Apparent magnitude (English Wikipedia)

Matthew, Templeton (21 October 2011). "Magnitudes: Measuring the Brightness of Stars". American Association of Variable Stars (AAVSO). Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.

anu.edu.au

mso.anu.edu.au

Bessell, Michael S. (September 2005). "Standard Photometric Systems" (PDF). Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 43 (1): 293–336. Bibcode:2005ARA&A..43..293B. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.082801.100251. ISSN 0066-4146. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

archive.org

Toomer, G. J. (1984). Ptolemy's Almagest. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 16. ISBN 0-387-91220-7.

arizona.edu

catalina.lpl.arizona.edu

"Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) Facilities". Archived from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2019.

arxiv.org

Crumey, A. (October 2006). "Human Contrast Threshold and Astronomical Visibility". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 442 (3): 2600–2619. arXiv:1405.4209. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.442.2600C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu992.
IAU Inter-Division A-G Working Group on Nominal Units for Stellar & Planetary Astronomy (13 August 2015). "IAU 2015 Resolution B2 on Recommended Zero Points for the Absolute and Apparent Bolometric Magnitude Scales" (PDF). Resolutions Adopted at the General Assemblies. arXiv:1510.06262. Bibcode:2015arXiv151006262M. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
Čotar, Klemen; Zwitter, Tomaž; et al. (21 May 2019). "The GALAH survey: unresolved triple Sun-like stars discovered by the Gaia mission". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 487 (2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 2474–2490. arXiv:1904.04841. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1397. ISSN 0035-8711.
Umeh, Obinna; Clarkson, Chris; Maartens, Roy (2014). "Nonlinear relativistic corrections to cosmological distances, redshift and gravitational lensing magnification: II. Derivation". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 31 (20): 205001. arXiv:1402.1933. Bibcode:2014CQGra..31t5001U. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/31/20/205001. S2CID 54527784.
Hogg, David W.; Baldry, Ivan K.; Blanton, Michael R.; Eisenstein, Daniel J. (2002). "The K correction". arXiv:astro-ph/0210394.
Dolan, Michelle M.; Mathews, Grant J.; Lam, Doan Duc; Lan, Nguyen Quynh; Herczeg, Gregory J.; Dearborn, David S. P. (2017). "Evolutionary Tracks for Betelgeuse". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (1): 7. arXiv:1406.3143. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819....7D. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/7. S2CID 37913442.
Winkler, P. Frank; Gupta, Gaurav; Long, Knox S. (2003). "The SN 1006 Remnant: Optical Proper Motions, Deep Imaging, Distance, and Brightness at Maximum". The Astrophysical Journal. 585 (1): 324–335. arXiv:astro-ph/0208415. Bibcode:2003ApJ...585..324W. doi:10.1086/345985. S2CID 1626564.
Mallama, A.; Hilton, J.L. (2018). "Computing Apparent Planetary Magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac". Astronomy and Computing. 25: 10–24. arXiv:1808.01973. Bibcode:2018A&C....25...10M. doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002. S2CID 69912809.
Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G. H.; Bond, H. E.; Bono, G.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D.; Mason, B. D. (2008). "Direct Detection of the Close Companion of Polaris with The Hubble Space Telescope". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (3): 1137. arXiv:0806.4904. Bibcode:2008AJ....136.1137E. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1137. S2CID 16966094.
Boffin, H.M.J.; Pourbaix, D. (2014). "Possible astrometric discovery of a substellar companion to the closest binary brown dwarf system WISE J104915.57–531906.1". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 561: 5. arXiv:1312.1303. Bibcode:2014A&A...561L...4B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322975. S2CID 33043358.
Robertson, B. E.; et al. (2023). "Identification and properties of intense star-forming galaxies at redshifts z > 10". Nature Astronomy. 7 (5): 611–621. arXiv:2212.04480. Bibcode:2023NatAs...7..611R. doi:10.1038/s41550-023-01921-1. S2CID 257968812.
Illingworth, G. D.; Magee, D.; Oesch, P. A.; Bouwens, R. J.; Labbé, I.; Stiavelli, M.; van Dokkum, P. G.; Franx, M.; Trenti, M.; Carollo, C. M.; Gonzalez, V. (21 October 2013). "The HST eXtreme Deep Field XDF: Combining all ACS and WFC3/IR Data on the HUDF Region into the Deepest Field Ever". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 209 (1): 6. arXiv:1305.1931. Bibcode:2013ApJS..209....6I. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/209/1/6. S2CID 55052332.

asterism.org

Luciuk, M. "Astronomical Magnitudes" (PDF). p. 8. Retrieved 11 January 2019.

astropix.com

Lodriguss, Jerry (1993). "M33 (Triangulum Galaxy)". Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2009. (Shows bolometric magnitude not visual magnitude.)

books.google.com

North, Gerald; James, Nick (2014). Observing Variable Stars, Novae and Supernovae. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-107-63612-5.
Dufay, Jean (17 October 2012). Introduction to Astrophysics: The Stars. Courier Corporation. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-486-60771-9. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.

britannica.com

"Magnitude | Brightness, Apparent Magnitude & Absolute Magnitude | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 19 October 2023.

caglow.com

"Magnitude Arithmetic". Weekly Topic. Caglow. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.

ciw.edu

dtm.ciw.edu

Sheppard, Scott S. "Saturn's Known Satellites". Carnegie Institution (Department of Terrestrial Magnetism). Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2010.

cloudynights.com

Zarenski, Ed (2004). "Limiting Magnitude in Binoculars" (PDF). Cloudy Nights. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2011.

doi.org

Curtis, Heber Doust (1903) [1901-03-27]. "On the Limits of Unaided Vision". Lick Observatory Bulletin. 2 (38). University of California: 67–69. Bibcode:1903LicOB...2...67C. doi:10.5479/ADS/bib/1903LicOB.2.67C.
Crumey, A. (October 2006). "Human Contrast Threshold and Astronomical Visibility". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 442 (3): 2600–2619. arXiv:1405.4209. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.442.2600C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu992.
Pogson, N. (1856). "Magnitudes of Thirty-six of the Minor Planets for the first day of each month of the year 1857". MNRAS. 17: 12. Bibcode:1856MNRAS..17...12P. doi:10.1093/mnras/17.1.12.
Pogson, N. (14 November 1856). "Magnitudes of Thirty-six of the Minor Planets for the First Day of each Month of the Year 1857". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 17 (1): 12–15. Bibcode:1856MNRAS..17...12P. doi:10.1093/mnras/17.1.12. ISSN 0035-8711.
Johnson, H. L.; Morgan, W. W. (May 1953). "Fundamental stellar photometry for standards of spectral type on the revised system of the Yerkes spectral atlas". The Astrophysical Journal. 117: 313. Bibcode:1953ApJ...117..313J. doi:10.1086/145697. ISSN 0004-637X.
Oke, J. B.; Gunn, J. E. (15 March 1983). "Secondary standard stars for absolute spectrophotometry". The Astrophysical Journal. 266: 713–717. Bibcode:1983ApJ...266..713O. doi:10.1086/160817.
Čotar, Klemen; Zwitter, Tomaž; et al. (21 May 2019). "The GALAH survey: unresolved triple Sun-like stars discovered by the Gaia mission". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 487 (2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 2474–2490. arXiv:1904.04841. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1397. ISSN 0035-8711.
Bessell, Michael S. (September 2005). "Standard Photometric Systems" (PDF). Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 43 (1): 293–336. Bibcode:2005ARA&A..43..293B. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.082801.100251. ISSN 0066-4146. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Schulman, E.; Cox, C. V. (1997). "Misconceptions About Astronomical Magnitudes". American Journal of Physics. 65 (10): 1003. Bibcode:1997AmJPh..65.1003S. doi:10.1119/1.18714.
Umeh, Obinna; Clarkson, Chris; Maartens, Roy (2014). "Nonlinear relativistic corrections to cosmological distances, redshift and gravitational lensing magnification: II. Derivation". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 31 (20): 205001. arXiv:1402.1933. Bibcode:2014CQGra..31t5001U. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/31/20/205001. S2CID 54527784.
Agrawal, Dulli Chandra (30 March 2016). "Apparent magnitude of earthshine: a simple calculation". European Journal of Physics. 37 (3). IOP Publishing: 035601. Bibcode:2016EJPh...37c5601A. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/37/3/035601. ISSN 0143-0807. S2CID 124231299.
Dolan, Michelle M.; Mathews, Grant J.; Lam, Doan Duc; Lan, Nguyen Quynh; Herczeg, Gregory J.; Dearborn, David S. P. (2017). "Evolutionary Tracks for Betelgeuse". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (1): 7. arXiv:1406.3143. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819....7D. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/7. S2CID 37913442.
Winkler, P. Frank; Gupta, Gaurav; Long, Knox S. (2003). "The SN 1006 Remnant: Optical Proper Motions, Deep Imaging, Distance, and Brightness at Maximum". The Astrophysical Journal. 585 (1): 324–335. arXiv:astro-ph/0208415. Bibcode:2003ApJ...585..324W. doi:10.1086/345985. S2CID 1626564.
Mallama, A.; Hilton, J.L. (2018). "Computing Apparent Planetary Magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac". Astronomy and Computing. 25: 10–24. arXiv:1808.01973. Bibcode:2018A&C....25...10M. doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002. S2CID 69912809.
Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G. H.; Bond, H. E.; Bono, G.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D.; Mason, B. D. (2008). "Direct Detection of the Close Companion of Polaris with The Hubble Space Telescope". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (3): 1137. arXiv:0806.4904. Bibcode:2008AJ....136.1137E. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1137. S2CID 16966094.
Boffin, H.M.J.; Pourbaix, D. (2014). "Possible astrometric discovery of a substellar companion to the closest binary brown dwarf system WISE J104915.57–531906.1". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 561: 5. arXiv:1312.1303. Bibcode:2014A&A...561L...4B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322975. S2CID 33043358.
Robertson, B. E.; et al. (2023). "Identification and properties of intense star-forming galaxies at redshifts z > 10". Nature Astronomy. 7 (5): 611–621. arXiv:2212.04480. Bibcode:2023NatAs...7..611R. doi:10.1038/s41550-023-01921-1. S2CID 257968812.
Illingworth, G. D.; Magee, D.; Oesch, P. A.; Bouwens, R. J.; Labbé, I.; Stiavelli, M.; van Dokkum, P. G.; Franx, M.; Trenti, M.; Carollo, C. M.; Gonzalez, V. (21 October 2013). "The HST eXtreme Deep Field XDF: Combining all ACS and WFC3/IR Data on the HUDF Region into the Deepest Field Ever". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 209 (1): 6. arXiv:1305.1931. Bibcode:2013ApJS..209....6I. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/209/1/6. S2CID 55052332.

eso.org

"New Image of Comet Halley in the Cold". ESO. 1 September 2003. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2009.

forbes.com

Siegel, Ethan (6 September 2016). "Ten Ways 'Proxima b' Is Different From Earth". Forbes. Retrieved 19 February 2023.

ghostarchive.org

Bessell, Michael S. (September 2005). "Standard Photometric Systems" (PDF). Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 43 (1): 293–336. Bibcode:2005ARA&A..43..293B. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.082801.100251. ISSN 0066-4146. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Curtis, Heber Doust (1903) [1901-03-27]. "On the Limits of Unaided Vision". Lick Observatory Bulletin. 2 (38). University of California: 67–69. Bibcode:1903LicOB...2...67C. doi:10.5479/ADS/bib/1903LicOB.2.67C.
Crumey, A. (October 2006). "Human Contrast Threshold and Astronomical Visibility". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 442 (3): 2600–2619. arXiv:1405.4209. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.442.2600C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu992.
Pogson, N. (1856). "Magnitudes of Thirty-six of the Minor Planets for the first day of each month of the year 1857". MNRAS. 17: 12. Bibcode:1856MNRAS..17...12P. doi:10.1093/mnras/17.1.12.
Pogson, N. (14 November 1856). "Magnitudes of Thirty-six of the Minor Planets for the First Day of each Month of the Year 1857". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 17 (1): 12–15. Bibcode:1856MNRAS..17...12P. doi:10.1093/mnras/17.1.12. ISSN 0035-8711.
Johnson, H. L.; Morgan, W. W. (May 1953). "Fundamental stellar photometry for standards of spectral type on the revised system of the Yerkes spectral atlas". The Astrophysical Journal. 117: 313. Bibcode:1953ApJ...117..313J. doi:10.1086/145697. ISSN 0004-637X.
Oke, J. B.; Gunn, J. E. (15 March 1983). "Secondary standard stars for absolute spectrophotometry". The Astrophysical Journal. 266: 713–717. Bibcode:1983ApJ...266..713O. doi:10.1086/160817.
IAU Inter-Division A-G Working Group on Nominal Units for Stellar & Planetary Astronomy (13 August 2015). "IAU 2015 Resolution B2 on Recommended Zero Points for the Absolute and Apparent Bolometric Magnitude Scales" (PDF). Resolutions Adopted at the General Assemblies. arXiv:1510.06262. Bibcode:2015arXiv151006262M. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
Bessell, Michael S. (September 2005). "Standard Photometric Systems" (PDF). Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 43 (1): 293–336. Bibcode:2005ARA&A..43..293B. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.082801.100251. ISSN 0066-4146. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Schulman, E.; Cox, C. V. (1997). "Misconceptions About Astronomical Magnitudes". American Journal of Physics. 65 (10): 1003. Bibcode:1997AmJPh..65.1003S. doi:10.1119/1.18714.
Pickering, Edward C. (1910). "1910HarCi.160....1P Page 1". Harvard College Observatory Circular. 160: 1. Bibcode:1910HarCi.160....1P. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
Umeh, Obinna; Clarkson, Chris; Maartens, Roy (2014). "Nonlinear relativistic corrections to cosmological distances, redshift and gravitational lensing magnification: II. Derivation". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 31 (20): 205001. arXiv:1402.1933. Bibcode:2014CQGra..31t5001U. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/31/20/205001. S2CID 54527784.
Wing, R. F. (1967). "1967lts..conf..205W Page 205". Late-Type Stars: 205. Bibcode:1967lts..conf..205W. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
Agrawal, Dulli Chandra (30 March 2016). "Apparent magnitude of earthshine: a simple calculation". European Journal of Physics. 37 (3). IOP Publishing: 035601. Bibcode:2016EJPh...37c5601A. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/37/3/035601. ISSN 0143-0807. S2CID 124231299.
Dolan, Michelle M.; Mathews, Grant J.; Lam, Doan Duc; Lan, Nguyen Quynh; Herczeg, Gregory J.; Dearborn, David S. P. (2017). "Evolutionary Tracks for Betelgeuse". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (1): 7. arXiv:1406.3143. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819....7D. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/7. S2CID 37913442.
Winkler, P. Frank; Gupta, Gaurav; Long, Knox S. (2003). "The SN 1006 Remnant: Optical Proper Motions, Deep Imaging, Distance, and Brightness at Maximum". The Astrophysical Journal. 585 (1): 324–335. arXiv:astro-ph/0208415. Bibcode:2003ApJ...585..324W. doi:10.1086/345985. S2CID 1626564.
Mallama, A.; Hilton, J.L. (2018). "Computing Apparent Planetary Magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac". Astronomy and Computing. 25: 10–24. arXiv:1808.01973. Bibcode:2018A&C....25...10M. doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002. S2CID 69912809.
Tomkin, Jocelyn (April 1998). "Once and Future Celestial Kings". Sky and Telescope. 95 (4): 59–63. Bibcode:1998S&T....95d..59T. – based on computations from HIPPARCOS data. (The calculations exclude stars whose distance or proper motion is uncertain.)
Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G. H.; Bond, H. E.; Bono, G.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D.; Mason, B. D. (2008). "Direct Detection of the Close Companion of Polaris with The Hubble Space Telescope". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (3): 1137. arXiv:0806.4904. Bibcode:2008AJ....136.1137E. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1137. S2CID 16966094.
Boffin, H.M.J.; Pourbaix, D. (2014). "Possible astrometric discovery of a substellar companion to the closest binary brown dwarf system WISE J104915.57–531906.1". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 561: 5. arXiv:1312.1303. Bibcode:2014A&A...561L...4B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322975. S2CID 33043358.
Robertson, B. E.; et al. (2023). "Identification and properties of intense star-forming galaxies at redshifts z > 10". Nature Astronomy. 7 (5): 611–621. arXiv:2212.04480. Bibcode:2023NatAs...7..611R. doi:10.1038/s41550-023-01921-1. S2CID 257968812.
Illingworth, G. D.; Magee, D.; Oesch, P. A.; Bouwens, R. J.; Labbé, I.; Stiavelli, M.; van Dokkum, P. G.; Franx, M.; Trenti, M.; Carollo, C. M.; Gonzalez, V. (21 October 2013). "The HST eXtreme Deep Field XDF: Combining all ACS and WFC3/IR Data on the HUDF Region into the Deepest Field Ever". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 209 (1): 6. arXiv:1305.1931. Bibcode:2013ApJS..209....6I. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/209/1/6. S2CID 55052332.

adsabs.harvard.edu

Johnson, H. L.; Morgan, W. W. (May 1953). "Fundamental stellar photometry for standards of spectral type on the revised system of the Yerkes spectral atlas". The Astrophysical Journal. 117: 313. Bibcode:1953ApJ...117..313J. doi:10.1086/145697. ISSN 0004-637X.
Pickering, Edward C. (1910). "1910HarCi.160....1P Page 1". Harvard College Observatory Circular. 160: 1. Bibcode:1910HarCi.160....1P. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
Wing, R. F. (1967). "1967lts..conf..205W Page 205". Late-Type Stars: 205. Bibcode:1967lts..conf..205W. Retrieved 19 October 2023.

cfa.harvard.edu

Huchra, John. "Astronomical Magnitude Systems". Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2017.

icq.eps.harvard.edu

"Brightest comets seen since 1935". International Comet Quarterly. Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011.

hawaii.edu

panstarrs.ifa.hawaii.edu

"Pan-STARRS limiting magnitude". Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2019.

heavens-above.com

"Heavens-above.com". Heavens-above. Archived from the original on 5 July 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2007.

iau.org

IAU Inter-Division A-G Working Group on Nominal Units for Stellar & Planetary Astronomy (13 August 2015). "IAU 2015 Resolution B2 on Recommended Zero Points for the Absolute and Apparent Bolometric Magnitude Scales" (PDF). Resolutions Adopted at the General Assemblies. arXiv:1510.06262. Bibcode:2015arXiv151006262M. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2019.

jaymaron.com

"Telescopes". www.jaymaron.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017. (retrieved 14 September 2017)

lightbuckets.com

Steve Cullen (sgcullen) (5 October 2009). "17 New Asteroids Found by LightBuckets". LightBuckets. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2009.

nasa.gov

nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov

Williams, David R. (2 February 2010). "Moon Fact Sheet". NASA (National Space Science Data Center). Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
"Uranus Fact Sheet". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
"Neptune Fact Sheet". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
Williams, David R. (7 September 2006). "Pluto Fact Sheet". National Space Science Data Center. NASA. Archived from the original on 1 July 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

ssd.jpl.nasa.gov

Yeomans; Chamberlin. "Horizon Online Ephemeris System for Ganymede (Major Body 503)". California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2010. (4.38 on 1951-Oct-03)
Yeomans; Chamberlin. "Horizon Online Ephemeris System for Titan (Major Body 606)". California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2010. (8.10 on 2003-Dec-30) Archived 13 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
"Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". JPL (Solar System Dynamics). 3 April 2009. Archived from the original on 23 July 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2009.

nasa.gov

"Hubble Finds Smallest Kuiper Belt Object Ever Seen". NASA. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2018.

nso.edu

"Magnitude". National Solar Observatory—Sacramento Peak. Archived from the original on 6 February 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2006.

oarval.org

"Classic Satellites of the Solar System". Observatorio ARVAL. Archived from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2010.

open.edu

"Introduction to active galaxies: View as single page". www.open.edu. Retrieved 19 October 2023.

seds.org

messier.seds.org

"Supernova 1054 – Creation of the Crab Nebula". SEDS. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
"M41 possibly recorded by Aristotle". SEDS (Students for the Exploration and Development of Space). 28 July 2006. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
"Messier 81". SEDS (Students for the Exploration and Development of Space). 2 September 2007. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2009.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Umeh, Obinna; Clarkson, Chris; Maartens, Roy (2014). "Nonlinear relativistic corrections to cosmological distances, redshift and gravitational lensing magnification: II. Derivation". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 31 (20): 205001. arXiv:1402.1933. Bibcode:2014CQGra..31t5001U. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/31/20/205001. S2CID 54527784.
Agrawal, Dulli Chandra (30 March 2016). "Apparent magnitude of earthshine: a simple calculation". European Journal of Physics. 37 (3). IOP Publishing: 035601. Bibcode:2016EJPh...37c5601A. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/37/3/035601. ISSN 0143-0807. S2CID 124231299.
Dolan, Michelle M.; Mathews, Grant J.; Lam, Doan Duc; Lan, Nguyen Quynh; Herczeg, Gregory J.; Dearborn, David S. P. (2017). "Evolutionary Tracks for Betelgeuse". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (1): 7. arXiv:1406.3143. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819....7D. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/7. S2CID 37913442.
Winkler, P. Frank; Gupta, Gaurav; Long, Knox S. (2003). "The SN 1006 Remnant: Optical Proper Motions, Deep Imaging, Distance, and Brightness at Maximum". The Astrophysical Journal. 585 (1): 324–335. arXiv:astro-ph/0208415. Bibcode:2003ApJ...585..324W. doi:10.1086/345985. S2CID 1626564.
Mallama, A.; Hilton, J.L. (2018). "Computing Apparent Planetary Magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac". Astronomy and Computing. 25: 10–24. arXiv:1808.01973. Bibcode:2018A&C....25...10M. doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002. S2CID 69912809.
Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G. H.; Bond, H. E.; Bono, G.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D.; Mason, B. D. (2008). "Direct Detection of the Close Companion of Polaris with The Hubble Space Telescope". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (3): 1137. arXiv:0806.4904. Bibcode:2008AJ....136.1137E. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1137. S2CID 16966094.
Boffin, H.M.J.; Pourbaix, D. (2014). "Possible astrometric discovery of a substellar companion to the closest binary brown dwarf system WISE J104915.57–531906.1". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 561: 5. arXiv:1312.1303. Bibcode:2014A&A...561L...4B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322975. S2CID 33043358.
Robertson, B. E.; et al. (2023). "Identification and properties of intense star-forming galaxies at redshifts z > 10". Nature Astronomy. 7 (5): 611–621. arXiv:2212.04480. Bibcode:2023NatAs...7..611R. doi:10.1038/s41550-023-01921-1. S2CID 257968812.
Illingworth, G. D.; Magee, D.; Oesch, P. A.; Bouwens, R. J.; Labbé, I.; Stiavelli, M.; van Dokkum, P. G.; Franx, M.; Trenti, M.; Carollo, C. M.; Gonzalez, V. (21 October 2013). "The HST eXtreme Deep Field XDF: Combining all ACS and WFC3/IR Data on the HUDF Region into the Deepest Field Ever". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 209 (1): 6. arXiv:1305.1931. Bibcode:2013ApJS..209....6I. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/209/1/6. S2CID 55052332.

skyandtelescope.com

What is the faintest object imaged by ground-based telescopes? Archived 2 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, by: The Editors of Sky Telescope, 24 July 2006

skyandtelescope.org

John E. Bortle (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2009.

space.com

"What Is the Most Massive Star?". Space.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2018.

spacedys.com

newton.spacedys.com

"AstDys (2060) Chiron Ephemerides". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
"AstDys (136472) Makemake Ephemerides". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
"AstDys (136108) Haumea Ephemerides". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

stjarnhimlen.se

Polakis, Tom (10 September 1997). "Radiometry and photometry in astronomy". Home page of Paul Schlyter. Retrieved 25 April 2024.

sunysb.edu

astro.sunysb.edu

Evans, Aaron. "Some Useful Astronomical Definitions" (PDF). Stony Brook Astronomy Program. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2009.

surewest.net

home.surewest.net

Yeomans; Chamberlin. "Horizon Online Ephemeris System for Titan (Major Body 606)". California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2010. (8.10 on 2003-Dec-30) Archived 13 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine

thefreelibrary.com

Tomkin, Jocelyn (April 1998). "Once and Future Celestial Kings". Sky and Telescope. 95 (4): 59–63. Bibcode:1998S&T....95d..59T. – based on computations from HIPPARCOS data. (The calculations exclude stars whose distance or proper motion is uncertain.)

u-strasbg.fr

simbad.u-strasbg.fr

"Vmag<6.5". SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
"Sirius". SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Archived from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
"Canopus". SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
"Arcturus". SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Archived from the original on 14 January 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
"Vega". SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
"SIMBAD-M31". SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
"SIMBAD-M33". SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2009.

ua.edu

pages.astronomy.ua.edu

"Tracking the Apollo Flights". Static Web Pages for Physics and Astronomy. 21 December 1968. Retrieved 20 March 2024.

uc.edu

homepages.uc.edu

"Lecture 4: Page 3, Properties of the Stars". homepages.uc.edu. Retrieved 5 December 2024.

unipi.it

hamilton.dm.unipi.it

"AstDys (10) Hygiea Ephemerides". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

web.archive.org

Matthew, Templeton (21 October 2011). "Magnitudes: Measuring the Brightness of Stars". American Association of Variable Stars (AAVSO). Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
"Vmag<6.5". SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
"Magnitude". National Solar Observatory—Sacramento Peak. Archived from the original on 6 February 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2006.
IAU Inter-Division A-G Working Group on Nominal Units for Stellar & Planetary Astronomy (13 August 2015). "IAU 2015 Resolution B2 on Recommended Zero Points for the Absolute and Apparent Bolometric Magnitude Scales" (PDF). Resolutions Adopted at the General Assemblies. arXiv:1510.06262. Bibcode:2015arXiv151006262M. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
Williams, David R. (2 February 2010). "Moon Fact Sheet". NASA (National Space Science Data Center). Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
"Magnitude Arithmetic". Weekly Topic. Caglow. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
Evans, Aaron. "Some Useful Astronomical Definitions" (PDF). Stony Brook Astronomy Program. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
Huchra, John. "Astronomical Magnitude Systems". Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Dufay, Jean (17 October 2012). Introduction to Astrophysics: The Stars. Courier Corporation. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-486-60771-9. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
"Brightest comets seen since 1935". International Comet Quarterly. Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
"Supernova 1054 – Creation of the Crab Nebula". SEDS. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
"Heavens-above.com". Heavens-above. Archived from the original on 5 July 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
NASA Science Question of the Week. Gsfc.nasa.gov (7 April 2006). Retrieved on 26 April 2013.
"Sirius". SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Archived from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
"Canopus". SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
"Arcturus". SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Archived from the original on 14 January 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
"Vega". SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
"SIMBAD-M31". SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
Yeomans; Chamberlin. "Horizon Online Ephemeris System for Ganymede (Major Body 503)". California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2010. (4.38 on 1951-Oct-03)
"M41 possibly recorded by Aristotle". SEDS (Students for the Exploration and Development of Space). 28 July 2006. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
"Uranus Fact Sheet". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
"SIMBAD-M33". SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Lodriguss, Jerry (1993). "M33 (Triangulum Galaxy)". Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2009. (Shows bolometric magnitude not visual magnitude.)
"Messier 81". SEDS (Students for the Exploration and Development of Space). 2 September 2007. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
"Neptune Fact Sheet". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
John E. Bortle (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
Yeomans; Chamberlin. "Horizon Online Ephemeris System for Titan (Major Body 606)". California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2010. (8.10 on 2003-Dec-30) Archived 13 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
"Classic Satellites of the Solar System". Observatorio ARVAL. Archived from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
"Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". JPL (Solar System Dynamics). 3 April 2009. Archived from the original on 23 July 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
"AstDys (10) Hygiea Ephemerides". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
Zarenski, Ed (2004). "Limiting Magnitude in Binoculars" (PDF). Cloudy Nights. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
"What Is the Most Massive Star?". Space.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
Williams, David R. (7 September 2006). "Pluto Fact Sheet". National Space Science Data Center. NASA. Archived from the original on 1 July 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
"AstDys (2060) Chiron Ephemerides". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
"AstDys (136472) Makemake Ephemerides". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
"AstDys (136108) Haumea Ephemerides". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
"Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) Facilities". Archived from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
Steve Cullen (sgcullen) (5 October 2009). "17 New Asteroids Found by LightBuckets". LightBuckets. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
"Pan-STARRS limiting magnitude". Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
Sheppard, Scott S. "Saturn's Known Satellites". Carnegie Institution (Department of Terrestrial Magnetism). Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
What is the faintest object imaged by ground-based telescopes? Archived 2 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, by: The Editors of Sky Telescope, 24 July 2006
"New Image of Comet Halley in the Cold". ESO. 1 September 2003. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
"Telescopes". www.jaymaron.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017. (retrieved 14 September 2017)
"Hubble Finds Smallest Kuiper Belt Object Ever Seen". NASA. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2018.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Pogson, N. (14 November 1856). "Magnitudes of Thirty-six of the Minor Planets for the First Day of each Month of the Year 1857". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 17 (1): 12–15. Bibcode:1856MNRAS..17...12P. doi:10.1093/mnras/17.1.12. ISSN 0035-8711.
Johnson, H. L.; Morgan, W. W. (May 1953). "Fundamental stellar photometry for standards of spectral type on the revised system of the Yerkes spectral atlas". The Astrophysical Journal. 117: 313. Bibcode:1953ApJ...117..313J. doi:10.1086/145697. ISSN 0004-637X.
Čotar, Klemen; Zwitter, Tomaž; et al. (21 May 2019). "The GALAH survey: unresolved triple Sun-like stars discovered by the Gaia mission". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 487 (2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 2474–2490. arXiv:1904.04841. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1397. ISSN 0035-8711.
Bessell, Michael S. (September 2005). "Standard Photometric Systems" (PDF). Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 43 (1): 293–336. Bibcode:2005ARA&A..43..293B. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.082801.100251. ISSN 0066-4146. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Agrawal, Dulli Chandra (30 March 2016). "Apparent magnitude of earthshine: a simple calculation". European Journal of Physics. 37 (3). IOP Publishing: 035601. Bibcode:2016EJPh...37c5601A. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/37/3/035601. ISSN 0143-0807. S2CID 124231299.