Apple (English Wikipedia)

Polomski, Bob; Reighard, Greg. "Apple HGIC 1350". Home & Garden Information Center. Clemson University. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

Landau, Elizabeth, Oral allergy syndrome may explain mysterious reactions, 8 April 2009, CNN Health, accessed 17 October 2011

cornell.edu (Global: 308^th place; English: 253^rd place)

blogs.cornell.edu

"The Heirloom Apple Orchard". The Jentsch Lab. Cornell University. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.

croplife.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"European Organic Apple Production Demonstrates the Value of Pesticides" (PDF). CropLife Foundation, Washington, DC. December 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.

csiro.au (Global: 3,457^th place; English: 2,432^nd place)

"Refrigerated storage of perishable foods". CSIRO. 26 February 2015. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2007.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Lim, Tong Kwee (2012). "Malus x domestica". Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. Vol. 4, Fruit (First ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. pp. 414–415. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2_49. ISBN 978-94-007-4053-2. OCLC 795503871.
Flath, R. A.; Black, D. R.; Forrey, R. R.; McDonald, G. M.; Mon, T. R.; Teranishi, R. (1 August 1969). "Volatiles in Gravenstein Apple Essence Identified by GC-Mass Spectrometry". Journal of Chromatographic Science. 7 (8): 508. doi:10.1093/CHROMSCI/7.8.508.
Flath, Robert A.; Black, Dale Robert.; Guadagni, Dante G.; McFadden, William H.; Schultz, Thomas H. (January 1967). "Identification and organoleptic evaluation of compounds in Delicious apple essence". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 15 (1): 29. Bibcode:1967JAFC...15...29F. doi:10.1021/jf60149a032.
Qian, Guan-Ze; Liu, Lian-Fen; Tang, Geng-Guo (April 2010). "(1933) Proposal to conserve the name Malus domestica against M. pumila, M. communis, M. frutescens, and Pyrus dioica ( Rosaceae )". Taxon. 59 (2): 650–652. Bibcode:2010Taxon..59..650Q. doi:10.1002/tax.592038.
Applequist, Wendy L. (2017). "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 69" (PDF). Taxon. 66 (2): 500–513. Bibcode:2017Taxon..66..500A. doi:10.12705/662.17. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2024.
Wilson, Karen L. (June 2017). "Report of the General Committee: 18". Taxon. 66 (3): 742. Bibcode:2017Taxon..66..742W. doi:10.12705/663.15.
Velasco, Riccardo; Zharkikh, Andrey; Affourtit, Jason; Dhingra, Amit; Cestaro, Alessandro; et al. (2010). "The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.)". Nature Genetics. 42 (10): 833–839. doi:10.1038/ng.654. PMID 20802477. S2CID 14854514.
Di Pierro, Erica A.; Gianfranceschi, Luca; Di Guardo, Mario; Koehorst-Van Putten, Herma J.J.; Kruisselbrink, Johannes W.; et al. (2016). "A high-density, multi-parental SNP genetic map on apple validates a new mapping approach for outcrossing species". Horticulture Research. 3 (1): 16057. Bibcode:2016HorR....316057D. doi:10.1038/hortres.2016.57. PMC 5120355. PMID 27917289.
Daccord, Nicolas; Celton, Jean-Marc; Linsmith, Gareth; Becker, Claude; Choisne, Nathalie; et al. (2017). "High-quality de novo assembly of the apple genome and methylome dynamics of early fruit development". Nature Genetics. 49 (7). Nature Communications: 1099–1106. doi:10.1038/ng.3886. hdl:10449/42064. PMID 28581499. S2CID 24690391.
Zhang, Liyi; Hu, Jiang; Han, Xiaolei; Li, Jingjing; Gao, Yuan; et al. (2019). "A high-quality apple genome assembly reveals the association of a retrotransposon and red fruit colour". Nature Communications. 10 (1). Nature Genetics: 1494. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1494Z. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09518-x. PMC 6445120. PMID 30940818.
Duan, Naibin; Bai, Yang; Sun, Honghe; Wang, Nan; Ma, Yumin; et al. (2017). "Genome re-sequencing reveals the history of apple and supports a two-stage model for fruit enlargement". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 249. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8..249D. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00336-7. PMC 5557836. PMID 28811498.
Richards, Christopher M.; Volk, Gayle M.; Reilley, Ann A.; Henk, Adam D.; Lockwood, Dale R.; et al. (2009). "Genetic diversity and population structure in Malus sieversii, a wild progenitor species of domesticated apple". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 5 (2): 339–347. doi:10.1007/s11295-008-0190-9. S2CID 19847067.
Lauri, Pierre-éric; Maguylo, Karen; Trottier, Catherine (March 2006). "Architecture and size relations: an essay on the apple (Malus × domestica, Rosaceae) tree". American Journal of Botany. 93 (3): 357–368. Bibcode:2006AmJB...93..357L. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.3.357. PMID 21646196. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
Cornille, Amandine; Gladieux, Pierre; Smulders, Marinus J. M.; Roldán-Ruiz, Isabel; Laurens, François; et al. (2012). Mauricio, Rodney (ed.). "New Insight into the History of Domesticated Apple: Secondary Contribution of the European Wild Apple to the Genome of Cultivated Varieties". PLOS Genetics. 8 (5) e1002703. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002703. PMC 3349737. PMID 22589740.
Coart, E.; Van Glabeke, S.; De Loose, M.; Larsen, A.S.; Roldán-Ruiz, I. (2006). "Chloroplast diversity in the genus Malus: new insights into the relationship between the European wild apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) and the domesticated apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)". Mol. Ecol. 15 (8): 2171–2182. Bibcode:2006MolEc..15.2171C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02924.x. PMID 16780433. S2CID 31481730.
Schlumbaum, Angela; van Glabeke, Sabine; Roldan-Ruiz, Isabel (January 2012). "Towards the onset of fruit tree growing north of the Alps: Ancient DNA from waterlogged apple (Malus sp.) seed fragments". Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 194 (1): 157–162. doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.03.004. PMID 21501956.
Torrejón, Fernando; Cisternas, Marco; Araneda, Alberto (2004). "Efectos ambientales de la colonización española desde el río Maullín al archipiélago de Chiloé, sur de Chile" [Environmental effects of the spanish colonization from de Maullín river to the Chiloé archipelago, southern Chile]. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural (in Spanish). 77 (4): 661–677. doi:10.4067/s0716-078x2004000400009. hdl:10533/175736.
Fallahi, Esmaeil; Colt, W. Michael; Fallahi, Bahar; Chun, Ik-Jo (January 2002). "The Importance of Apple Rootstocks on Tree Growth, Yield, Fruit Quality, Leaf Nutrition, and Photosynthesis with an Emphasis on 'Fuji'". HortTechnology. 12 (1): 38–44. doi:10.21273/HORTTECH.12.1.38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
Barahona, M. (1992). "Adaptation of Apple Varieties in Ecuador". Acta Horticulturae (310): 135–142. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.1992.310.17.
Powell, L. E. (1986). "The Chilling Requirement in Apple and Its Role in Regulating Time of Flowering in Spring in Cold-Winter Climate". Acta Horticulturae (179). Wageningen, Netherlands: International Society for Horticultural Science: 129–140. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.1986.179.10. ISBN 978-90-6605-182-9.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Martin, Phillip L.; Krawczyk, Teresa; Khodadadi, Fatemeh; Aćimović, Srđan G.; Peter, Kari A. (2021). "Bitter Rot of Apple in the Mid-Atlantic United States: Causal Species and Evaluation of the Impacts of Regional Weather Patterns and Cultivar Susceptibility". Phytopathology. 111 (6): 966–981. Bibcode:2021PhPat.111..966M. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-09-20-0432-R. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 33487025. S2CID 231701083.
Erler, Fedai (1 January 2010). "Efficacy of tree trunk coating materials in the control of the apple clearwing, Synanthedon myopaeformis". Journal of Insect Science. 10 (1): 63. doi:10.1673/031.010.6301. PMC 3014806. PMID 20672979.
"TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. NCBI NBK545428.
Ribeiro, Flávia A.P.; Gomes de Moura, Carolina F.; Aguiar, Odair; de Oliveira, Flavia; Spadari, Regina C.; Oliveira, Nara R.C.; Oshima, Celina T.F.; Ribeiro, Daniel A. (September 2014). "The chemopreventive activity of apple against carcinogenesis: antioxidant activity and cell cycle control". European Journal of Cancer Prevention (Review). 23 (5): 477–480. doi:10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000005. PMID 24366437. S2CID 23026644.
Nicolas, J. J.; Richard-Forget, F. C.; Goupy, P. M.; Amiot, M. J.; Aubert, S. Y. (1 January 1994). "Enzymatic browning reactions in apple and apple products". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 34 (2): 109–157. doi:10.1080/10408399409527653. PMID 8011143.
Yu, Xiuzhu; Van De Voort, Frederick R.; Li, Zhixi; Yue, Tianli (2007). "Proximate Composition of the Apple Seed and Characterization of Its Oil". International Journal of Food Engineering. 3 (5). doi:10.2202/1556-3758.1283. S2CID 98590230.
Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1998). Roles of the Northern Goddess. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 146–147. doi:10.4324/9780203025550. ISBN 0-415-13610-5. LCCN 97018309. OCLC 48138055.

epicurious.com (Global: low place; English: 8,528^th place)

Kellogg, Kristi (15 January 2015). "81 Best Apple Recipes: Dinners, Desserts, Salads, and More". Epicurious. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020.

esv.org (Global: low place; English: 6,039^th place)

Genesis 2:17

etymonline.com (Global: 669^th place; English: 670^th place)

"Origin and history of "apple" by Online Etymology Dictionary". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2025.

fao.org (Global: 428^th place; English: 480^th place)

"Apple production in 2024; from pick lists: Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity/Year". FAOSTAT, UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division. 2026. Retrieved 2 August 2026.

fda.gov (Global: 470^th place; English: 329^th place)

United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
"Okanagan Specialty Fruits: Biotechnology Consultation Agency Response Letter BNF 000132". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 20 March 2015. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2019.

floranorthamerica.org (Global: low place; English: 7,126^th place)

Dickson, Elizabeth E. (28 May 2021). "Malus domestica". Flora of North America. Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.

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"FoodKeeper App". FoodSafety.gov. United States Department of Health and Human Services. 26 April 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
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"United States: GM non-browning Arctic apple expands into foodservice". Fresh Fruit Portal. 13 August 2019. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2019.

gbif.org (Global: 218^th place; English: 353^rd place)

"Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh., 1803". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2025. Archived from the original on 16 July 2025. Retrieved 14 July 2025.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Daccord, Nicolas; Celton, Jean-Marc; Linsmith, Gareth; Becker, Claude; Choisne, Nathalie; et al. (2017). "High-quality de novo assembly of the apple genome and methylome dynamics of early fruit development". Nature Genetics. 49 (7). Nature Communications: 1099–1106. doi:10.1038/ng.3886. hdl:10449/42064. PMID 28581499. S2CID 24690391.
Torrejón, Fernando; Cisternas, Marco; Araneda, Alberto (2004). "Efectos ambientales de la colonización española desde el río Maullín al archipiélago de Chiloé, sur de Chile" [Environmental effects of the spanish colonization from de Maullín river to the Chiloé archipelago, southern Chile]. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural (in Spanish). 77 (4): 661–677. doi:10.4067/s0716-078x2004000400009. hdl:10533/175736.

hobbyfarms.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Weaver, Sue (June–July 2003). "Crops & Gardening – Apples of Antiquity". Hobby Farms Magazine. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017.

ifr.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

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"General Information – Apple". Informall. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2011.

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"Questions and answers: Arctic Apple". Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Government of Canada. 8 September 2017. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2019.

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loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

lccn.loc.gov

Juniper, Barrie E.; Mabberley, David J. (2006). The Story of the Apple (First ed.). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-88192-784-9. LCCN 2006011869. OCLC 67383484. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
Burford, Tom (2013). Apples of North America: 192 Exceptional Varieties for Gardeners, Growers and Cooks (First ed.). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 22, 50, 55, 122, 123, 137, 141, 147, 159, 245, 246. ISBN 978-1-60469-249-5. LCCN 2012045130. OCLC 819860825.
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Davidson, Alan (2014). "Apple". In Jaine, Tom (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Food. Illustrated by Soun Vannithone (Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 27–31. ISBN 978-0-19-967733-7. LCCN 2013957569. OCLC 890807357. OL 27172691M. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
Traverso, Amy (2011). The Apple Lover's Cookbook. Photographs by Squire Fox (First ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 16, 32, 35, 45, 92, 137, 262–263, 275. ISBN 978-0-393-06599-2. LCCN 2011016560. OCLC 711051767. OL 16450839W.
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Beck, Kellen (17 October 2020). "How breeders bring out the best in new apples". Mashable. Archived from the original on 31 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

"A pineapple is an apple (kind of). How did this tropical fruit get tied to the apple?". Word History. Merriam-Webster. 2025. Retrieved 11 April 2026.

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Saba, Michel (11 September 2020). "The McIntosh apple is a legend, but it could disappear from Quebec shops". The Montreal Gazette. The Canadian Press. Retrieved 18 February 2025.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

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Ranney, Thomas G. "Polyploidy: From Evolution to Landscape Plant Improvement". Proceedings of the 11th Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance (METRIA) Conference. 11th Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance Conference held in Gresham, Oregon, August 23–24, 2000. METRIA (NCSU.edu). METRIA. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
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nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Velasco, Riccardo; Zharkikh, Andrey; Affourtit, Jason; Dhingra, Amit; Cestaro, Alessandro; et al. (2010). "The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.)". Nature Genetics. 42 (10): 833–839. doi:10.1038/ng.654. PMID 20802477. S2CID 14854514.
Di Pierro, Erica A.; Gianfranceschi, Luca; Di Guardo, Mario; Koehorst-Van Putten, Herma J.J.; Kruisselbrink, Johannes W.; et al. (2016). "A high-density, multi-parental SNP genetic map on apple validates a new mapping approach for outcrossing species". Horticulture Research. 3 (1): 16057. Bibcode:2016HorR....316057D. doi:10.1038/hortres.2016.57. PMC 5120355. PMID 27917289.
Daccord, Nicolas; Celton, Jean-Marc; Linsmith, Gareth; Becker, Claude; Choisne, Nathalie; et al. (2017). "High-quality de novo assembly of the apple genome and methylome dynamics of early fruit development". Nature Genetics. 49 (7). Nature Communications: 1099–1106. doi:10.1038/ng.3886. hdl:10449/42064. PMID 28581499. S2CID 24690391.
Zhang, Liyi; Hu, Jiang; Han, Xiaolei; Li, Jingjing; Gao, Yuan; et al. (2019). "A high-quality apple genome assembly reveals the association of a retrotransposon and red fruit colour". Nature Communications. 10 (1). Nature Genetics: 1494. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1494Z. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09518-x. PMC 6445120. PMID 30940818.
Duan, Naibin; Bai, Yang; Sun, Honghe; Wang, Nan; Ma, Yumin; et al. (2017). "Genome re-sequencing reveals the history of apple and supports a two-stage model for fruit enlargement". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 249. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8..249D. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00336-7. PMC 5557836. PMID 28811498.
Lauri, Pierre-éric; Maguylo, Karen; Trottier, Catherine (March 2006). "Architecture and size relations: an essay on the apple (Malus × domestica, Rosaceae) tree". American Journal of Botany. 93 (3): 357–368. Bibcode:2006AmJB...93..357L. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.3.357. PMID 21646196. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
Cornille, Amandine; Gladieux, Pierre; Smulders, Marinus J. M.; Roldán-Ruiz, Isabel; Laurens, François; et al. (2012). Mauricio, Rodney (ed.). "New Insight into the History of Domesticated Apple: Secondary Contribution of the European Wild Apple to the Genome of Cultivated Varieties". PLOS Genetics. 8 (5) e1002703. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002703. PMC 3349737. PMID 22589740.
Coart, E.; Van Glabeke, S.; De Loose, M.; Larsen, A.S.; Roldán-Ruiz, I. (2006). "Chloroplast diversity in the genus Malus: new insights into the relationship between the European wild apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) and the domesticated apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)". Mol. Ecol. 15 (8): 2171–2182. Bibcode:2006MolEc..15.2171C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02924.x. PMID 16780433. S2CID 31481730.
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