Artificial intelligence (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Artificial intelligence" in English language version.

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Iraqi, Amjad (3 April 2024). "'Lavender': The AI machine directing Israel's bombing spree in Gaza". +972 Magazine. Archived from the original on 10 October 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.

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AAAI (2014). "Machine Ethics". aaai.org. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014.

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Figueiredo, Mayara Costa; Ankrah, Elizabeth; Powell, Jacquelyn E.; Epstein, Daniel A.; Chen, Yunan (12 January 2024). "Powered by AI: Examining How AI Descriptions Influence Perceptions of Fertility Tracking Applications". Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies. 7 (4): 1–24. doi:10.1145/3631414.
Razi, Afsaneh; Kim, Seunghyun; Alsoubai, Ashwaq; Stringhini, Gianluca; Solorio, Thamar; De Choudhury, Munmun; Wisniewski, Pamela J. (13 October 2021). "A Human-Centered Systematic Literature Review of the Computational Approaches for Online Sexual Risk Detection". Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction. 5 (CSCW2): 1–38. doi:10.1145/3479609. ISSN 2573-0142. Archived from the original on 9 December 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2024.

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Wodecki, Ben (5 May 2023). "7 AI Programming Languages You Need to Know". AI Business. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
Brodsky, Sascha (19 December 2023). "Mistral AI's New Language Model Aims for Open Source Supremacy". AI Business. Archived from the original on 5 September 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.

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Verma (2021). Verma, Yugesh (25 December 2021). "A Complete Guide to SHAP – SHAPley Additive exPlanations for Practitioners". Analytics India Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
Sagar, Ram (3 June 2020). "OpenAI Releases GPT-3, The Largest Model So Far". Analytics India Magazine. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2023.

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"Tech companies want to build artificial general intelligence. But who decides when AGI is attained?". AP News. 4 April 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2025.
Coyle, Jake (27 September 2023). "In Hollywood writers' battle against AI, humans win (for now)". AP News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.

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This list of intelligent traits is based on the topics covered by the major AI textbooks, including: Russell & Norvig (2021), Luger & Stubblefield (2004), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998) and Nilsson (1998) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
This list of tools is based on the topics covered by the major AI textbooks, including: Russell & Norvig (2021), Luger & Stubblefield (2004), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998) and Nilsson (1998) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Successful programs of the 1960s: McCorduck (2004, pp. 243–252), Crevier (1993, pp. 52–107), Moravec (1988, p. 9), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 19–21) McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. Moravec, Hans (1988). Mind Children. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6745-7616-2. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Problem-solving, puzzle solving, game playing, and deduction: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 3–5), Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 6) (constraint satisfaction), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, chpt. 2, 3, 7, 9), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, chpt. 3, 4, 6, 8), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 7–12) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Uncertain reasoning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 12–18), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 345–395), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 333–381), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 7–12) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Psychological evidence of the prevalence of sub-symbolic reasoning and knowledge: Kahneman (2011), Dreyfus & Dreyfus (1986), Wason & Shapiro (1966), Kahneman, Slovic & Tversky (1982) Kahneman, Daniel (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4299-6935-2. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2012. Dreyfus, Hubert; Dreyfus, Stuart (1986). Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-0290-8060-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Wason, P. C.; Shapiro, D. (1966). "Reasoning". In Foss, B. M. (ed.). New horizons in psychology. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019. Kahneman, Daniel; Slovic, D.; Tversky, Amos (1982). "Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases". Science. 185 (4157). New York: Cambridge University Press: 1124–1131. Bibcode:1974Sci...185.1124T. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. ISBN 978-0-5212-8414-1. PMID 17835457. S2CID 143452957.
Knowledge representation and knowledge engineering: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 10), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 23–46, 69–81, 169–233, 235–277, 281–298, 319–345), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 227–243), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 17.1–17.4, 18) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Representing categories and relations: Semantic networks, description logics, inheritance (including frames, and scripts): Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.2 & 10.5), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 174–177), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 248–258), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 18.3) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Representing events and time:Situation calculus, event calculus, fluent calculus (including solving the frame problem): Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.3), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 281–298), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 18.2) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Causal calculus: Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 335–337) Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Representing knowledge about knowledge: Belief calculus, modal logics: Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.4), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 275–277) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Default reasoning, Frame problem, default logic, non-monotonic logics, circumscription, closed world assumption, abduction: Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.6), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 248–256, 323–335), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 335–363), Nilsson (1998, ~18.3.3) (Poole et al. places abduction under "default reasoning". Luger et al. places this under "uncertain reasoning"). Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Breadth of commonsense knowledge: Lenat & Guha (1989, Introduction), Crevier (1993, pp. 113–114), Moravec (1988, p. 13), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 241, 385, 982) (qualification problem) Lenat, Douglas; Guha, R. V. (1989). Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-2015-1752-1. Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. Moravec, Hans (1988). Mind Children. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6745-7616-2. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Learning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 19–22), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 397–438), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 385–542), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 3.3, 10.3, 17.5, 20) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Reinforcement learning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 22), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 442–449) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
Natural language processing (NLP): Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 23–24), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 91–104), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 591–632) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
Computer vision: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 25), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 6) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Affective computing: Thro (1993), Edelson (1991), Tao & Tan (2005), Scassellati (2002) Thro, Ellen (1993). Robotics: The Marriage of Computers and Machines. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-2628-9. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Edelson, Edward (1991). The Nervous System. New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 978-0-7910-0464-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019. Tao, Jianhua; Tan, Tieniu (2005). Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction. Affective Computing: A Review. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3784. Springer. pp. 981–995. doi:10.1007/11573548. ISBN 978-3-5402-9621-8. Scassellati, Brian (2002). "Theory of mind for a humanoid robot". Autonomous Robots. 12 (1): 13–24. doi:10.1023/A:1013298507114. S2CID 1979315.
Search algorithms: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpts. 3–5), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 113–163), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 79–164, 193–219), Nilsson (1998, chpts. 7–12) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Uninformed searches (breadth first search, depth-first search and general state space search): Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 3.4), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 113–132), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 79–121), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 8) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Heuristic or informed searches (e.g., greedy best first and A*): Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 3.5), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 132–147), Poole & Mackworth (2017, sect. 3.6), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 133–150) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
Logic: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpts. 6–9), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 35–77), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 13–16) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Propositional logic: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 6), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 45–50), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 13) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
First-order logic and features such as equality: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 7), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 268–275), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 50–62), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 15) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
logical deduction as search: Russell & Norvig (2021, sects. 9.3, 9.4), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. ~46–52), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 62–73), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 4.2, 7.2) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Stochastic methods for uncertain reasoning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 12–18, 20), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 345–395), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 165–191, 333–381), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 19) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
decision theory and decision analysis: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 16–18), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 381–394) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Bayesian networks: Russell & Norvig (2021, sects. 12.5–12.6, 13.4–13.5, 14.3–14.5, 16.5, 20.2–20.3), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 361–381), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. ~182–190, ≈363–379), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 19.3–19.4) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Bayesian inference algorithm: Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 13.3–13.5), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 361–381), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. ~363–379), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 19.4 & 7) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Bayesian learning and the expectation–maximization algorithm: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 20), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 424–433), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 20), Domingos (2015, p. 210) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019. Domingos, Pedro (2015). The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-4650-6570-7.
Gradient calculation in computational graphs, backpropagation, automatic differentiation: Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 21.2), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 467–474), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 3.3) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Goffrey (2008), p. 17. Goffrey, Andrew (2008). "Algorithm". In Fuller, Matthew (ed.). Software studies: a lexicon. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. pp. 15–20. ISBN 978-1-4356-4787-9.
Berdahl et al. (2023); Goffrey (2008, p. 17); Rose (2023); Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 995) Berdahl, Carl Thomas; Baker, Lawrence; Mann, Sean; Osoba, Osonde; Girosi, Federico (7 February 2023). "Strategies to Improve the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Health Equity: Scoping Review". JMIR AI. 2 e42936. doi:10.2196/42936. ISSN 2817-1705. PMC 11041459. PMID 38875587. S2CID 256681439. Goffrey, Andrew (2008). "Algorithm". In Fuller, Matthew (ed.). Software studies: a lexicon. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. pp. 15–20. ISBN 978-1-4356-4787-9. Rose, Steve (11 July 2023). "AI Utopia or dystopia?". The Guardian Weekly. pp. 42–43. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
AI's immediate precursors: McCorduck (2004, pp. 51–107), Crevier (1993, pp. 27–32), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 8–17), Moravec (1988, p. 3) McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Moravec, Hans (1988). Mind Children. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6745-7616-2. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Expert systems: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 23, 292), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 227–331), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 17.4), McCorduck (2004, pp. 327–335, 434–435), Crevier (1993, pp. 145–162, 197–203), Newquist (1994, pp. 155–183) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019. McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. Newquist, H. P. (1994). The Brain Makers: Genius, Ego, And Greed In The Quest For Machines That Think. New York: Macmillan/SAMS. ISBN 978-0-6723-0412-5.
Nilsson (1998), p. 7. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Moravec (1988). Moravec, Hans (1988). Mind Children. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6745-7616-2. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Moravec's paradox: Moravec (1988, pp. 15–16), Minsky (1986, p. 29), Pinker (2007, pp. 190–191) Moravec, Hans (1988). Mind Children. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6745-7616-2. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019. Minsky, Marvin (1986), The Society of Mind, Simon and Schuster Pinker, Steven (2007) [1994], The Language Instinct, Perennial Modern Classics, Harper, ISBN 978-0-0613-3646-1
Dreyfus' critique of AI: Dreyfus (1972), Dreyfus & Dreyfus (1986) Historical significance and philosophical implications: Crevier (1993, pp. 120–132), McCorduck (2004, pp. 211–239), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 981–982), Fearn (2007, chpt. 3) Dreyfus, Hubert (1972). What Computers Can't Do. New York: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-0601-1082-6. Dreyfus, Hubert; Dreyfus, Stuart (1986). Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-0290-8060-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Fearn, Nicholas (2007). The Latest Answers to the Oldest Questions: A Philosophical Adventure with the World's Greatest Thinkers. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1839-4.
Searle (1999). Searle, John (1999). Mind, language and society. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-4650-4521-1. OCLC 231867665. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
Searle's Chinese room argument: Searle (1980). Searle's original presentation of the thought experiment., Searle (1999). Discussion: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 985), McCorduck (2004, pp. 443–445), Crevier (1993, pp. 269–271) Searle, John (1980). "Minds, Brains and Programs" (PDF). Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 3 (3): 417–457. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00005756. S2CID 55303721. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Searle, John (1999). Mind, language and society. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-4650-4521-1. OCLC 231867665. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3.
Transhumanism: Moravec (1988), Kurzweil (2005), Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 1005) Moravec, Hans (1988). Mind Children. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6745-7616-2. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019. Kurzweil, Ray (2005). The Singularity is Near. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-6700-3384-3. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
AI as evolution: Edward Fredkin is quoted in McCorduck (2004, p. 401), Butler (1863), Dyson (1998) McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Butler, Samuel (13 June 1863). "Darwin among the Machines". Letters to the Editor. The Press. Christchurch, New Zealand. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2014 – via Victoria University of Wellington. Dyson, George (1998). Darwin among the Machines. Allan Lane Science. ISBN 978-0-7382-0030-9. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; English: 14^th place)

Floridi, Luciano; Cowls, Josh (23 June 2019). "A Unified Framework of Five Principles for AI in Society". Harvard Data Science Review. 1 (1). doi:10.1162/99608f92.8cd550d1. S2CID 198775713. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2023.

arstechnica.com (Global: 388^th place; English: 265^th place)

Hammond, George (27 December 2023). "Big Tech is spending more than VC firms on AI startups". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024.
Edwards, Benj (22 February 2024). "Stability announces Stable Diffusion 3, a next-gen AI image generator". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
Edwards (2023). Edwards, Benj (17 May 2023). "Poll: AI poses risk to humanity, according to majority of Americans". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.

artint.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

This list of intelligent traits is based on the topics covered by the major AI textbooks, including: Russell & Norvig (2021), Luger & Stubblefield (2004), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998) and Nilsson (1998) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
This list of tools is based on the topics covered by the major AI textbooks, including: Russell & Norvig (2021), Luger & Stubblefield (2004), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998) and Nilsson (1998) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Problem-solving, puzzle solving, game playing, and deduction: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 3–5), Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 6) (constraint satisfaction), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, chpt. 2, 3, 7, 9), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, chpt. 3, 4, 6, 8), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 7–12) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Uncertain reasoning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 12–18), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 345–395), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 333–381), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 7–12) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Knowledge representation and knowledge engineering: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 10), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 23–46, 69–81, 169–233, 235–277, 281–298, 319–345), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 227–243), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 17.1–17.4, 18) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Representing categories and relations: Semantic networks, description logics, inheritance (including frames, and scripts): Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.2 & 10.5), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 174–177), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 248–258), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 18.3) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Representing events and time:Situation calculus, event calculus, fluent calculus (including solving the frame problem): Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.3), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 281–298), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 18.2) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Causal calculus: Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 335–337) Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Representing knowledge about knowledge: Belief calculus, modal logics: Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.4), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 275–277) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Default reasoning, Frame problem, default logic, non-monotonic logics, circumscription, closed world assumption, abduction: Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.6), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 248–256, 323–335), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 335–363), Nilsson (1998, ~18.3.3) (Poole et al. places abduction under "default reasoning". Luger et al. places this under "uncertain reasoning"). Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Learning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 19–22), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 397–438), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 385–542), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 3.3, 10.3, 17.5, 20) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Natural language processing (NLP): Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 23–24), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 91–104), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 591–632) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
Search algorithms: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpts. 3–5), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 113–163), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 79–164, 193–219), Nilsson (1998, chpts. 7–12) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Uninformed searches (breadth first search, depth-first search and general state space search): Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 3.4), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 113–132), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 79–121), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 8) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Heuristic or informed searches (e.g., greedy best first and A*): Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 3.5), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 132–147), Poole & Mackworth (2017, sect. 3.6), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 133–150) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
First-order logic and features such as equality: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 7), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 268–275), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 50–62), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 15) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
logical deduction as search: Russell & Norvig (2021, sects. 9.3, 9.4), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. ~46–52), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 62–73), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 4.2, 7.2) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Stochastic methods for uncertain reasoning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 12–18, 20), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 345–395), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 165–191, 333–381), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 19) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
decision theory and decision analysis: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 16–18), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 381–394) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Bayesian networks: Russell & Norvig (2021, sects. 12.5–12.6, 13.4–13.5, 14.3–14.5, 16.5, 20.2–20.3), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 361–381), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. ~182–190, ≈363–379), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 19.3–19.4) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
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Developmental robotics: Weng et al. (2001), Lungarella et al. (2003), Asada et al. (2009), Oudeyer (2010) Weng, J.; McClelland; Pentland, A.; Sporns, O.; Stockman, I.; Sur, M.; Thelen, E. (2001). "Autonomous mental development by robots and animals" (PDF). Science. 291 (5504): 599–600. doi:10.1126/science.291.5504.599. PMID 11229402. S2CID 54131797. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013 – via msu.edu. Lungarella, M.; Metta, G.; Pfeifer, R.; Sandini, G. (2003). "Developmental robotics: a survey". Connection Science. 15 (4): 151–190. Bibcode:2003ConSc..15..151L. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.83.7615. doi:10.1080/09540090310001655110. S2CID 1452734. Asada, M.; Hosoda, K.; Kuniyoshi, Y.; Ishiguro, H.; Inui, T.; Yoshikawa, Y.; Ogino, M.; Yoshida, C. (2009). "Cognitive developmental robotics: a survey". IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development. 1 (1): 12–34. Bibcode:2009ITAMD...1...12A. doi:10.1109/tamd.2009.2021702. S2CID 10168773. Oudeyer, P-Y. (2010). "On the impact of robotics in behavioral and cognitive sciences: from insect navigation to human cognitive development" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development. 2 (1): 2–16. Bibcode:2010ITAMD...2....2O. doi:10.1109/tamd.2009.2039057. S2CID 6362217. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
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Schmidhuber (2022), sect. 5. Schmidhuber, Jürgen (2022). "Annotated History of Modern AI and Deep Learning". Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
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Turing's original publication of the Turing test in "Computing machinery and intelligence": Turing (1950) Historical influence and philosophical implications: Haugeland (1985, pp. 6–9), Crevier (1993, p. 24), McCorduck (2004, pp. 70–71), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 2, 984) Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783. Haugeland, John (1985). Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-2620-8153-5. Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
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lccn.loc.gov

This list of intelligent traits is based on the topics covered by the major AI textbooks, including: Russell & Norvig (2021), Luger & Stubblefield (2004), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998) and Nilsson (1998) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
This list of tools is based on the topics covered by the major AI textbooks, including: Russell & Norvig (2021), Luger & Stubblefield (2004), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998) and Nilsson (1998) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Russell & Norvig (2021), pp. 1–4. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021, §1.2). Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Dartmouth workshop: Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 18), McCorduck (2004, pp. 111–136), NRC (1999, pp. 200–201)
The proposal: McCarthy et al. (1955) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 NRC (United States National Research Council) (1999). "Developments in Artificial Intelligence". Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research. National Academy Press. McCarthy, John; Minsky, Marvin; Rochester, Nathan; Shannon, Claude (1955). "A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence". Archived from the original on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 30 August 2007.
Successful programs of the 1960s: McCorduck (2004, pp. 243–252), Crevier (1993, pp. 52–107), Moravec (1988, p. 9), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 19–21) McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. Moravec, Hans (1988). Mind Children. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6745-7616-2. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Funding initiatives in the early 1980s: Fifth Generation Project (Japan), Alvey (UK), Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (US), Strategic Computing Initiative (US): McCorduck (2004, pp. 426–441), Crevier (1993, pp. 161–162, 197–203, 211, 240), Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 23), NRC (1999, pp. 210–211), Newquist (1994, pp. 235–248) McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. NRC (United States National Research Council) (1999). "Developments in Artificial Intelligence". Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research. National Academy Press. Newquist, H. P. (1994). The Brain Makers: Genius, Ego, And Greed In The Quest For Machines That Think. New York: Macmillan/SAMS. ISBN 978-0-6723-0412-5.
First AI Winter, Lighthill report, Mansfield Amendment: Crevier (1993, pp. 115–117), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 21–22), NRC (1999, pp. 212–213), Howe (1994), Newquist (1994, pp. 189–201) Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. NRC (United States National Research Council) (1999). "Developments in Artificial Intelligence". Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research. National Academy Press. Howe, J. (November 1994). "Artificial Intelligence at Edinburgh University: a Perspective". Archived from the original on 15 May 2007. Retrieved 30 August 2007. Newquist, H. P. (1994). The Brain Makers: Genius, Ego, And Greed In The Quest For Machines That Think. New York: Macmillan/SAMS. ISBN 978-0-6723-0412-5.
Second AI Winter: Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 24), McCorduck (2004, pp. 430–435), Crevier (1993, pp. 209–210), NRC (1999, pp. 214–216), Newquist (1994, pp. 301–318) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. NRC (United States National Research Council) (1999). "Developments in Artificial Intelligence". Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research. National Academy Press. Newquist, H. P. (1994). The Brain Makers: Genius, Ego, And Greed In The Quest For Machines That Think. New York: Macmillan/SAMS. ISBN 978-0-6723-0412-5.
Deep learning revolution, AlexNet: Goldman (2022), Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 26), McKinsey (2018) Goldman, Sharon (14 September 2022). "10 years later, deep learning 'revolution' rages on, say AI pioneers Hinton, LeCun and Li". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2023. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. "Ask the AI experts: What's driving today's progress in AI?". McKinsey & Company. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
Problem-solving, puzzle solving, game playing, and deduction: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 3–5), Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 6) (constraint satisfaction), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, chpt. 2, 3, 7, 9), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, chpt. 3, 4, 6, 8), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 7–12) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Uncertain reasoning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 12–18), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 345–395), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 333–381), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 7–12) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Intractability and efficiency and the combinatorial explosion: Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 21) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Knowledge representation and knowledge engineering: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 10), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 23–46, 69–81, 169–233, 235–277, 281–298, 319–345), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 227–243), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 17.1–17.4, 18) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Russell & Norvig (2021), pp. 272. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Representing categories and relations: Semantic networks, description logics, inheritance (including frames, and scripts): Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.2 & 10.5), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 174–177), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 248–258), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 18.3) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Representing events and time:Situation calculus, event calculus, fluent calculus (including solving the frame problem): Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.3), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 281–298), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 18.2) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Representing knowledge about knowledge: Belief calculus, modal logics: Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.4), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 275–277) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Default reasoning, Frame problem, default logic, non-monotonic logics, circumscription, closed world assumption, abduction: Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.6), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 248–256, 323–335), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 335–363), Nilsson (1998, ~18.3.3) (Poole et al. places abduction under "default reasoning". Luger et al. places this under "uncertain reasoning"). Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Breadth of commonsense knowledge: Lenat & Guha (1989, Introduction), Crevier (1993, pp. 113–114), Moravec (1988, p. 13), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 241, 385, 982) (qualification problem) Lenat, Douglas; Guha, R. V. (1989). Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-2015-1752-1. Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. Moravec, Hans (1988). Mind Children. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6745-7616-2. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 528. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Automated planning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 11). Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Automated decision making, Decision theory: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 16–18). Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Classical planning: Russell & Norvig (2021, Section 11.2). Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Sensorless or "conformant" planning, contingent planning, replanning (a.k.a. online planning): Russell & Norvig (2021, Section 11.5). Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Uncertain preferences: Russell & Norvig (2021, Section 16.7) Inverse reinforcement learning: Russell & Norvig (2021, Section 22.6) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Information value theory: Russell & Norvig (2021, Section 16.6). Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Markov decision process: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 17). Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Game theory and multi-agent decision theory: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 18). Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Learning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 19–22), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 397–438), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 385–542), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 3.3, 10.3, 17.5, 20) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Unsupervised learning: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 653) (definition), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 738–740) (cluster analysis), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 846–860) (word embedding) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Supervised learning: Russell & Norvig (2021, §19.2) (Definition), Russell & Norvig (2021, Chpt. 19–20) (Techniques) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Reinforcement learning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 22), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 442–449) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
Transfer learning: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 281), The Economist (2016) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Computational learning theory: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 672–674), Jordan & Mitchell (2015) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Jordan, M. I.; Mitchell, T. M. (16 July 2015). "Machine learning: Trends, perspectives, and prospects". Science. 349 (6245): 255–260. Bibcode:2015Sci...349..255J. doi:10.1126/science.aaa8415. PMID 26185243. S2CID 677218.
Natural language processing (NLP): Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 23–24), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 91–104), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 591–632) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
Subproblems of NLP: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 849–850) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), pp. 856–858. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Modern statistical and deep learning approaches to NLP: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 24), Cambria & White (2014) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Cambria, Erik; White, Bebo (May 2014). "Jumping NLP Curves: A Review of Natural Language Processing Research [Review Article]". IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine. 9 (2): 48–57. doi:10.1109/MCI.2014.2307227. S2CID 206451986.
Russell & Norvig (2021), pp. 875–878. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Computer vision: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 25), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 6) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Russell & Norvig (2021), pp. 849–850. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), pp. 895–899. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), pp. 899–901. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), pp. 931–938. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Artificial general intelligence: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 32–33, 1020–1021)
Proposal for the modern version: Pennachin & Goertzel (2007)
Warnings of overspecialization in AI from leading researchers: Nilsson (1995), McCarthy (2007), Beal & Winston (2009) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Pennachin, C.; Goertzel, B. (2007). "Contemporary Approaches to Artificial General Intelligence". Artificial General Intelligence. Cognitive Technologies. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 1–30. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68677-4_1. ISBN 978-3-5402-3733-4. Nilsson, Nils (1995), "Eyes on the Prize", AI Magazine, vol. 16, pp. 9–17 McCarthy, John (2007), "From Here to Human-Level AI", Artificial Intelligence, p. 171 Beal, J.; Winston, Patrick (2009), "The New Frontier of Human-Level Artificial Intelligence", IEEE Intelligent Systems, 24 (4): 21–24, Bibcode:2009IISys..24d..21B, doi:10.1109/MIS.2009.75, hdl:1721.1/52357, S2CID 32437713
Search algorithms: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpts. 3–5), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 113–163), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 79–164, 193–219), Nilsson (1998, chpts. 7–12) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
State space search: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 3) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), sect. 11.2. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Uninformed searches (breadth first search, depth-first search and general state space search): Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 3.4), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 113–132), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 79–121), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 8) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Heuristic or informed searches (e.g., greedy best first and A*): Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 3.5), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 132–147), Poole & Mackworth (2017, sect. 3.6), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 133–150) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
Adversarial search: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 5) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Local or "optimization" search: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 4) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Evolutionary computation: Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 4.1.2) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Logic: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpts. 6–9), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 35–77), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 13–16) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Propositional logic: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 6), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 45–50), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 13) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
First-order logic and features such as equality: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 7), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 268–275), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 50–62), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 15) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Logical inference: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 10) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
logical deduction as search: Russell & Norvig (2021, sects. 9.3, 9.4), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. ~46–52), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 62–73), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 4.2, 7.2) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Resolution and unification: Russell & Norvig (2021, sections 7.5.2, 9.2, 9.5) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Fuzzy logic: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 214, 255, 459), Scientific American (1999) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Stochastic methods for uncertain reasoning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 12–18, 20), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 345–395), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 165–191, 333–381), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 19) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
decision theory and decision analysis: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 16–18), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 381–394) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Information value theory: Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 16.6) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Markov decision processes and dynamic decision networks: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 17) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Stochastic temporal models: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 14) Hidden Markov model: Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 14.3) Kalman filters: Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 14.4) Dynamic Bayesian networks: Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 14.5) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Game theory and mechanism design: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 18) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Bayesian networks: Russell & Norvig (2021, sects. 12.5–12.6, 13.4–13.5, 14.3–14.5, 16.5, 20.2–20.3), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 361–381), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. ~182–190, ≈363–379), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 19.3–19.4) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Bayesian inference algorithm: Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 13.3–13.5), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 361–381), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. ~363–379), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 19.4 & 7) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Bayesian learning and the expectation–maximization algorithm: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 20), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 424–433), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 20), Domingos (2015, p. 210) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019. Domingos, Pedro (2015). The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-4650-6570-7.
Bayesian decision theory and Bayesian decision networks: Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 16.5) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Statistical learning methods and classifiers: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 20), Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Decision trees: Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 19.3), Domingos (2015, p. 88) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Domingos, Pedro (2015). The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-4650-6570-7.
Decision trees: Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 19.3), Domingos (2015, p. 88) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Domingos, Pedro (2015). The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-4650-6570-7.
Naive Bayes classifier: Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 12.6), Domingos (2015, p. 152) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Domingos, Pedro (2015). The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-4650-6570-7.
Neural networks: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 21), Domingos (2015, Chapter 4) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Domingos, Pedro (2015). The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-4650-6570-7.
Gradient calculation in computational graphs, backpropagation, automatic differentiation: Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 21.2), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 467–474), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 3.3) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Universal approximation theorem: Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 752) The theorem: Cybenko (1988), Hornik, Stinchcombe & White (1989) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Cybenko, G. (1988). Continuous valued neural networks with two hidden layers are sufficient (Report). Department of Computer Science, Tufts University. Hornik, Kurt; Stinchcombe, Maxwell; White, Halbert (1989). Multilayer Feedforward Networks are Universal Approximators (PDF). Neural Networks. Vol. 2. Pergamon Press. pp. 359–366. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
Feedforward neural networks: Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 21.1) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Perceptrons: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 21, 22, 683, 22) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Deep learning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 21), Goodfellow, Bengio & Courville (2016), Hinton et al. (2016), Schmidhuber (2015) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Goodfellow, Ian; Bengio, Yoshua; Courville, Aaron (2016), Deep Learning, MIT Press., archived from the original on 16 April 2016, retrieved 12 November 2017 Schmidhuber, J. (2015). "Deep Learning in Neural Networks: An Overview". Neural Networks. 61: 85–117. arXiv:1404.7828. doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2014.09.003. PMID 25462637. S2CID 11715509.
Recurrent neural networks: Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 21.6) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Convolutional neural networks: Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 21.3) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 750. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 17. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 785. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 987. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 991. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), pp. 991–992. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Berdahl et al. (2023); Goffrey (2008, p. 17); Rose (2023); Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 995) Berdahl, Carl Thomas; Baker, Lawrence; Mann, Sean; Osoba, Osonde; Girosi, Federico (7 February 2023). "Strategies to Improve the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Health Equity: Scoping Review". JMIR AI. 2 e42936. doi:10.2196/42936. ISSN 2817-1705. PMC 11041459. PMID 38875587. S2CID 256681439. Goffrey, Andrew (2008). "Algorithm". In Fuller, Matthew (ed.). Software studies: a lexicon. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. pp. 15–20. ISBN 978-1-4356-4787-9. Rose, Steve (11 July 2023). "AI Utopia or dystopia?". The Guardian Weekly. pp. 42–43. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 995. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Christian (2020, pp. 67–70); Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 993–994) Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 995); Lipartito (2011, p. 36); Goodman & Flaxman (2017, p. 6); Christian (2020, pp. 39–40, 65) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Lipartito, Kenneth (6 January 2011), The Narrative and the Algorithm: Genres of Credit Reporting from the Nineteenth Century to Today (PDF) (Unpublished manuscript), doi:10.2139/ssrn.1736283, S2CID 166742927, archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022 Goodman, Bryce; Flaxman, Seth (2017). "EU regulations on algorithmic decision-making and a 'right to explanation'". AI Magazine. 38 (3): 50. arXiv:1606.08813. doi:10.1609/aimag.v38i3.2741. S2CID 7373959. Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753.
Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 994); Christian (2020, pp. 40, 80–81) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753.
Christian (2020, p. 83); Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 997) Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 989. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), pp. 987–990. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 988. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
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Russell & Norvig 2021, p. 9. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
AI's immediate precursors: McCorduck (2004, pp. 51–107), Crevier (1993, pp. 27–32), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 8–17), Moravec (1988, p. 3) McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Moravec, Hans (1988). Mind Children. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6745-7616-2. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Turing's original publication of the Turing test in "Computing machinery and intelligence": Turing (1950) Historical influence and philosophical implications: Haugeland (1985, pp. 6–9), Crevier (1993, p. 24), McCorduck (2004, pp. 70–71), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 2, 984) Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783. Haugeland, John (1985). Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-2620-8153-5. Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 21. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 22. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Expert systems: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 23, 292), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 227–331), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 17.4), McCorduck (2004, pp. 327–335, 434–435), Crevier (1993, pp. 145–162, 197–203), Newquist (1994, pp. 155–183) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019. McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. Newquist, H. P. (1994). The Brain Makers: Genius, Ego, And Greed In The Quest For Machines That Think. New York: Macmillan/SAMS. ISBN 978-0-6723-0412-5.
Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 24. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 25. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Crevier (1993, pp. 214–215), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 24, 26) Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 26. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Formal and narrow methods adopted in the 1990s: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 24–26), McCorduck (2004, pp. 486–487) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1
Moore's Law and AI: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 14, 27) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Big data: Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 26) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 3. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Physical symbol system hypothesis: Newell & Simon (1976, p. 116) Historical significance: McCorduck (2004, p. 153), Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 19) Newell, Allen; Simon, H. A. (1976). "Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search". Communications of the ACM. 19 (3): 113–126. doi:10.1145/360018.360022. McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Dreyfus' critique of AI: Dreyfus (1972), Dreyfus & Dreyfus (1986) Historical significance and philosophical implications: Crevier (1993, pp. 120–132), McCorduck (2004, pp. 211–239), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 981–982), Fearn (2007, chpt. 3) Dreyfus, Hubert (1972). What Computers Can't Do. New York: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-0601-1082-6. Dreyfus, Hubert; Dreyfus, Stuart (1986). Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-0290-8060-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Fearn, Nicholas (2007). The Latest Answers to the Oldest Questions: A Philosophical Adventure with the World's Greatest Thinkers. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1839-4.
Neats vs. scruffies, the historic debate: McCorduck (2004, pp. 421–424, 486–489), Crevier (1993, p. 168), Nilsson (1983, pp. 10–11), Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 24) A classic example of the "scruffy" approach to intelligence: Minsky (1986) A modern example of neat AI and its aspirations in the 21st century: Domingos (2015) McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. Nilsson, Nils (1983). "Artificial Intelligence Prepares for 2001" (PDF). AI Magazine. 1 (1). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Presidential Address to the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Minsky, Marvin (1986), The Society of Mind, Simon and Schuster Domingos, Pedro (2015). The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-4650-6570-7.
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Searle's Chinese room argument: Searle (1980). Searle's original presentation of the thought experiment., Searle (1999). Discussion: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 985), McCorduck (2004, pp. 443–445), Crevier (1993, pp. 269–271) Searle, John (1980). "Minds, Brains and Programs" (PDF). Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 3 (3): 417–457. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00005756. S2CID 55303721. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Searle, John (1999). Mind, language and society. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-4650-4521-1. OCLC 231867665. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3.
The Intelligence explosion and technological singularity: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 1004–1005), Omohundro (2008), Kurzweil (2005) I. J. Good's "intelligence explosion": Good (1965) Vernor Vinge's "singularity": Vinge (1993) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Omohundro, Steve (2008). The Nature of Self-Improving Artificial Intelligence. presented and distributed at the 2007 Singularity Summit, San Francisco, CA. Kurzweil, Ray (2005). The Singularity is Near. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-6700-3384-3. Good, I. J. (1965), Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine, archived from the original on 10 July 2023, retrieved 5 October 2024 Vinge, Vernor (1993). "The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era". Vision 21: Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in the Era of Cyberspace: 11. Bibcode:1993vise.nasa...11V. Archived from the original on 1 January 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
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Transhumanism: Moravec (1988), Kurzweil (2005), Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 1005) Moravec, Hans (1988). Mind Children. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6745-7616-2. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019. Kurzweil, Ray (2005). The Singularity is Near. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-6700-3384-3. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.

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web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

This list of intelligent traits is based on the topics covered by the major AI textbooks, including: Russell & Norvig (2021), Luger & Stubblefield (2004), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998) and Nilsson (1998) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
This list of tools is based on the topics covered by the major AI textbooks, including: Russell & Norvig (2021), Luger & Stubblefield (2004), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998) and Nilsson (1998) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
AI set to exceed human brain power Archived 2008-02-19 at the Wayback Machine CNN.com (July 26, 2006)
Dartmouth workshop: Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 18), McCorduck (2004, pp. 111–136), NRC (1999, pp. 200–201)
The proposal: McCarthy et al. (1955) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 NRC (United States National Research Council) (1999). "Developments in Artificial Intelligence". Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research. National Academy Press. McCarthy, John; Minsky, Marvin; Rochester, Nathan; Shannon, Claude (1955). "A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence". Archived from the original on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 30 August 2007.
Successful programs of the 1960s: McCorduck (2004, pp. 243–252), Crevier (1993, pp. 52–107), Moravec (1988, p. 9), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 19–21) McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. Moravec, Hans (1988). Mind Children. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6745-7616-2. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
First AI Winter, Lighthill report, Mansfield Amendment: Crevier (1993, pp. 115–117), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 21–22), NRC (1999, pp. 212–213), Howe (1994), Newquist (1994, pp. 189–201) Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. NRC (United States National Research Council) (1999). "Developments in Artificial Intelligence". Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research. National Academy Press. Howe, J. (November 1994). "Artificial Intelligence at Edinburgh University: a Perspective". Archived from the original on 15 May 2007. Retrieved 30 August 2007. Newquist, H. P. (1994). The Brain Makers: Genius, Ego, And Greed In The Quest For Machines That Think. New York: Macmillan/SAMS. ISBN 978-0-6723-0412-5.
Deep learning revolution, AlexNet: Goldman (2022), Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 26), McKinsey (2018) Goldman, Sharon (14 September 2022). "10 years later, deep learning 'revolution' rages on, say AI pioneers Hinton, LeCun and Li". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2023. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. "Ask the AI experts: What's driving today's progress in AI?". McKinsey & Company. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
Toews (2023). Toews, Rob (3 September 2023). "Transformers Revolutionized AI. What Will Replace Them?". Forbes. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
Problem-solving, puzzle solving, game playing, and deduction: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 3–5), Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 6) (constraint satisfaction), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, chpt. 2, 3, 7, 9), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, chpt. 3, 4, 6, 8), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 7–12) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Uncertain reasoning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 12–18), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 345–395), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 333–381), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 7–12) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Psychological evidence of the prevalence of sub-symbolic reasoning and knowledge: Kahneman (2011), Dreyfus & Dreyfus (1986), Wason & Shapiro (1966), Kahneman, Slovic & Tversky (1982) Kahneman, Daniel (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4299-6935-2. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2012. Dreyfus, Hubert; Dreyfus, Stuart (1986). Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-0290-8060-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Wason, P. C.; Shapiro, D. (1966). "Reasoning". In Foss, B. M. (ed.). New horizons in psychology. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019. Kahneman, Daniel; Slovic, D.; Tversky, Amos (1982). "Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases". Science. 185 (4157). New York: Cambridge University Press: 1124–1131. Bibcode:1974Sci...185.1124T. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. ISBN 978-0-5212-8414-1. PMID 17835457. S2CID 143452957.
Knowledge representation and knowledge engineering: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 10), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 23–46, 69–81, 169–233, 235–277, 281–298, 319–345), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 227–243), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 17.1–17.4, 18) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Representing categories and relations: Semantic networks, description logics, inheritance (including frames, and scripts): Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.2 & 10.5), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 174–177), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 248–258), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 18.3) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Representing events and time:Situation calculus, event calculus, fluent calculus (including solving the frame problem): Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.3), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 281–298), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 18.2) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Causal calculus: Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 335–337) Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Representing knowledge about knowledge: Belief calculus, modal logics: Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.4), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 275–277) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Default reasoning, Frame problem, default logic, non-monotonic logics, circumscription, closed world assumption, abduction: Russell & Norvig (2021, §10.6), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 248–256, 323–335), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 335–363), Nilsson (1998, ~18.3.3) (Poole et al. places abduction under "default reasoning". Luger et al. places this under "uncertain reasoning"). Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Breadth of commonsense knowledge: Lenat & Guha (1989, Introduction), Crevier (1993, pp. 113–114), Moravec (1988, p. 13), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 241, 385, 982) (qualification problem) Lenat, Douglas; Guha, R. V. (1989). Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-2015-1752-1. Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. Moravec, Hans (1988). Mind Children. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6745-7616-2. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Learning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 19–22), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 397–438), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 385–542), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 3.3, 10.3, 17.5, 20) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Solomonoff (1956). Solomonoff, Ray (1956). An Inductive Inference Machine (PDF). Dartmouth Summer Research Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2011 – via std.com, pdf scanned copy of the original. Later published as
Solomonoff, Ray (1957). "An Inductive Inference Machine". IRE Convention Record. Vol. Section on Information Theory, part 2. pp. 56–62.
Reinforcement learning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 22), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 442–449) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
Natural language processing (NLP): Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 23–24), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 91–104), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 591–632) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
Dickson (2022). Dickson, Ben (2 May 2022). "Machine learning: What is the transformer architecture?". TechTalks. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
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Bushwick (2023). Bushwick, Sophie (16 March 2023), "What the New GPT-4 AI Can Do", Scientific American, archived from the original on 22 August 2023, retrieved 5 October 2024
Computer vision: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 25), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 6) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Affective computing: Thro (1993), Edelson (1991), Tao & Tan (2005), Scassellati (2002) Thro, Ellen (1993). Robotics: The Marriage of Computers and Machines. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-2628-9. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Edelson, Edward (1991). The Nervous System. New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 978-0-7910-0464-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019. Tao, Jianhua; Tan, Tieniu (2005). Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction. Affective Computing: A Review. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3784. Springer. pp. 981–995. doi:10.1007/11573548. ISBN 978-3-5402-9621-8. Scassellati, Brian (2002). "Theory of mind for a humanoid robot". Autonomous Robots. 12 (1): 13–24. doi:10.1023/A:1013298507114. S2CID 1979315.
Waddell (2018). Waddell, Kaveh (2018). "Chatbots Have Entered the Uncanny Valley". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
Poria et al. (2017). Poria, Soujanya; Cambria, Erik; Bajpai, Rajiv; Hussain, Amir (September 2017). "A review of affective computing: From unimodal analysis to multimodal fusion". Information Fusion. 37: 98–125. doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2017.02.003. hdl:1893/25490. S2CID 205433041. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
Search algorithms: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpts. 3–5), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 113–163), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 79–164, 193–219), Nilsson (1998, chpts. 7–12) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Uninformed searches (breadth first search, depth-first search and general state space search): Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 3.4), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 113–132), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 79–121), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 8) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Heuristic or informed searches (e.g., greedy best first and A*): Russell & Norvig (2021, sect. 3.5), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 132–147), Poole & Mackworth (2017, sect. 3.6), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 133–150) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
Logic: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpts. 6–9), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 35–77), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 13–16) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Propositional logic: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 6), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 45–50), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 13) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
First-order logic and features such as equality: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 7), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 268–275), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 50–62), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 15) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
logical deduction as search: Russell & Norvig (2021, sects. 9.3, 9.4), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. ~46–52), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 62–73), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 4.2, 7.2) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
Stochastic methods for uncertain reasoning: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 12–18, 20), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 345–395), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 165–191, 333–381), Nilsson (1998, chpt. 19) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-5586-0467-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
decision theory and decision analysis: Russell & Norvig (2021, chpt. 16–18), Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998, pp. 381–394) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-0270-3. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Later edition: Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1071-9539-4. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
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wipo.int (Global: 1,462^nd place; English: 1,223^rd place)

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wired.com (Global: 193^rd place; English: 152^nd place)

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Christian (2020), p. 25. Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753.
Christian (2020), p. 67–70. Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753.
Christian (2020, pp. 67–70); Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 993–994) Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 995); Lipartito (2011, p. 36); Goodman & Flaxman (2017, p. 6); Christian (2020, pp. 39–40, 65) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Lipartito, Kenneth (6 January 2011), The Narrative and the Algorithm: Genres of Credit Reporting from the Nineteenth Century to Today (PDF) (Unpublished manuscript), doi:10.2139/ssrn.1736283, S2CID 166742927, archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022 Goodman, Bryce; Flaxman, Seth (2017). "EU regulations on algorithmic decision-making and a 'right to explanation'". AI Magazine. 38 (3): 50. arXiv:1606.08813. doi:10.1609/aimag.v38i3.2741. S2CID 7373959. Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753.
Quoted in Christian (2020, p. 65). Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753.
Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 994); Christian (2020, pp. 40, 80–81) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753.
Quoted in Christian (2020, p. 80) Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753.
Christian (2020), p. 110. Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753.
Christian (2020), pp. 88–91. Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753.
Christian (2020, p. 83); Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 997) Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
Christian (2020), p. 91. Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753.
Christian (2020), p. 83. Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753.
Christian (2020), pp. 105–108. Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753.
Christian (2020), pp. 108–112. Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753.
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Christian (2020), pp. 67, 73. Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753.
Russell (2019), p. 173. Russell, Stuart (2019). Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control. United States: Viking. ISBN 978-0-5255-5861-3. OCLC 1083694322.
Buruk, Banu; Ekmekci, Perihan Elif; Arda, Berna (1 September 2020). "A critical perspective on guidelines for responsible and trustworthy artificial intelligence". Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. 23 (3): 387–399. doi:10.1007/s11019-020-09948-1. ISSN 1572-8633. PMID 32236794. S2CID 214766800.
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Regulation of AI to mitigate risks: Berryhill et al. (2019), Barfield & Pagallo (2018), Iphofen & Kritikos (2019), Wirtz, Weyerer & Geyer (2018), Buiten (2019) Berryhill, Jamie; Heang, Kévin Kok; Clogher, Rob; McBride, Keegan (2019). Hello, World: Artificial Intelligence and its Use in the Public Sector (PDF). Paris: OECD Observatory of Public Sector Innovation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2020. Barfield, Woodrow; Pagallo, Ugo (2018). Research handbook on the law of artificial intelligence. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-7864-3904-8. OCLC 1039480085. Iphofen, Ron; Kritikos, Mihalis (3 January 2019). "Regulating artificial intelligence and robotics: ethics by design in a digital society". Contemporary Social Science. 16 (2): 170–184. doi:10.1080/21582041.2018.1563803. ISSN 2158-2041. S2CID 59298502. Wirtz, Bernd W.; Weyerer, Jan C.; Geyer, Carolin (24 July 2018). "Artificial Intelligence and the Public Sector – Applications and Challenges". International Journal of Public Administration. 42 (7): 596–615. doi:10.1080/01900692.2018.1498103. ISSN 0190-0692. S2CID 158829602. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Buiten, Miriam C (2019). "Towards Intelligent Regulation of Artificial Intelligence". European Journal of Risk Regulation. 10 (1): 41–59. doi:10.1017/err.2019.8. ISSN 1867-299X.
Turing's original publication of the Turing test in "Computing machinery and intelligence": Turing (1950) Historical influence and philosophical implications: Haugeland (1985, pp. 6–9), Crevier (1993, p. 24), McCorduck (2004, pp. 70–71), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 2, 984) Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783. Haugeland, John (1985). Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-2620-8153-5. Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474.
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Turing (1950), Under "The Argument from Consciousness". Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
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Searle's Chinese room argument: Searle (1980). Searle's original presentation of the thought experiment., Searle (1999). Discussion: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 985), McCorduck (2004, pp. 443–445), Crevier (1993, pp. 269–271) Searle, John (1980). "Minds, Brains and Programs" (PDF). Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 3 (3): 417–457. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00005756. S2CID 55303721. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Searle, John (1999). Mind, language and society. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-4650-4521-1. OCLC 231867665. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-1346-1099-3. LCCN 20190474. McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3.
Hern, Alex (12 January 2017). "Give robots 'personhood' status, EU committee argues". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.

wsj.com (Global: 79^th place; English: 65^th place)

Mims, Christopher (19 September 2020). "Huang's Law Is the New Moore's Law, and Explains Why Nvidia Wants Arm". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
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Nicas (2018). Nicas, Jack (7 February 2018). "How YouTube Drives People to the Internet's Darkest Corners". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
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youtube.com (Global: 9^th place; English: 13^th place)

Harari (2023). Harari, Yuval Noah (2023). "AI and the future of humanity". YouTube. Archived from the original on 30 September 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.

zenodo.org (Global: 621^st place; English: 380^th place)

Regulation of AI to mitigate risks: Berryhill et al. (2019), Barfield & Pagallo (2018), Iphofen & Kritikos (2019), Wirtz, Weyerer & Geyer (2018), Buiten (2019) Berryhill, Jamie; Heang, Kévin Kok; Clogher, Rob; McBride, Keegan (2019). Hello, World: Artificial Intelligence and its Use in the Public Sector (PDF). Paris: OECD Observatory of Public Sector Innovation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2020. Barfield, Woodrow; Pagallo, Ugo (2018). Research handbook on the law of artificial intelligence. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-7864-3904-8. OCLC 1039480085. Iphofen, Ron; Kritikos, Mihalis (3 January 2019). "Regulating artificial intelligence and robotics: ethics by design in a digital society". Contemporary Social Science. 16 (2): 170–184. doi:10.1080/21582041.2018.1563803. ISSN 2158-2041. S2CID 59298502. Wirtz, Bernd W.; Weyerer, Jan C.; Geyer, Carolin (24 July 2018). "Artificial Intelligence and the Public Sector – Applications and Challenges". International Journal of Public Administration. 42 (7): 596–615. doi:10.1080/01900692.2018.1498103. ISSN 0190-0692. S2CID 158829602. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Buiten, Miriam C (2019). "Towards Intelligent Regulation of Artificial Intelligence". European Journal of Risk Regulation. 10 (1): 41–59. doi:10.1017/err.2019.8. ISSN 1867-299X.

Artificial intelligence (English Wikipedia)

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deeplearningbook.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

deepmind.google (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

economist.com (Global: 254th place; English: 236th place)

ed.ac.uk (Global: 1,871st place; English: 1,234th place)

inf.ed.ac.uk

eleuther.ai (Global: low place; English: low place)

blog.eleuther.ai

elsevier.com (Global: 610th place; English: 704th place)

linkinghub.elsevier.com

engagingexperience.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

euronews.com (Global: 612th place; English: 921st place)

europa.eu (Global: 68th place; English: 117th place)

commission.europa.eu

fas.org (Global: 505th place; English: 410th place)

fastcompany.com (Global: 1,040th place; English: 623rd place)

forbes.com (Global: 54th place; English: 48th place)

foxnews.com (Global: 152nd place; English: 120th place)

ft.com (Global: 210th place; English: 157th place)

futurism.com (Global: low place; English: 8,786th place)

gamedeveloper.com (Global: 4,881st place; English: 2,796th place)

gao.gov (Global: 2,954th place; English: 1,848th place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32nd place; English: 21st place)

gizmodo.com (Global: 474th place; English: 329th place)

goldmansachs.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

gov.uk (Global: 432nd place; English: 278th place)

handle.net (Global: 102nd place; English: 76th place)

hdl.handle.net

harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

hbr.org (Global: 2,754th place; English: 1,686th place)

hrw.org (Global: 729th place; English: 650th place)

aaai.org (Global: 9,352^nd place; English: 5,696^th place)

acm.org (Global: 1,185^th place; English: 840^th place)

analyticsindiamag.com (Global: low place; English: 7,637^th place)

apnews.com (Global: 129^th place; English: 89^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; English: 14^th place)

arstechnica.com (Global: 388^th place; English: 265^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; English: 59^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

berkeley.edu (Global: 580^th place; English: 462^nd place)

bigthink.com (Global: 6,931^st place; English: 4,746^th place)

bing.com (Global: 4,506^th place; English: 3,745^th place)

blog.google (Global: 2,218^th place; English: 1,391^st place)

bloomberg.co.jp (Global: 4,571^st place; English: low place)

bloomberg.com (Global: 99^th place; English: 77^th place)

bloomberglaw.com (Global: 5,670^th place; English: 3,086^th place)

bnnbloomberg.ca (Global: low place; English: 6,587^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

businessinsider.com (Global: 140^th place; English: 115^th place)

ca.gov (Global: 421^st place; English: 263^rd place)

cam.ac.uk (Global: 670^th place; English: 480^th place)

carnegieendowment.org (Global: 3,812^th place; English: 3,173^rd place)

cbc.ca (Global: 115^th place; English: 82^nd place)

cbsnews.com (Global: 108^th place; English: 80^th place)

cdc.gov (Global: 218^th place; English: 212^th place)

channelnewsasia.com (Global: 1,127^th place; English: 691^st place)

cloud.google.com (Global: 9,964^th place; English: 6,992^nd place)

cnbc.com (Global: 220^th place; English: 155^th place)

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

coe.int (Global: 772^nd place; English: 849^th place)

cornell.edu (Global: 332^nd place; English: 246^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

economist.com (Global: 254^th place; English: 236^th place)

ed.ac.uk (Global: 1,871^st place; English: 1,234^th place)

elsevier.com (Global: 610^th place; English: 704^th place)

euronews.com (Global: 612^th place; English: 921^st place)

europa.eu (Global: 68^th place; English: 117^th place)

fas.org (Global: 505^th place; English: 410^th place)

fastcompany.com (Global: 1,040^th place; English: 623^rd place)

forbes.com (Global: 54^th place; English: 48^th place)

foxnews.com (Global: 152^nd place; English: 120^th place)

ft.com (Global: 210^th place; English: 157^th place)

futurism.com (Global: low place; English: 8,786^th place)

gamedeveloper.com (Global: 4,881^st place; English: 2,796^th place)

gao.gov (Global: 2,954^th place; English: 1,848^th place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

gizmodo.com (Global: 474^th place; English: 329^th place)

gov.uk (Global: 432^nd place; English: 278^th place)

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

hbr.org (Global: 2,754^th place; English: 1,686^th place)

hrw.org (Global: 729^th place; English: 650^th place)

ibm.com (Global: 1,131^st place; English: 850^th place)

iea.org (Global: 2,532^nd place; English: 2,451^st place)

ieee.org (Global: 652^nd place; English: 515^th place)

informationweek.com (Global: 4,522^nd place; English: 2,903^rd place)

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

loc.gov (Global: 70^th place; English: 63^rd place)

mckinsey.com (Global: 6,781^st place; English: 4,660^th place)

meduza.io (Global: 444^th place; English: 1,507^th place)

microsoft.com (Global: 153^rd place; English: 151^st place)

mit.edu (Global: 415^th place; English: 327^th place)

msu.edu (Global: 1,844^th place; English: 1,231^st place)

nber.org (Global: 2,969^th place; English: 1,994^th place)

newscientist.com (Global: 774^th place; English: 716^th place)

newsweek.com (Global: 269^th place; English: 201^st place)

newyorker.com (Global: 146^th place; English: 110^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

nus.edu.sg (Global: 2,776^th place; English: 2,052^nd place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

nzz.ch (Global: 687^th place; English: 2,985^th place)

observer.com (Global: 760^th place; English: 494^th place)

oecd.org (Global: 960^th place; English: 854^th place)

openai.com (Global: 1,559^th place; English: 1,155^th place)

oup.com (Global: 485^th place; English: 440^th place)

pbs.org (Global: 198^th place; English: 154^th place)

pewresearch.org (Global: 1,418^th place; English: 966^th place)

propublica.org (Global: 3,281^st place; English: 1,880^th place)

psu.edu (Global: 207^th place; English: 136^th place)