackson 2021, p. 807. Jackson, Rebecca L. (2021). "'The Uncertain Method of Drops': How a Non-Uniform Unit Survived the Century of Standardization". Perspectives on Science. 29 (6): 802–841. doi:10.1162/posc_a_00395.
Jackson 2021, pp. 805–808. Jackson, Rebecca L. (2021). "'The Uncertain Method of Drops': How a Non-Uniform Unit Survived the Century of Standardization". Perspectives on Science. 29 (6): 802–841. doi:10.1162/posc_a_00395.
Simpson, A.D.C.; Connor, R.D. (2004). "The mass of the English troy pound in the eighteenth century". Annals of Science. 61 (3): 321–349. doi:10.1080/0003379032000159431. S2CID 143800073.

fda.gov

In 2002, the FDA recalled medicine sold in four-ounce bottles because the measuring cup enclosed only had metric units. [1]

iprimus.com.au

home.iprimus.com.au

"Apothecaries Weights were the weights which Pharmaceutical Chemists (or Pharmacists) [in Australia] used exclusively until the late 1960s." "Apothecaries Weights". Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Retrieved 2008-04-17. "To those Pharmacists who were in practice before the 1960s, Apothecaries Weights were old friends." Coates, David (July 1998). "The Scruples of a Chemist". Pharmacy History Australia (5): 10–1. PMID 11620282.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Thornton 1911, p. 60. Thornton, Edward Quin (1911). A Manual of Materia Medica for Medical Students. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. LCCN 15021277.
Hare & Chrystie 1891, p. 57. Hare, Hobart Amory; Chrystie, Walter, eds. (1891). A System of Practical Therapeutics. Philadelphia: Lea Brothers and Company. LCCN 07005735.
Milne-Edwards & Vavasseur 1831, p. 27. Milne-Edwards, Henri; Vavasseur, Pierre; et al. (1831). A manual of materia medica and pharmacy, from the French of H.M. Edwards and P. Vavasseur, corrected and adapted to British practice by John Davies. London: Whittaker, Treacher, and Company. LCCN 07018447.
Bastedo 1918, p. 582. Bastedo, Walter Arthur (1918). Materia Medica: Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Prescription Writing for Students and Practitioners (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. ISBN 9781371060992. LCCN 18001726.
Barr 1918, p. 43. Barr, William Miller (1918). Industrial engineering: a handbook of useful information for managers, engineers, superintendents, designers, draftsmen and other engaged in constructive work, Part 1. New York City: W.M. Barr Company. LCCN 18023408.

mit.edu

direct.mit.edu

Jackson 2021, p. 806. Jackson, Rebecca L. (2021). "'The Uncertain Method of Drops': How a Non-Uniform Unit Survived the Century of Standardization". Perspectives on Science. 29 (6): 802–841. doi:10.1162/posc_a_00395.
Jackson 2021, p. 807. Jackson, Rebecca L. (2021). "'The Uncertain Method of Drops': How a Non-Uniform Unit Survived the Century of Standardization". Perspectives on Science. 29 (6): 802–841. doi:10.1162/posc_a_00395.
Jackson 2021, pp. 805–808. Jackson, Rebecca L. (2021). "'The Uncertain Method of Drops': How a Non-Uniform Unit Survived the Century of Standardization". Perspectives on Science. 29 (6): 802–841. doi:10.1162/posc_a_00395.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

"Apothecaries Weights were the weights which Pharmaceutical Chemists (or Pharmacists) [in Australia] used exclusively until the late 1960s." "Apothecaries Weights". Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Retrieved 2008-04-17. "To those Pharmacists who were in practice before the 1960s, Apothecaries Weights were old friends." Coates, David (July 1998). "The Scruples of a Chemist". Pharmacy History Australia (5): 10–1. PMID 11620282.

oeaz.at

Zinsler, Gilbert (2004). "Was ist ein Gran? – Die schwierige Bestimmung alter Arznei- und Medizinalgewichte". Österreichische Apotheker-Zeitung. Archived from the original on 2005-01-07. Retrieved 2008-04-17.

parliament.uk

hansard.parliament.uk

Frederick Ponsonby, 10th Earl of Bessborough, Minister of State, Ministry of Technology (21 July 1970). "Weights And Measures Act (Amendment Of Schedules 1 And 3) Order 1970". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. col. 854–855.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

repec.org

ideas.repec.org

Munro, John H. (1998). "The Maze of Medieval Mint Metrology in Flanders, France, and England: Determining the Weight of the Marc de Troyes and the Tower Pound from the Economics of Counterfeiting, 1388-1469". Working Papers. Research Papers in Economics.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Simpson, A.D.C.; Connor, R.D. (2004). "The mass of the English troy pound in the eighteenth century". Annals of Science. 61 (3): 321–349. doi:10.1080/0003379032000159431. S2CID 143800073.

statutelaw.gov.uk

Schedule 1 of Weight and Measurements Act 1985, as amended in 2000 by the Units of Measurement Regulations 1994.

univ-paris1.fr

lamop.univ-paris1.fr

"Par ailleurs, une unité de poids, le marc de Troyes, apparaît en 1147." Baudin, Arnaud. "Le comté de Champagne et de Brie au Moyen Âge – Les foires de Champagne". Laboratoire de Médiévistique Occidentale de Paris. Archived from the original on 2006-04-30. Retrieved 2008-04-17.

web.archive.org

"Apothecaries Weights were the weights which Pharmaceutical Chemists (or Pharmacists) [in Australia] used exclusively until the late 1960s." "Apothecaries Weights". Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Retrieved 2008-04-17. "To those Pharmacists who were in practice before the 1960s, Apothecaries Weights were old friends." Coates, David (July 1998). "The Scruples of a Chemist". Pharmacy History Australia (5): 10–1. PMID 11620282.
Hasegawa, G.R. (2006). "Preparing and dispensing descriptions during the Civil War Era" (PDF). Apothecary's Cabinet. American Institute of the History of Pharmacy. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2007.
"Par ailleurs, une unité de poids, le marc de Troyes, apparaît en 1147." Baudin, Arnaud. "Le comté de Champagne et de Brie au Moyen Âge – Les foires de Champagne". Laboratoire de Médiévistique Occidentale de Paris. Archived from the original on 2006-04-30. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
Zinsler, Gilbert (2004). "Was ist ein Gran? – Die schwierige Bestimmung alter Arznei- und Medizinalgewichte". Österreichische Apotheker-Zeitung. Archived from the original on 2005-01-07. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
Upton, J.K. (1878). "Report on worldwide state of metrication to the US House of Representatives". Archived from the original on 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2008-04-17.

wisc.edu

pharmacy.wisc.edu

Hasegawa, G.R. (2006). "Preparing and dispensing descriptions during the Civil War Era" (PDF). Apothecary's Cabinet. American Institute of the History of Pharmacy. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2007.