Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region" in English language version.

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al-Lami, Alaa (18 January 2012). "Sectarian Divisions Plague Iraqi Baath Party". Al Akhbar. Archived from the original on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
al-Lami, Alaa (1 November 2011). "Iraq's Rising Tide of Separatism Ahead of US Withdrawal". Al Akhbar. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2013.

aljazeera.com

Staff writer (5 January 2007). "Iraq's Baath party names new leader". Aljazeera. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2013.

archive.org

Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. pp. 44–46. ISBN 0-06-050543-5.
- Musallam, Musallam Ali (1996). The Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait: Saddam Hussein, His State and International Power Politics. British Academic Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-86064-020-9.
- Smolansky, Oleg; Smolansky, Bettie (1991). The USSR and Iraq: The Soviet Quest for Influence. Duke University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8223-1116-4.
- Bengio, Ofra (1998). Saddam's Word: Political Discourse in Iraq (Paperback). Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-19-511439-3. "The name Ba'th at once evokes the party's central slogans: "A single Arab nation with an eternal mission" and "Unity, freedom, socialism." The first slogan echoes several verses of the Qur'an where the words umma wahida (one nation) appear. Verse 209 of the sura al-Baqara, for instance, reads: "The people were one nation; then God sent forth the Prophets, good tidings to bear and warning." The whole party phrase, with its internal rhyme in Arabic, elicits a longing for completeness, a yearning for a messanic transformatin. The glorious past of the Arabs is made the source and aim fo emulation. Arsuzi wrote: "The Arabs conquered the world in order to civilize itt and for that vision they sacrificed their lives... They spread their rule from the Chinese Wall to the Atlantic Ocean and from the center of Europe to the center of Africa... One caliph, one law, one official language."
- Bengio, Ofra (1998). Saddam's Word: Political Discourse in Iraq (Paperback). Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-19-511439-3. "The name Ba'ath at once evokes the party's central slogans: "A single Arab nation with an eternal message" and "Unity, freedom, socialism." The first slogan echoes several verses of the Qur'an where the words umma wahida (one nation) appear. Verse 209 of the sura al-Baqara, for instance, reads: "The people were one nation; then God sent forth the Prophets, good tidings to bear and warning." The whole party phrase, with its internal rhyme in Arabic, elicits a longing for completeness, a yearning for a messanic transformatin. The glorious past of the Arabs is made the source and aim fo emulation. Arsuzi wrote: "The Arabs conquered the world in order to civilize it and for that vision they sacrificed their lives... They spread their rule from the Chinese Wall to the Atlantic Ocean and from the center of Europe to the center of Africa... One caliph, one law, one official language."
- Coughlin 2005, p. 22. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, pp. 24–25. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, pp. 25–26. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 29. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 30. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Makiya, Kanan (1998). Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition. University of California Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-520-92124-5.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 34. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 40. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 41. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Mufti 1996, p. 161. Malik, Mufti (1996). Sovereign Creations: pan-Arabism and Political order in Syria and Iraq (1st ed.). Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3168-5.
- Coughlin 2005, pp. 41–42. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 44. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 45. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, pp. 45–46. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Mufti 1996, p. 165. Malik, Mufti (1996). Sovereign Creations: pan-Arabism and Political order in Syria and Iraq (1st ed.). Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3168-5.
- Mufti 1996, p. 159. Malik, Mufti (1996). Sovereign Creations: pan-Arabism and Political order in Syria and Iraq (1st ed.). Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3168-5.
- Mufti 1996, p. 160. Malik, Mufti (1996). Sovereign Creations: pan-Arabism and Political order in Syria and Iraq (1st ed.). Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3168-5.
- Mufti 1996, pp. 160–161. Malik, Mufti (1996). Sovereign Creations: pan-Arabism and Political order in Syria and Iraq (1st ed.). Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3168-5.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 48. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 55. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 52. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 53. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 56. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 57. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 74. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 120. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 94. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 85. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 98. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 106. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 150. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 107. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.
- Coughlin 2005, p. 105. Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-050543-1.

books.google.com

Seddon, David (11 January 2013). A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East. Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-135-35561-6. By the mid-to-late 1980s, however, the 'socialism' had been filtered out of Ba'ath ideology, to leave a form of authoritarian populism, with some latitude given to the private sector, and Arab nationalism giving way to Iraqi nationalism.
- Musallam, Musallam Ali (1996). The Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait: Saddam Hussein, His State and International Power Politics. British Academic Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-86064-020-9.
- * "Pan-Arabism". Britannica. 2024. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2024. Despite the decline in enthusiasm for Pan-Arabist policies, Syria's Hafez al-Assad, Iraq's Saddam Hussein, and Libya's Muammar Gaddafi were among those who tried to assume the mantle of Arab leadership after Nasser.
  - Stokes, Jamie (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 322. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0. Following two more coups in 1963 and 1968, the Baath Party, a socialist Pan-Arab political party with branches in neighboring Syria and other Arab states, established itself in power. The Baath Party was to rule Iraq for the next 35 years, for 24 of those years under President Saddam Hussein... A dominant feature of the Baath Party's ideology in Iraq was its secularism. This is a feature it shared with other Pan-Arab groups. In general, the Pan-Arab movement wanted to create secular, socialist states for Arabs in which infighting between religious sects would not occur.
  - Hutchinson, John; Smith, Anthony D. (2000). Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Taylor & Francis. p. 1143. ISBN 978-0-415-20112-4. Irredentism is especially applicable to Pan-Arabism, most particularly in so far as the Ba'ath ideology is concerned. This became evident in both Syria and Iraq, which the Ba'th movement had ruled since 1963 and 1970, respectively. The clearly irredentist component of the ten-year long Iraq–Iran War is by no means merely incidental. One of Iraq's explicitly-stated objectives in attacking Iran was its desire to retrieve the border area of Arabistan (which Iran calls Khozistan), along with its Arabic-speaking inhabitants... However, it is Ba'thist Syria which provides a perfect model of Pan-Arab irredentism, viewed through the prism of Syrian nationalism. Besides appealing ritually for an all-Arab union, Syria is searching for an irredentist panacea to its own national trauma (as seen by Ba'thist nationalists). Greater Syria has lost several of its components over the years: Alexandretta (now Hatay) to Turkey in 1939; Lebanon, which became independent in 1945; Israel and the Kingdom of Jordan in 1948; and the Golan Heights to Israel in 1967.
  - Hutchinson, John; Smith, Anthony D. (2000). Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Taylor & Francis. p. 1143. ISBN 978-0-415-20112-4. Irredentism is especially applicable to Pan-Arabism, most particularly in so far as the Ba'ath ideology is concerned. This became evident in both Syria and Iraq, which the Ba'th movement had ruled since 1963 and 1970, respectively. The clearly irredentist component of the ten-year long Iraq–Iran War is by no means merely incidental. One of Iraq's explicitly-stated objectives in attacking Iran was its desire to retrieve the border area of Arabistan (which Iran calls Khozistan), along with its Arabic-speaking inhabitants... However, it is Ba'thist Syria which provides a perfect model of Pan-Arab irredentism, viewed through the prism of Syrian nationalism. Besides appealing ritually for an all-Arab union, Syria is searching for an irredentist panacea to its own national trauma (as seen by Ba'thist nationalists). Greater Syria has lost several of its components over the years: Alexandretta (now Hatay) to Turkey in 1939; Lebanon, which became independent in 1945; Israel and the Kingdom of Jordan in 1948; and the Golan Heights to Israel in 1967.
  - Otenyo, Eric E.; Lind, Nancy S.; Jones, Lawrence R. (24 July 2006). Comparative Public Administration: The Essential Readings. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 943. ISBN 978-0-7623-1359-4. Saddam Hussein's Baathist Party regime in Iraq may also be seen as a populist dictatorship.
  - Lefevre, Raphael (1 October 2013). Ashes of Hama: The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. Oxford University Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-19-936533-3. However, by 1966 the Ba'ath Party had separated into two competing branches, a left-wing Syrian "neo-Ba'ath" and a more centrist Iraqi Ba'ath which welcomed Syrian dissidents belonging to the "old guard" such as Michel Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar.
  - * Alla, Malumud Ata (1974). Arab Struggle for Economic Independence. Progress. p. 62. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2024. This struggle sharpened after the Right-wing Baathists seized power in Iraq in 1963 and instituted a reign of terror against the Communists and other progressive forces, which considerably weakened the influence of the Baath Party in all the Arab countries.
  - * Alla, Malumud Ata (1974). Arab Struggle for Economic Independence. Progress. p. 62. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2024. This struggle sharpened after the Right-wing Baathists seized power in Iraq in 1963 and instituted a reign of terror against the Communists and other progressive forces, which considerably weakened the influence of the Baath Party in all the Arab countries.

britannica.com

* "Pan-Arabism". Britannica. 2024. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2024. Despite the decline in enthusiasm for Pan-Arabist policies, Syria's Hafez al-Assad, Iraq's Saddam Hussein, and Libya's Muammar Gaddafi were among those who tried to assume the mantle of Arab leadership after Nasser.
- Stokes, Jamie (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 322. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0. Following two more coups in 1963 and 1968, the Baath Party, a socialist Pan-Arab political party with branches in neighboring Syria and other Arab states, established itself in power. The Baath Party was to rule Iraq for the next 35 years, for 24 of those years under President Saddam Hussein... A dominant feature of the Baath Party's ideology in Iraq was its secularism. This is a feature it shared with other Pan-Arab groups. In general, the Pan-Arab movement wanted to create secular, socialist states for Arabs in which infighting between religious sects would not occur.
- * "Baʿath Party". Britannica. 2020. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2024. The Baʿath Party espoused nonalignment and opposition to imperialism and colonialism...
  - "Attacks draw mixed response in Mideast". CNN. 12 September 2001. Archived from the original on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2007.

cablegatesearch.net

"Former Iraqi Defense Intelligence Chief Requests Resettlement, Comments on Ba'th Party And AQI". Cablegate. 17 April 2007. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013.

cambridge.org

Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011). "The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 43 (4): 635–653. doi:10.1017/S0020743811000882. ISSN 1471-6380. S2CID 159490612. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023. Archival sources on the U.S. relationship with this regime are highly restricted. Many records of the Central Intelligence Agency's operations and the Department of Defense from this period remain classified, and some declassified records have not been transferred to the National Archives or cataloged.
Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011). "The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 43 (4): 635–653. doi:10.1017/S0020743811000882. ISSN 0020-7438. S2CID 159490612. [Kennedy] Administration officials viewed the Iraqi Ba'th Party in 1963 as an agent of counterinsurgency directed against Iraqi communists, and they cultivated supportive relationships with Ba'thist officials, police commanders, and members of the Ba'th Party militia. The American relationship with militia members and senior police commanders had begun even before the February coup, and Ba'thist police commanders involved in the coup had been trained in the United States.

cnn.com

archives.cnn.com

* "Baʿath Party". Britannica. 2020. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2024. The Baʿath Party espoused nonalignment and opposition to imperialism and colonialism...
- "Attacks draw mixed response in Mideast". CNN. 12 September 2001. Archived from the original on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2007.

countrystudies.us

* Sheffer, Gabriel; Ma'oz, Moshe (2002). Middle Eastern Minorities and Diasporas. Sussex Academic Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-902210-84-1.
- Metz, Helen Chapin. "Iraq – Politics: The Baath Party". Library of Congress Country Studies. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
- * Sheffer, Gabriel; Ma'oz, Moshe (2002). Middle Eastern Minorities and Diasporas. Sussex Academic Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-902210-84-1.
  - Metz, Helen Chapin. "Iraq – Politics: The Baath Party". Library of Congress Country Studies. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  - * Sheffer, Gabriel; Ma'oz, Moshe (2002). Middle Eastern Minorities and Diasporas. Sussex Academic Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-902210-84-1.
    - Metz, Helen Chapin. "Iraq – Politics: The Baath Party". Library of Congress Country Studies. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
    - Metz, Helen Chapin. "Iraq – Politics: The Baath Party". Library of Congress Country Studies. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.

doi.org

Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011). "The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 43 (4): 635–653. doi:10.1017/S0020743811000882. ISSN 1471-6380. S2CID 159490612. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023. Archival sources on the U.S. relationship with this regime are highly restricted. Many records of the Central Intelligence Agency's operations and the Department of Defense from this period remain classified, and some declassified records have not been transferred to the National Archives or cataloged.
Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011). "The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 43 (4): 635–653. doi:10.1017/S0020743811000882. ISSN 0020-7438. S2CID 159490612. [Kennedy] Administration officials viewed the Iraqi Ba'th Party in 1963 as an agent of counterinsurgency directed against Iraqi communists, and they cultivated supportive relationships with Ba'thist officials, police commanders, and members of the Ba'th Party militia. The American relationship with militia members and senior police commanders had begun even before the February coup, and Ba'thist police commanders involved in the coup had been trained in the United States.
Wolfe-Hunnicutt, B. (1 January 2015). "Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad". Diplomatic History. 39 (1): 98–125. doi:10.1093/dh/dht121. ISSN 0145-2096.

foxnews.com

Staff writer (31 December 2006). "Fugitive Baathists Pledge Support to New Leader Izzat Ibrahim After Saddam Hussein's Execution". Fox News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2013.

huffingtonpost.com

Nasrawi, Salah (4 July 2012). "Fugitive Saddam Aide Calls For Better US Ties After Troops Leave, Govt Toppled". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2013.

jadaliyya.com

For sources that agree or sympathize with assertions of U.S. involvement, see:
- Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon; Middle East Studies Pedagogy Initiative (MESPI) (20 July 2018). "Essential Readings: The United States and Iraq before Saddam Hussein's Rule". Jadaliyya. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023. CIA involvement in the 1963 coup that first brought the Ba'th to power in Iraq has been an open secret for decades. American government and media have never been asked to fully account for the CIA's role in the coup. On the contrary, the US government has put forward and official narrative riddled with holes–redactions that cannot be declassified for "national security" reasons.

jamestown.org

* Colin Freeman (18 May 2013). "Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: the King of Clubs is back, and he may yet prove to be Saddam Hussein's trump card". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- Heras, Nicholas A. "The Tribal Component of Iraq's Sunni Rebellion: The General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
- * Colin Freeman (18 May 2013). "Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: the King of Clubs is back, and he may yet prove to be Saddam Hussein's trump card". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  - Heras, Nicholas A. "The Tribal Component of Iraq's Sunni Rebellion: The General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  - * Colin Freeman (18 May 2013). "Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: the King of Clubs is back, and he may yet prove to be Saddam Hussein's trump card". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
    - Heras, Nicholas A. "The Tribal Component of Iraq's Sunni Rebellion: The General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
    - Ali, Fadhil (5 January 2007). "Reviving the Iraqi Ba'ath: A Profile of General Muhammad Yunis al-Ahmad". Jamestown. Vol. VII, no. 3. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2009.

middleeasteye.net

"Iraqi parliament votes to ban the Baath party". Middle East Eye. 31 July 2016. Archived from the original on 9 December 2024.

middleeastmonitor.com

"Saddam Hussein's aide Izzat Al-Douri dies in Iraq". Middle East Monitor. 26 October 2020. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020.

nbcnews.com

"Iraq to remove 90 former Baathists from ballots". NBC News. 23 December 2005. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.

oup.com

academic.oup.com

Wolfe-Hunnicutt, B. (1 January 2015). "Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad". Diplomatic History. 39 (1): 98–125. doi:10.1093/dh/dht121. ISSN 0145-2096.

peacewomen.org

"Iraq: Was Life for Iraqi Women Better Under Saddam?". 19 March 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2025.
"Iraq: Women Miss Saddam". 12 March 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2025.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011). "The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 43 (4): 635–653. doi:10.1017/S0020743811000882. ISSN 1471-6380. S2CID 159490612. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023. Archival sources on the U.S. relationship with this regime are highly restricted. Many records of the Central Intelligence Agency's operations and the Department of Defense from this period remain classified, and some declassified records have not been transferred to the National Archives or cataloged.
Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011). "The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 43 (4): 635–653. doi:10.1017/S0020743811000882. ISSN 0020-7438. S2CID 159490612. [Kennedy] Administration officials viewed the Iraqi Ba'th Party in 1963 as an agent of counterinsurgency directed against Iraqi communists, and they cultivated supportive relationships with Ba'thist officials, police commanders, and members of the Ba'th Party militia. The American relationship with militia members and senior police commanders had begun even before the February coup, and Ba'thist police commanders involved in the coup had been trained in the United States.

stanford.edu

stacks.stanford.edu

Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (March 2011). "The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972" (PDF). pp. 84–85. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (March 2011). "The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972" (PDF). pp. 84–85. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2023. One study from 1961 or 1962 included a section on "the capability of the U.S. Government to provide support to friendly groups, not in power, who are seeking the violent overthrow of a communist dominated and supported government." The study went on to discuss providing "covert assistance" to such groups and advised that, "Pinpointing of enemy concentrations and hideouts can permit effective use of 'Hunter‐Killer' teams." Given the Embassy's concern with the immediate suppression of Baghdad's sarifa population, it seems likely that American intelligence services would be interested in providing support to the Ba'thist "'Hunter‐Killer' teams."

telegraph.co.uk

* Colin Freeman (18 May 2013). "Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: the King of Clubs is back, and he may yet prove to be Saddam Hussein's trump card". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- Heras, Nicholas A. "The Tribal Component of Iraq's Sunni Rebellion: The General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
- * Colin Freeman (18 May 2013). "Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: the King of Clubs is back, and he may yet prove to be Saddam Hussein's trump card". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  - Heras, Nicholas A. "The Tribal Component of Iraq's Sunni Rebellion: The General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  - * Colin Freeman (18 May 2013). "Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: the King of Clubs is back, and he may yet prove to be Saddam Hussein's trump card". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
    - Heras, Nicholas A. "The Tribal Component of Iraq's Sunni Rebellion: The General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
    - Freeman, Colin (18 May 2013). "Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: the King of Clubs is back, and he may yet prove to be Saddam Hussein's trump card". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.

time.com

content.time.com

"Iraq: Green Armbands, Red Blood". Time. 22 February 1963. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 17 June 2023.

upi.com

Sale, Richard (10 April 2003). "Exclusive: Saddam Key in Early CIA Plot". United Press International. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2018.

vk.com

Преемником Иззата Ибрагима ад-Дури на посту Генерального секретаря партии «Баас» стал заслуженный дипломат Саддама Хусейна Archived 2021-08-07 at the Wayback Machine // Голос Арабов, 18 лістапада 2020 (суполка ў «УКантакце»)

washingtonpost.com

"Fedayeen Enforces Loyalty Among Iraq Army" Archived 4 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine Washington Post, March 24, 2003
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web.archive.org

Преемником Иззата Ибрагима ад-Дури на посту Генерального секретаря партии «Баас» стал заслуженный дипломат Саддама Хусейна Archived 2021-08-07 at the Wayback Machine // Голос Арабов, 18 лістапада 2020 (суполка ў «УКантакце»)
* Sheffer, Gabriel; Ma'oz, Moshe (2002). Middle Eastern Minorities and Diasporas. Sussex Academic Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-902210-84-1.
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- * Sheffer, Gabriel; Ma'oz, Moshe (2002). Middle Eastern Minorities and Diasporas. Sussex Academic Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-902210-84-1.
  - Metz, Helen Chapin. "Iraq – Politics: The Baath Party". Library of Congress Country Studies. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  - * Sheffer, Gabriel; Ma'oz, Moshe (2002). Middle Eastern Minorities and Diasporas. Sussex Academic Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-902210-84-1.
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    - "Fedayeen Enforces Loyalty Among Iraq Army" Archived 4 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine Washington Post, March 24, 2003
    - "Iraq to remove 90 former Baathists from ballots". NBC News. 23 December 2005. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
    - * Colin Freeman (18 May 2013). "Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: the King of Clubs is back, and he may yet prove to be Saddam Hussein's trump card". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
      - Heras, Nicholas A. "The Tribal Component of Iraq's Sunni Rebellion: The General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
      - * Colin Freeman (18 May 2013). "Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: the King of Clubs is back, and he may yet prove to be Saddam Hussein's trump card". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
        Heras, Nicholas A. "The Tribal Component of Iraq's Sunni Rebellion: The General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
        * Colin Freeman (18 May 2013). "Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: the King of Clubs is back, and he may yet prove to be Saddam Hussein's trump card". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
        Heras, Nicholas A. "The Tribal Component of Iraq's Sunni Rebellion: The General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
        * "Pan-Arabism". Britannica. 2024. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2024. Despite the decline in enthusiasm for Pan-Arabist policies, Syria's Hafez al-Assad, Iraq's Saddam Hussein, and Libya's Muammar Gaddafi were among those who tried to assume the mantle of Arab leadership after Nasser.
        Stokes, Jamie (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 322. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0. Following two more coups in 1963 and 1968, the Baath Party, a socialist Pan-Arab political party with branches in neighboring Syria and other Arab states, established itself in power. The Baath Party was to rule Iraq for the next 35 years, for 24 of those years under President Saddam Hussein... A dominant feature of the Baath Party's ideology in Iraq was its secularism. This is a feature it shared with other Pan-Arab groups. In general, the Pan-Arab movement wanted to create secular, socialist states for Arabs in which infighting between religious sects would not occur.
        * "Baʿath Party". Britannica. 2020. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2024. The Baʿath Party espoused nonalignment and opposition to imperialism and colonialism...
        "Attacks draw mixed response in Mideast". CNN. 12 September 2001. Archived from the original on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2007.
        * "The Jews started the War – Again (this time it's the Iraq war)". Archived from the original on 20 December 2005. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
        * Alla, Malumud Ata (1974). Arab Struggle for Economic Independence. Progress. p. 62. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2024. This struggle sharpened after the Right-wing Baathists seized power in Iraq in 1963 and instituted a reign of terror against the Communists and other progressive forces, which considerably weakened the influence of the Baath Party in all the Arab countries.
        * Alla, Malumud Ata (1974). Arab Struggle for Economic Independence. Progress. p. 62. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2024. This struggle sharpened after the Right-wing Baathists seized power in Iraq in 1963 and instituted a reign of terror against the Communists and other progressive forces, which considerably weakened the influence of the Baath Party in all the Arab countries.
        Metz, Helen Chapin. "Iraq – Politics: The Baath Party". Library of Congress Country Studies. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
        Sale, Richard (10 April 2003). "Exclusive: Saddam Key in Early CIA Plot". United Press International. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
        For sources that agree or sympathize with assertions of U.S. involvement, see:
        Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon; Middle East Studies Pedagogy Initiative (MESPI) (20 July 2018). "Essential Readings: The United States and Iraq before Saddam Hussein's Rule". Jadaliyya. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023. CIA involvement in the 1963 coup that first brought the Ba'th to power in Iraq has been an open secret for decades. American government and media have never been asked to fully account for the CIA's role in the coup. On the contrary, the US government has put forward and official narrative riddled with holes–redactions that cannot be declassified for "national security" reasons.
        Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011). "The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 43 (4): 635–653. doi:10.1017/S0020743811000882. ISSN 1471-6380. S2CID 159490612. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023. Archival sources on the U.S. relationship with this regime are highly restricted. Many records of the Central Intelligence Agency's operations and the Department of Defense from this period remain classified, and some declassified records have not been transferred to the National Archives or cataloged.
        "Iraq: Green Armbands, Red Blood". Time. 22 February 1963. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 17 June 2023.
        Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (March 2011). "The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972" (PDF). pp. 84–85. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
        Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (March 2011). "The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972" (PDF). pp. 84–85. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2023. One study from 1961 or 1962 included a section on "the capability of the U.S. Government to provide support to friendly groups, not in power, who are seeking the violent overthrow of a communist dominated and supported government." The study went on to discuss providing "covert assistance" to such groups and advised that, "Pinpointing of enemy concentrations and hideouts can permit effective use of 'Hunter‐Killer' teams." Given the Embassy's concern with the immediate suppression of Baghdad's sarifa population, it seems likely that American intelligence services would be interested in providing support to the Ba'thist "'Hunter‐Killer' teams."
        Paley, Amit R.; Joshua Partlow (23 January 2008). "Iraq's New Law on Ex-Baathists Could Bring Another Purge". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2009.
        Staff writer (31 December 2006). "Fugitive Baathists Pledge Support to New Leader Izzat Ibrahim After Saddam Hussein's Execution". Fox News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
        Staff writer (5 January 2007). "Iraq's Baath party names new leader". Aljazeera. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
        Ali, Fadhil (5 January 2007). "Reviving the Iraqi Ba'ath: A Profile of General Muhammad Yunis al-Ahmad". Jamestown. Vol. VII, no. 3. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
        al-Lami, Alaa (18 January 2012). "Sectarian Divisions Plague Iraqi Baath Party". Al Akhbar. Archived from the original on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
        "Former Iraqi Defense Intelligence Chief Requests Resettlement, Comments on Ba'th Party And AQI". Cablegate. 17 April 2007. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
        al-Lami, Alaa (1 November 2011). "Iraq's Rising Tide of Separatism Ahead of US Withdrawal". Al Akhbar. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
        Nasrawi, Salah (4 July 2012). "Fugitive Saddam Aide Calls For Better US Ties After Troops Leave, Govt Toppled". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
        Freeman, Colin (18 May 2013). "Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: the King of Clubs is back, and he may yet prove to be Saddam Hussein's trump card". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
        "Iraqi parliament votes to ban the Baath party". Middle East Eye. 31 July 2016. Archived from the original on 9 December 2024.
        "Saddam Hussein's aide Izzat Al-Douri dies in Iraq". Middle East Monitor. 26 October 2020. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011). "The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 43 (4): 635–653. doi:10.1017/S0020743811000882. ISSN 1471-6380. S2CID 159490612. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023. Archival sources on the U.S. relationship with this regime are highly restricted. Many records of the Central Intelligence Agency's operations and the Department of Defense from this period remain classified, and some declassified records have not been transferred to the National Archives or cataloged.
Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011). "The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 43 (4): 635–653. doi:10.1017/S0020743811000882. ISSN 0020-7438. S2CID 159490612. [Kennedy] Administration officials viewed the Iraqi Ba'th Party in 1963 as an agent of counterinsurgency directed against Iraqi communists, and they cultivated supportive relationships with Ba'thist officials, police commanders, and members of the Ba'th Party militia. The American relationship with militia members and senior police commanders had begun even before the February coup, and Ba'thist police commanders involved in the coup had been trained in the United States.
Wolfe-Hunnicutt, B. (1 January 2015). "Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad". Diplomatic History. 39 (1): 98–125. doi:10.1093/dh/dht121. ISSN 0145-2096.
"Iraq: Green Armbands, Red Blood". Time. 22 February 1963. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 17 June 2023.

youtube.com

"فرقة ألانشاد ( شعلة البعث صباحي ) 1978 في الذكرى 60 لثورة 8 شباط عروس الثورات". youtube.com. Retrieved 7 February 2023.

zionism-israel.com

* "The Jews started the War – Again (this time it's the Iraq war)". Archived from the original on 20 December 2005. Retrieved 23 April 2015.