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"Lucknow". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Asaf-ud-Dowlah". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 714. ASAF-UD-DOWLAH ... was the son of Shuja-ud-Dowlah, his mother and grandmother being the begums of Oudh