Apparent magnitude (English Wikipedia)

Matthew, Templeton (21 October 2011). "Magnitudes: Measuring the Brightness of Stars". American Association of Variable Stars (AAVSO). Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Curtis, Heber Doust (1903) [March 27, 1901]. "On the Limits of Unaided Vision". Lick Observatory Bulletin. 2 (38). University of California Press: 67–69. Bibcode:1903LicOB...2...67C. doi:10.5479/ADS/bib/1903LicOB.2.67C.
Crumey, A. (October 2006). "Human Contrast Threshold and Astronomical Visibility". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 442 (3): 2600–2619. arXiv:1405.4209. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.442.2600C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu992.
Pogson, N. (1856). "Magnitudes of Thirty-six of the Minor Planets for the first day of each month of the year 1857". MNRAS. 17: 12. Bibcode:1856MNRAS..17...12P. doi:10.1093/mnras/17.1.12.
Pogson, N. (14 November 1856). "Magnitudes of Thirty-six of the Minor Planets for the First Day of each Month of the Year 1857". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 17 (1): 12–15. Bibcode:1856MNRAS..17...12P. doi:10.1093/mnras/17.1.12. ISSN 0035-8711.
Johnson, H. L.; Morgan, W. W. (May 1953). "Fundamental stellar photometry for standards of spectral type on the revised system of the Yerkes spectral atlas". The Astrophysical Journal. 117: 313. Bibcode:1953ApJ...117..313J. doi:10.1086/145697. ISSN 0004-637X.
Oke, J. B.; Gunn, J. E. (15 March 1983). "Secondary standard stars for absolute spectrophotometry". The Astrophysical Journal. 266: 713–717. Bibcode:1983ApJ...266..713O. doi:10.1086/160817.
IAU Inter-Division A-G Working Group on Nominal Units for Stellar & Planetary Astronomy (13 August 2015). "IAU 2015 Resolution B2 on Recommended Zero Points for the Absolute and Apparent Bolometric Magnitude Scales" (PDF). Resolutions Adopted at the General Assemblies. arXiv:1510.06262. Bibcode:2015arXiv151006262M. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
Bessell, Michael S. (September 2005). "Standard Photometric Systems" (PDF). Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 43 (1): 293–336. Bibcode:2005ARA&A..43..293B. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.082801.100251. ISSN 0066-4146. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Schulman, E.; Cox, C. V. (1997). "Misconceptions About Astronomical Magnitudes". American Journal of Physics. 65 (10): 1003. Bibcode:1997AmJPh..65.1003S. doi:10.1119/1.18714.
Pickering, Edward C. (1910). "1910HarCi.160....1P Page 1". Harvard College Observatory Circular. 160: 1. Bibcode:1910HarCi.160....1P. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
Umeh, Obinna; Clarkson, Chris; Maartens, Roy (2014). "Nonlinear relativistic corrections to cosmological distances, redshift and gravitational lensing magnification: II. Derivation". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 31 (20) 205001. arXiv:1402.1933. Bibcode:2014CQGra..31t5001U. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/31/20/205001. S2CID 54527784.
Wing, R. F. (1967). "1967lts..conf..205W Page 205". Late-Type Stars: 205. Bibcode:1967lts..conf..205W. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
Agrawal, Dulli Chandra (30 March 2016). "Apparent magnitude of earthshine: a simple calculation". European Journal of Physics. 37 (3) 035601. IOP Publishing. Bibcode:2016EJPh...37c5601A. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/37/3/035601. ISSN 0143-0807. S2CID 124231299.
Dolan, Michelle M.; Mathews, Grant J.; Lam, Doan Duc; Lan, Nguyen Quynh; Herczeg, Gregory J.; Dearborn, David S. P. (2017). "Evolutionary Tracks for Betelgeuse". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (1): 7. arXiv:1406.3143. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819....7D. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/7. S2CID 37913442.
Winkler, P. Frank; Gupta, Gaurav; Long, Knox S. (2003). "The SN 1006 Remnant: Optical Proper Motions, Deep Imaging, Distance, and Brightness at Maximum". The Astrophysical Journal. 585 (1): 324–335. arXiv:astro-ph/0208415. Bibcode:2003ApJ...585..324W. doi:10.1086/345985. S2CID 1626564.
Mallama, A.; Hilton, J.L. (2018). "Computing Apparent Planetary Magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac". Astronomy and Computing. 25: 10–24. arXiv:1808.01973. Bibcode:2018A&C....25...10M. doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002. S2CID 69912809.
Tomkin, Jocelyn (April 1998). "Once and Future Celestial Kings". Sky and Telescope. 95 (4): 59–63. Bibcode:1998S&T....95d..59T. – based on computations from HIPPARCOS data. (The calculations exclude stars whose distance or proper motion is uncertain.)
Mallama, A.; Hilton, J.L. (2018). "Computing apparent planetary magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac". Astronomy and Computing. 25: 10–24. arXiv:1808.01973. Bibcode:2018A&C....25...10M. doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002.
Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G. H.; Bond, H. E.; Bono, G.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D.; Mason, B. D. (2008). "Direct Detection of the Close Companion of Polaris with The Hubble Space Telescope". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (3): 1137. arXiv:0806.4904. Bibcode:2008AJ....136.1137E. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1137. S2CID 16966094.
Bhardwaj, Anupam; Kanbur, Shashi; He, Shiyuan; Rejkuba, Marina; Matsunaga, Noriyuki; Grijs, Richard de; Sharma, Kaushal; Singh, Harinder P.; Baug, Tapas (5 August 2019), "Multiwavelength Period–Luminosity and Period–Luminosity–Color Relations at Maximum Light for Mira Variables in the Magellanic Clouds", The Astrophysical Journal, 884 (1): 20, arXiv:1908.01795, Bibcode:2019ApJ...884...20B, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab38c2, retrieved 1 January 2026
Boffin, H.M.J.; Pourbaix, D. (2014). "Possible astrometric discovery of a substellar companion to the closest binary brown dwarf system WISE J104915.57–531906.1". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 561: 5. arXiv:1312.1303. Bibcode:2014A&A...561L...4B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322975. S2CID 33043358.
Robertson, B. E.; et al. (2023). "Identification and properties of intense star-forming galaxies at redshifts z > 10". Nature Astronomy. 7 (5): 611–621. arXiv:2212.04480. Bibcode:2023NatAs...7..611R. doi:10.1038/s41550-023-01921-1. S2CID 257968812.
Illingworth, G. D.; Magee, D.; Oesch, P. A.; Bouwens, R. J.; Labbé, I.; Stiavelli, M.; van Dokkum, P. G.; Franx, M.; Trenti, M.; Carollo, C. M.; Gonzalez, V. (21 October 2013). "The HST eXtreme Deep Field XDF: Combining all ACS and WFC3/IR Data on the HUDF Region into the Deepest Field Ever". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 209 (1): 6. arXiv:1305.1931. Bibcode:2013ApJS..209....6I. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/209/1/6. S2CID 55052332.

adsabs.harvard.edu

Johnson, H. L.; Morgan, W. W. (May 1953). "Fundamental stellar photometry for standards of spectral type on the revised system of the Yerkes spectral atlas". The Astrophysical Journal. 117: 313. Bibcode:1953ApJ...117..313J. doi:10.1086/145697. ISSN 0004-637X.
Pickering, Edward C. (1910). "1910HarCi.160....1P Page 1". Harvard College Observatory Circular. 160: 1. Bibcode:1910HarCi.160....1P. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
Wing, R. F. (1967). "1967lts..conf..205W Page 205". Late-Type Stars: 205. Bibcode:1967lts..conf..205W. Retrieved 19 October 2023.

anu.edu.au (Global: 514^th place; English: 281^st place)

mso.anu.edu.au

Bessell, Michael S. (September 2005). "Standard Photometric Systems" (PDF). Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 43 (1): 293–336. Bibcode:2005ARA&A..43..293B. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.082801.100251. ISSN 0066-4146. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Toomer, G. J. (1984). Ptolemy's Almagest. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 16. ISBN 0-387-91220-7.

arizona.edu (Global: 1,520^th place; English: 1,044^th place)

catalina.lpl.arizona.edu

"Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) Facilities". Archived from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2019.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Crumey, A. (October 2006). "Human Contrast Threshold and Astronomical Visibility". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 442 (3): 2600–2619. arXiv:1405.4209. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.442.2600C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu992.
IAU Inter-Division A-G Working Group on Nominal Units for Stellar & Planetary Astronomy (13 August 2015). "IAU 2015 Resolution B2 on Recommended Zero Points for the Absolute and Apparent Bolometric Magnitude Scales" (PDF). Resolutions Adopted at the General Assemblies. arXiv:1510.06262. Bibcode:2015arXiv151006262M. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
Čotar, Klemen; Zwitter, Tomaž; et al. (21 May 2019). "The GALAH survey: unresolved triple Sun-like stars discovered by the Gaia mission". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 487 (2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 2474–2490. arXiv:1904.04841. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1397. ISSN 0035-8711.
Umeh, Obinna; Clarkson, Chris; Maartens, Roy (2014). "Nonlinear relativistic corrections to cosmological distances, redshift and gravitational lensing magnification: II. Derivation". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 31 (20) 205001. arXiv:1402.1933. Bibcode:2014CQGra..31t5001U. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/31/20/205001. S2CID 54527784.
Hogg, David W.; Baldry, Ivan K.; Blanton, Michael R.; Eisenstein, Daniel J. (2002). "The K correction". arXiv:astro-ph/0210394.
Dolan, Michelle M.; Mathews, Grant J.; Lam, Doan Duc; Lan, Nguyen Quynh; Herczeg, Gregory J.; Dearborn, David S. P. (2017). "Evolutionary Tracks for Betelgeuse". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (1): 7. arXiv:1406.3143. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819....7D. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/7. S2CID 37913442.
Winkler, P. Frank; Gupta, Gaurav; Long, Knox S. (2003). "The SN 1006 Remnant: Optical Proper Motions, Deep Imaging, Distance, and Brightness at Maximum". The Astrophysical Journal. 585 (1): 324–335. arXiv:astro-ph/0208415. Bibcode:2003ApJ...585..324W. doi:10.1086/345985. S2CID 1626564.
Mallama, A.; Hilton, J.L. (2018). "Computing Apparent Planetary Magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac". Astronomy and Computing. 25: 10–24. arXiv:1808.01973. Bibcode:2018A&C....25...10M. doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002. S2CID 69912809.
Mallama, A.; Hilton, J.L. (2018). "Computing apparent planetary magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac". Astronomy and Computing. 25: 10–24. arXiv:1808.01973. Bibcode:2018A&C....25...10M. doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002.
Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G. H.; Bond, H. E.; Bono, G.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D.; Mason, B. D. (2008). "Direct Detection of the Close Companion of Polaris with The Hubble Space Telescope". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (3): 1137. arXiv:0806.4904. Bibcode:2008AJ....136.1137E. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1137. S2CID 16966094.
Bhardwaj, Anupam; Kanbur, Shashi; He, Shiyuan; Rejkuba, Marina; Matsunaga, Noriyuki; Grijs, Richard de; Sharma, Kaushal; Singh, Harinder P.; Baug, Tapas (5 August 2019), "Multiwavelength Period–Luminosity and Period–Luminosity–Color Relations at Maximum Light for Mira Variables in the Magellanic Clouds", The Astrophysical Journal, 884 (1): 20, arXiv:1908.01795, Bibcode:2019ApJ...884...20B, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab38c2, retrieved 1 January 2026
Boffin, H.M.J.; Pourbaix, D. (2014). "Possible astrometric discovery of a substellar companion to the closest binary brown dwarf system WISE J104915.57–531906.1". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 561: 5. arXiv:1312.1303. Bibcode:2014A&A...561L...4B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322975. S2CID 33043358.
Robertson, B. E.; et al. (2023). "Identification and properties of intense star-forming galaxies at redshifts z > 10". Nature Astronomy. 7 (5): 611–621. arXiv:2212.04480. Bibcode:2023NatAs...7..611R. doi:10.1038/s41550-023-01921-1. S2CID 257968812.
Illingworth, G. D.; Magee, D.; Oesch, P. A.; Bouwens, R. J.; Labbé, I.; Stiavelli, M.; van Dokkum, P. G.; Franx, M.; Trenti, M.; Carollo, C. M.; Gonzalez, V. (21 October 2013). "The HST eXtreme Deep Field XDF: Combining all ACS and WFC3/IR Data on the HUDF Region into the Deepest Field Ever". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 209 (1): 6. arXiv:1305.1931. Bibcode:2013ApJS..209....6I. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/209/1/6. S2CID 55052332.

asterism.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Luciuk, M. "Astronomical Magnitudes" (PDF). p. 8. Retrieved 11 January 2019.

astropix.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Lodriguss, Jerry (1993). "M33 (Triangulum Galaxy)". Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2009. (Shows bolometric magnitude not visual magnitude.)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

North, Gerald; James, Nick (2014). Observing Variable Stars, Novae and Supernovae. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-107-63612-5.
Dufay, Jean (17 October 2012). Introduction to Astrophysics: The Stars. Courier Corporation. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-486-60771-9. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Magnitude | Brightness, Apparent Magnitude & Absolute Magnitude | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 19 October 2023.

caglow.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Magnitude Arithmetic". Weekly Topic. Caglow. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.

cfa.harvard.edu (Global: 2,284^th place; English: 4,960^th place)

Huchra, John. "Astronomical Magnitude Systems". Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2017.

ciw.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

dtm.ciw.edu

Sheppard, Scott S. "Saturn's Known Satellites". Carnegie Institution (Department of Terrestrial Magnetism). Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2010.

cloudynights.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Zarenski, Ed (2004). "Limiting Magnitude in Binoculars" (PDF). Cloudy Nights. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2011.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Curtis, Heber Doust (1903) [March 27, 1901]. "On the Limits of Unaided Vision". Lick Observatory Bulletin. 2 (38). University of California Press: 67–69. Bibcode:1903LicOB...2...67C. doi:10.5479/ADS/bib/1903LicOB.2.67C.
Crumey, A. (October 2006). "Human Contrast Threshold and Astronomical Visibility". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 442 (3): 2600–2619. arXiv:1405.4209. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.442.2600C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu992.
Pogson, N. (1856). "Magnitudes of Thirty-six of the Minor Planets for the first day of each month of the year 1857". MNRAS. 17: 12. Bibcode:1856MNRAS..17...12P. doi:10.1093/mnras/17.1.12.
Pogson, N. (14 November 1856). "Magnitudes of Thirty-six of the Minor Planets for the First Day of each Month of the Year 1857". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 17 (1): 12–15. Bibcode:1856MNRAS..17...12P. doi:10.1093/mnras/17.1.12. ISSN 0035-8711.
Johnson, H. L.; Morgan, W. W. (May 1953). "Fundamental stellar photometry for standards of spectral type on the revised system of the Yerkes spectral atlas". The Astrophysical Journal. 117: 313. Bibcode:1953ApJ...117..313J. doi:10.1086/145697. ISSN 0004-637X.
Oke, J. B.; Gunn, J. E. (15 March 1983). "Secondary standard stars for absolute spectrophotometry". The Astrophysical Journal. 266: 713–717. Bibcode:1983ApJ...266..713O. doi:10.1086/160817.
Čotar, Klemen; Zwitter, Tomaž; et al. (21 May 2019). "The GALAH survey: unresolved triple Sun-like stars discovered by the Gaia mission". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 487 (2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 2474–2490. arXiv:1904.04841. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1397. ISSN 0035-8711.
Bessell, Michael S. (September 2005). "Standard Photometric Systems" (PDF). Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 43 (1): 293–336. Bibcode:2005ARA&A..43..293B. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.082801.100251. ISSN 0066-4146. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Schulman, E.; Cox, C. V. (1997). "Misconceptions About Astronomical Magnitudes". American Journal of Physics. 65 (10): 1003. Bibcode:1997AmJPh..65.1003S. doi:10.1119/1.18714.
Umeh, Obinna; Clarkson, Chris; Maartens, Roy (2014). "Nonlinear relativistic corrections to cosmological distances, redshift and gravitational lensing magnification: II. Derivation". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 31 (20) 205001. arXiv:1402.1933. Bibcode:2014CQGra..31t5001U. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/31/20/205001. S2CID 54527784.
Agrawal, Dulli Chandra (30 March 2016). "Apparent magnitude of earthshine: a simple calculation". European Journal of Physics. 37 (3) 035601. IOP Publishing. Bibcode:2016EJPh...37c5601A. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/37/3/035601. ISSN 0143-0807. S2CID 124231299.
Dolan, Michelle M.; Mathews, Grant J.; Lam, Doan Duc; Lan, Nguyen Quynh; Herczeg, Gregory J.; Dearborn, David S. P. (2017). "Evolutionary Tracks for Betelgeuse". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (1): 7. arXiv:1406.3143. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819....7D. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/7. S2CID 37913442.
Winkler, P. Frank; Gupta, Gaurav; Long, Knox S. (2003). "The SN 1006 Remnant: Optical Proper Motions, Deep Imaging, Distance, and Brightness at Maximum". The Astrophysical Journal. 585 (1): 324–335. arXiv:astro-ph/0208415. Bibcode:2003ApJ...585..324W. doi:10.1086/345985. S2CID 1626564.
Mallama, A.; Hilton, J.L. (2018). "Computing Apparent Planetary Magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac". Astronomy and Computing. 25: 10–24. arXiv:1808.01973. Bibcode:2018A&C....25...10M. doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002. S2CID 69912809.
Mallama, A.; Hilton, J.L. (2018). "Computing apparent planetary magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac". Astronomy and Computing. 25: 10–24. arXiv:1808.01973. Bibcode:2018A&C....25...10M. doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002.
Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G. H.; Bond, H. E.; Bono, G.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D.; Mason, B. D. (2008). "Direct Detection of the Close Companion of Polaris with The Hubble Space Telescope". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (3): 1137. arXiv:0806.4904. Bibcode:2008AJ....136.1137E. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1137. S2CID 16966094.
Bhardwaj, Anupam; Kanbur, Shashi; He, Shiyuan; Rejkuba, Marina; Matsunaga, Noriyuki; Grijs, Richard de; Sharma, Kaushal; Singh, Harinder P.; Baug, Tapas (5 August 2019), "Multiwavelength Period–Luminosity and Period–Luminosity–Color Relations at Maximum Light for Mira Variables in the Magellanic Clouds", The Astrophysical Journal, 884 (1): 20, arXiv:1908.01795, Bibcode:2019ApJ...884...20B, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab38c2, retrieved 1 January 2026
Boffin, H.M.J.; Pourbaix, D. (2014). "Possible astrometric discovery of a substellar companion to the closest binary brown dwarf system WISE J104915.57–531906.1". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 561: 5. arXiv:1312.1303. Bibcode:2014A&A...561L...4B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322975. S2CID 33043358.
Robertson, B. E.; et al. (2023). "Identification and properties of intense star-forming galaxies at redshifts z > 10". Nature Astronomy. 7 (5): 611–621. arXiv:2212.04480. Bibcode:2023NatAs...7..611R. doi:10.1038/s41550-023-01921-1. S2CID 257968812.
Illingworth, G. D.; Magee, D.; Oesch, P. A.; Bouwens, R. J.; Labbé, I.; Stiavelli, M.; van Dokkum, P. G.; Franx, M.; Trenti, M.; Carollo, C. M.; Gonzalez, V. (21 October 2013). "The HST eXtreme Deep Field XDF: Combining all ACS and WFC3/IR Data on the HUDF Region into the Deepest Field Ever". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 209 (1): 6. arXiv:1305.1931. Bibcode:2013ApJS..209....6I. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/209/1/6. S2CID 55052332.

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forbes.com (Global: 71^st place; English: 54^th place)

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ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

Bessell, Michael S. (September 2005). "Standard Photometric Systems" (PDF). Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 43 (1): 293–336. Bibcode:2005ARA&A..43..293B. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.082801.100251. ISSN 0066-4146. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

hawaii.edu (Global: 1,313^th place; English: 884^th place)

panstarrs.ifa.hawaii.edu

"Pan-STARRS limiting magnitude". Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2019.

heavens-above.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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iau.org (Global: 745^th place; English: 2,951^st place)

IAU Inter-Division A-G Working Group on Nominal Units for Stellar & Planetary Astronomy (13 August 2015). "IAU 2015 Resolution B2 on Recommended Zero Points for the Absolute and Apparent Bolometric Magnitude Scales" (PDF). Resolutions Adopted at the General Assemblies. arXiv:1510.06262. Bibcode:2015arXiv151006262M. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2019.

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rechneronline.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

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Apparent magnitude (English Wikipedia)

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