"The Ties That Divide". Economist. Global Heritage Fund. 15 June 2006. Archived from the original on 5 April 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2008.
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Richard Hovannisian, The Armenian people from ancient to modern times, pp. 292–293, ISBN978-0-333-61974-2, OCLC312951712 (Armenian Perspective)
Ezel Kural Shaw (1977), Reform, revolution and republic : the rise of modern Turkey (1808-1975), History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, p. 326, OCLC78646544 (Turkish Perspective)