Architecture of India (English Wikipedia)

Mukerji, Arjun; Sanghamitra, Basu (January 2011). "A Search for Post-Modernism in Indian Architecture". Abacus.
Page 88: "There is one fragmentary lion head from Masarh, Distt. Bhojpur, Bihar. It is carved out of Chunar sandstone and it also bears the typical Mauryan polish. But it is undoubtedly based on the Achaemenian idiom. The tubular or wick-like whiskers and highly decorated neck with long locks of the mane with one series arranged like sea waves is somewhat non-Indian in approach. But, to be exact, we have an example of a lion from a sculptural frieze from Persepolis of 5th century BCE in which it is overpowering a bull which may be compared with the Masarh lion."... Page 122: "This particular example of a foreign model gets added support from the male heads of foreigners from Patna city and Sarnath since they also prove beyond doubt that a section of the elite in the Gangetic Basin was of foreign origin. However, as noted earlier, this is an example of the late Mauryan period since this is not the type adopted in any Ashoka pillar. We are, therefore, visualizing a historical situation in India in which the West Asian influence on Indian art was felt more in the late Mauryan than in the early Mauryan period. The term West Asia in this context stands for Iran and Afghanistan, where the Sakas and Pahlavas had their basecamps for eastward movement. The prelude to future inroads of the Indo-Bactrians in India had after all started in the second century B.C."... in Gupta, Swarajya Prakash (1980). The Roots of Indian Art: A Detailed Study of the Formative Period of Indian Art and Architecture, Third and Second Centuries B.C., Mauryan and Late Mauryan. B.R. Publishing Corporation. pp. 88, 122. ISBN 978-0-391-02172-3.. Also Kumar, Vinay (Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Faculty Member) (2015). "West Asian Influence on Lion Motifs in Mauryan Art". Heritage and Us (4): 14. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

aisf.or.jp

":: JAANUS :: Terminology of Japanese Architecture & Art History". Aisf.or.jp. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2021.

aishee.org

Amit Guha, Classification of Terracotta Temples, archived from the original on 31 January 2016, retrieved 30 January 2016

archive.org

Proceedinds And Transactions Of The Second Oriental Conference (1923). 1923. p. 86.
An Illustrated Guide to Korean Culture - 233 traditional key words. Seoul: Hakgojae Publishing Co. 2002. pp. 186–87. ISBN 9788985846981.
Report on the excavations at Pātaliputra (Patna); the Palibothra of the Greeks by Waddell, L. A. (Laurence Austine)
Fergusson, James (1849). An historical inquiry into the true principles of beauty in art, more especially with reference to architecture. London, Longmans, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. 316–320.
The Illustrated Handbook of Architecture Being a Concise and Popular Account of the Different Styles of Architecture Prevailing in All Ages and All Countries by James Fergusson. J. Murray. 1859. p. 212.
Fergusson, James; Burgess, James (1880). The cave temples of India. London : Allen. p. 120.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
Smith, A. H. (Arthur Hamilton) (1892–1904). A catalogue of sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman antiquities, British museum. London : Printed by order of the Trustees. pp. 46–64.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)

archive.today

MSN Encarta (2008), Hoysala_Dynasty. Archived 2009-10-31.

art-and-archaeology.com

"Glossary of Asian Art". Art-and-archaeology.com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2021.

artsandculture.google.com

"Monuments of Modern India: The first half century of railways architecture – Heritage Directorate, Indian Railways". Google Arts & Culture. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2021.

banglapedia.org

en.banglapedia.org

"Architecture". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2017.

bl.uk

"The Rathas, monolithic [Mamallapuram]". Online Gallery of British Library. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
Wright, Colin. "Front view of a ruined temple, with sculptured slabs in foreground, Deo Baranark". Bl.uk. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2019.

books.google.com

Basant, P. K. (2012). The City and the Country in Early India: A Study of Malwa. Primus Books. ISBN 9789380607153.
Beach, Milo, Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India, (Photographs by Morna Livingston), p. 25, 2002, Princeton Architectural Press, ISBN 1568983247, 9781568983240, google books Archived 3 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine
Cunningham, Alexander (1879). Report of a Tour in the Central Provinces in 1873-74 and 1874-75. Archaeological Survey of India. Vol. 9. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 31.
Adam Hardy for example uses "Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa" for styles others call "vesara". See his Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation: the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries, 1995, Abhinav Publications, New Delhi, ISBN 8170173124, 9788170173120, google books
Bruyn, Pippa de; Bain, Keith; Allardice, David; Shonar Joshi (18 February 2010). Frommer's India. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 333–. ISBN 978-0-470-64580-2. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
Yazdani 1947, p. 152. Yazdani, Ghulam (1947). Bidar, Its History and Monuments.
Kossak, Steven; Watts, Edith Whitney (2001). The Art of South and Southeast Asia: A Resource for Educators. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780870999925. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
Steven, Kossak; Watts, Edith Whitney (2001). The Art of South and Southeast Asia: A Resource for Educators. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780870999925. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
Andrew Petersen (2002). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-134-61365-6.
Thomas George Percival Spear; Margaret Spear (1981), India remembered, Orient Longman, 1981, ISBN 978-0-86131-265-8, ... The bungalow was a typical north Indian one, with a large central room lit only by skylights (roshandans) and a number of others opening out from them ...
Pavan K. Varma, Sondeep Shankar (1992), Mansions at dusk: the havelis of old Delhi, Spantech Publishers, 1992, ISBN 978-81-85215-14-3, ... Thirdly, while obviating direct sunlight, it had to allow some light and air to enter through overhead roshandans ...
Lemoy, Christian (2011). Across the Pacific: From Ancient Asia to Precolombian America. Christian Lemoy. ISBN 9781599425825.
Robinson, Andrew (15 November 2015). The Indus: Lost Civilizations. Reaktion Books. ISBN 9781780235417.
Meister, Michael W. (26 July 2010). Temples of the Indus: Studies in the Hindu Architecture of Ancient Pakistan. BRILL. ISBN 9789004190115.
Albert Henry Longhurst (1992). The Story of the Stūpa. Asian Educational Services. p. 17. ISBN 978-81-206-0160-4. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
Soekmono (1995), p. 1 Soekmono, R. (1995). Jan Fontein (ed.). The Javanese Candi: Function and Meaning, Volume 17 from Studies in Asian Art and Archaeology, Vol 17. Leiden: E.J. BRILL. ISBN 9789004102156.
Albert Henry Longhurst (1992). The Story of the Stūpa. Asian Educational Services. p. 17. ISBN 978-81-206-0160-4. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
A.H. Longhurst (1995). Story Of The Stupa. Asian Educational Services. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-81-206-0160-4. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
André-Salvini, Béatrice (2005). Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24731-4.
A. S. Bhalla; I.B. Tauris (2015). Monuments, Power and Poverty in India: From Ashoka to the Raj. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 18. ISBN 9781784530877.
"The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE-200 CE" Robin Coningham, Ruth Young Cambridge University Press, 31 aout 2015, p.414 [1]
Ching, Francis D.K; Jarzombek, Mark M.; Prakash, Vikramaditya (2017). A Global History of Architecture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 707. ISBN 9781118981603.
Page 88: "There is one fragmentary lion head from Masarh, Distt. Bhojpur, Bihar. It is carved out of Chunar sandstone and it also bears the typical Mauryan polish. But it is undoubtedly based on the Achaemenian idiom. The tubular or wick-like whiskers and highly decorated neck with long locks of the mane with one series arranged like sea waves is somewhat non-Indian in approach. But, to be exact, we have an example of a lion from a sculptural frieze from Persepolis of 5th century BCE in which it is overpowering a bull which may be compared with the Masarh lion."... Page 122: "This particular example of a foreign model gets added support from the male heads of foreigners from Patna city and Sarnath since they also prove beyond doubt that a section of the elite in the Gangetic Basin was of foreign origin. However, as noted earlier, this is an example of the late Mauryan period since this is not the type adopted in any Ashoka pillar. We are, therefore, visualizing a historical situation in India in which the West Asian influence on Indian art was felt more in the late Mauryan than in the early Mauryan period. The term West Asia in this context stands for Iran and Afghanistan, where the Sakas and Pahlavas had their basecamps for eastward movement. The prelude to future inroads of the Indo-Bactrians in India had after all started in the second century B.C."... in Gupta, Swarajya Prakash (1980). The Roots of Indian Art: A Detailed Study of the Formative Period of Indian Art and Architecture, Third and Second Centuries B.C., Mauryan and Late Mauryan. B.R. Publishing Corporation. pp. 88, 122. ISBN 978-0-391-02172-3.. Also Kumar, Vinay (Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Faculty Member) (2015). "West Asian Influence on Lion Motifs in Mauryan Art". Heritage and Us (4): 14. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

britannica.com

"torana | Indian temple gateway". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2021.

deccanherald.com

"Alluring Bahmani architecture". Deccan Herald. 27 July 2019. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.

doi.org

Meister, Michael W. (1988–1989). "Prāsāda as Palace: Kūṭina Origins of the Nāgara Temple". Artibus Asiae. 49 (3–4): 254–256. doi:10.2307/3250039. JSTOR 3250039.
Meister, Michael W. (1988–1989). "Prāsāda as Palace: Kūṭina Origins of the Nāgara Temple". Artibus Asiae. 49 (3–4): 254–280. doi:10.2307/3250039. JSTOR 3250039.
Dutta, Arindam (29 March 2010). "Representing Calcutta: Modernity, Nationalism and the Colonial Uncanny". Journal of Architectural Education. 63 (2): 167–169. doi:10.1111/j.1531-314X.2010.01082.x. S2CID 143881493.
Hardy, Adam (2003). "Toraṇa | Grove Art". doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T085631. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2018.

europeana.eu

"General view of ruined temple at Deo Baranark". Europeana Collections. Retrieved 23 April 2019.

focuscivil.online

"Introduction of Medieval Period Architecture". focuscivil.online. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.

ghumakkar.com

Khamesra, Manish (19 January 2021). "Ghumakkar Insights: A Gavaksh to the Ancient Indian Temple Architecture". Ghumakkar – Inspiring travel experiences. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.

hindu.com

"The Hindu : Karnataka / Hassan News : Belur to be proposed as World Heritage site". 22 October 2004. Archived from the original on 22 October 2004. Retrieved 4 April 2023.

iranicaonline.org

"BENGAL – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2017.

jstor.org

Meister, Michael W. (1988–1989). "Prāsāda as Palace: Kūṭina Origins of the Nāgara Temple". Artibus Asiae. 49 (3–4): 254–256. doi:10.2307/3250039. JSTOR 3250039.
Meister, Michael W. (1988–1989). "Prāsāda as Palace: Kūṭina Origins of the Nāgara Temple". Artibus Asiae. 49 (3–4): 254–280. doi:10.2307/3250039. JSTOR 3250039.
Dubey, Lal Mani (1978). "Some Observations on the Vesara School of Hindu Architecture". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 39: 1000–1006. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44139449. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.

msn.com

au.encarta.msn.com

MSN Encarta (2008), Hoysala_Dynasty. Archived 2009-10-31.

ncert.nic.in

"TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE" (PDF). ncert.nic.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2021.

nmma.nic.in

Gosh, A. (1964). Indian Archaeology: A review 1961-62, New Delhi, Archaeological survey of India, pp. 50–52, PDF Archived 17 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine; Harle, 43

nytimes.com

Chandrashekhar, Vaishnavi (21 October 2019). "Discovering Mumbai's Art Deco Treasures". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.

orientalarchitecture.com

"Ananda Pahto Temple, Bagan, Myanmar". Orientalarchitecture.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2021.

oxfordartonline.com

Hardy, Adam (2003). "Toraṇa | Grove Art". doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T085631. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2018.

preservearticles.com

"Short notes on Architecture of Marathas". 29 October 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2023.

rarebooksocietyofindia.org

Sharma, Tej Ram (1978). Personal and Geographic Names in Gupta Inscriptions (PDF). p. 93. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Dutta, Arindam (29 March 2010). "Representing Calcutta: Modernity, Nationalism and the Colonial Uncanny". Journal of Architectural Education. 63 (2): 167–169. doi:10.1111/j.1531-314X.2010.01082.x. S2CID 143881493.

telegraphindia.com

"Fort Feringhee". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.

umontreal.ca

iro.umontreal.ca

"(Brief) History of European – Asian trade". European Exploration. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2011.

unesco.org

whc.unesco.org

Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Khajuraho Group of Monuments". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
"Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram". UNESCO.org. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
"Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
"Fatehpur Sikri". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
"Taj Mahal". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
"Humayun's Tomb, Delhi". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
"Churches and Convents of Goa". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
"The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
"Group of Monuments at Hampi". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.

en.unesco.org

"Cultural Selection: Bengali Artistic Influences in Southeast Asia | Silk Roads Programme". en.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.

univie.ac.at

Scheid, Bernhard. "Religion in Japan". Torii (in German). University of Vienna. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
Scheid, Bernhard. "Religion in Japan". Torii (in German). University of Vienna. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2010.

usb.ac.ir

jsr.usb.ac.ir

The Analysis of Indian Muria Empire affected from Achaemenid's architecture art Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. In: Journal of Subcontinent Researches. Article 8, Volume 6, Issue 19, Summer 2014, Page 149-174.

web.archive.org

":: JAANUS :: Terminology of Japanese Architecture & Art History". Aisf.or.jp. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
Beach, Milo, Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India, (Photographs by Morna Livingston), p. 25, 2002, Princeton Architectural Press, ISBN 1568983247, 9781568983240, google books Archived 3 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine
Sharma, Tej Ram (1978). Personal and Geographic Names in Gupta Inscriptions (PDF). p. 93. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
"The Hindu : Karnataka / Hassan News : Belur to be proposed as World Heritage site". 22 October 2004. Archived from the original on 22 October 2004. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Khajuraho Group of Monuments". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
"The Rathas, monolithic [Mamallapuram]". Online Gallery of British Library. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
"Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram". UNESCO.org. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
Takeo Kamiya. "Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 20 September 1996". Gerard da Cunha-Architecture Autonomous, Bardez, Goa, India. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2006.
Khamesra, Manish (19 January 2021). "Ghumakkar Insights: A Gavaksh to the Ancient Indian Temple Architecture". Ghumakkar – Inspiring travel experiences. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
"TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE" (PDF). ncert.nic.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
"Alluring Bahmani architecture". Deccan Herald. 27 July 2019. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
"Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
"Architecture". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
"BENGAL – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
"Fatehpur Sikri". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
"Taj Mahal". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
"Humayun's Tomb, Delhi". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
Kossak, Steven; Watts, Edith Whitney (2001). The Art of South and Southeast Asia: A Resource for Educators. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780870999925. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
Steven, Kossak; Watts, Edith Whitney (2001). The Art of South and Southeast Asia: A Resource for Educators. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780870999925. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
Amit Guha, Classification of Terracotta Temples, archived from the original on 31 January 2016, retrieved 30 January 2016
"(Brief) History of European – Asian trade". European Exploration. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
"Monuments of Modern India: The first half century of railways architecture – Heritage Directorate, Indian Railways". Google Arts & Culture. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
Chandrashekhar, Vaishnavi (21 October 2019). "Discovering Mumbai's Art Deco Treasures". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
"Churches and Convents of Goa". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
"Fort Feringhee". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
"The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
Dubey, Lal Mani (1978). "Some Observations on the Vesara School of Hindu Architecture". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 39: 1000–1006. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44139449. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
Wright, Colin. "Front view of a ruined temple, with sculptured slabs in foreground, Deo Baranark". Bl.uk. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
"Group of Monuments at Hampi". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
"Introduction of Medieval Period Architecture". focuscivil.online. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
Hardy, Adam (2003). "Toraṇa | Grove Art". doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T085631. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
Albert Henry Longhurst (1992). The Story of the Stūpa. Asian Educational Services. p. 17. ISBN 978-81-206-0160-4. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
Scheid, Bernhard. "Religion in Japan". Torii (in German). University of Vienna. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
"torana | Indian temple gateway". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
"Glossary of Asian Art". Art-and-archaeology.com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
"Ananda Pahto Temple, Bagan, Myanmar". Orientalarchitecture.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
"Cultural Selection: Bengali Artistic Influences in Southeast Asia | Silk Roads Programme". en.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
Albert Henry Longhurst (1992). The Story of the Stūpa. Asian Educational Services. p. 17. ISBN 978-81-206-0160-4. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
A.H. Longhurst (1995). Story Of The Stupa. Asian Educational Services. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-81-206-0160-4. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
Scheid, Bernhard. "Religion in Japan". Torii (in German). University of Vienna. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
Gosh, A. (1964). Indian Archaeology: A review 1961-62, New Delhi, Archaeological survey of India, pp. 50–52, PDF Archived 17 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine; Harle, 43
The Analysis of Indian Muria Empire affected from Achaemenid's architecture art Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. In: Journal of Subcontinent Researches. Article 8, Volume 6, Issue 19, Summer 2014, Page 149-174.
Page 88: "There is one fragmentary lion head from Masarh, Distt. Bhojpur, Bihar. It is carved out of Chunar sandstone and it also bears the typical Mauryan polish. But it is undoubtedly based on the Achaemenian idiom. The tubular or wick-like whiskers and highly decorated neck with long locks of the mane with one series arranged like sea waves is somewhat non-Indian in approach. But, to be exact, we have an example of a lion from a sculptural frieze from Persepolis of 5th century BCE in which it is overpowering a bull which may be compared with the Masarh lion."... Page 122: "This particular example of a foreign model gets added support from the male heads of foreigners from Patna city and Sarnath since they also prove beyond doubt that a section of the elite in the Gangetic Basin was of foreign origin. However, as noted earlier, this is an example of the late Mauryan period since this is not the type adopted in any Ashoka pillar. We are, therefore, visualizing a historical situation in India in which the West Asian influence on Indian art was felt more in the late Mauryan than in the early Mauryan period. The term West Asia in this context stands for Iran and Afghanistan, where the Sakas and Pahlavas had their basecamps for eastward movement. The prelude to future inroads of the Indo-Bactrians in India had after all started in the second century B.C."... in Gupta, Swarajya Prakash (1980). The Roots of Indian Art: A Detailed Study of the Formative Period of Indian Art and Architecture, Third and Second Centuries B.C., Mauryan and Late Mauryan. B.R. Publishing Corporation. pp. 88, 122. ISBN 978-0-391-02172-3.. Also Kumar, Vinay (Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Faculty Member) (2015). "West Asian Influence on Lion Motifs in Mauryan Art". Heritage and Us (4): 14. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Haig 1907, p. 65-87. Haig, Thomas Wolseley (1907). Historic Landmarks of the Deccan. Allahabad: The Pioneer Press.
Haig 1907, p. 209-216. Haig, Thomas Wolseley (1907). Historic Landmarks of the Deccan. Allahabad: The Pioneer Press.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Chandrashekhar, Vaishnavi (21 October 2019). "Discovering Mumbai's Art Deco Treasures". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
Dubey, Lal Mani (1978). "Some Observations on the Vesara School of Hindu Architecture". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 39: 1000–1006. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44139449. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
Sen 1999, pp. 116–117. Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian history and civilization (2 ed.). New Delhi: New Age International. ISBN 81-224-1198-3. OCLC 133102415.

worldcat.org

Ganapati Sastri (1920), Īśānaśivagurudeva paddhati, Trivandrum Sanskrit Series, OCLC 71801033
Sen 1999, pp. 116–117. Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian history and civilization (2 ed.). New Delhi: New Age International. ISBN 81-224-1198-3. OCLC 133102415.