Astigmatism (English Wikipedia)

Harvey, EM (June 2009). "Development and treatment of astigmatism-related amblyopia". Optometry and Vision Science. 86 (6): 634–9. doi:10.1097/opx.0b013e3181a6165f. PMC 2706277. PMID 19430327.
Read, SA; Collins, MJ; Carney, LG (January 2007). "A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis". Clinical & Experimental Optometry. 90 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00112.x. PMID 17177660. S2CID 8876207.
Mozayan, E; Lee, JK (July 2014). "Update on astigmatism management". Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 25 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1097/icu.0000000000000068. PMID 24837578. S2CID 40929023.
Harle, Deacon E.; Evans, Bruce J. W. (2006). "The Correlation Between Migraine Headache and Refractive Errors". Optometry and Vision Science. 83 (2): 82–7. doi:10.1097/01.opx.0000200680.95968.3e. PMID 16501409. S2CID 32019102.
Read, SA; Collins, MJ; Carney, LG (January 2007). "A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis". Clinical & Experimental Optometry. 90 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00112.x. PMID 17177660. S2CID 8876207.
Fan, Qiao; Zhou, Xin; Khor, Chiea-Chuen; Cheng, Ching-Yu; Goh, Liang-Kee; Sim, Xueling; Tay, Wan-Ting; Li, Yi-Ju; Ong, Rick Twee-Hee; Suo, Chen; Cornes, Belinda (December 2011). "Genome-wide meta-analysis of five Asian cohorts identifies PDGFRA as a susceptibility locus for corneal astigmatism". PLOS Genetics. 7 (12): e1002402. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002402. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 3228826. PMID 22144915.
Shah, Rupal L.; Guggenheim, Jeremy A.; UK Biobank Eye and Vision Consortium (December 2018). "Genome-wide association studies for corneal and refractive astigmatism in UK Biobank demonstrate a shared role for myopia susceptibility loci". Human Genetics. 137 (11–12): 881–896. doi:10.1007/s00439-018-1942-8. ISSN 1432-1203. PMC 6267700. PMID 30306274.
Lopes, Margarida C.; Hysi, Pirro G.; Verhoeven, Virginie J. M.; Macgregor, Stuart; Hewitt, Alex W.; Montgomery, Grant W.; Cumberland, Phillippa; Vingerling, Johannes R.; Young, Terri L.; van Duijn, Cornelia M.; Oostra, Ben (1 February 2013). "Identification of a candidate gene for astigmatism". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 54 (2): 1260–1267. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10463. ISSN 1552-5783. PMC 3576051. PMID 23322567.
Li, Qing; Wojciechowski, Robert; Simpson, Claire L.; Hysi, Pirro G.; Verhoeven, Virginie J. M.; Ikram, Mohammad Kamran; Höhn, René; Vitart, Veronique; Hewitt, Alex W.; Oexle, Konrad; Mäkelä, Kari-Matti (February 2015). "Genome-wide association study for refractive astigmatism reveals genetic co-determination with spherical equivalent refractive error: the CREAM consortium". Human Genetics. 134 (2): 131–146. doi:10.1007/s00439-014-1500-y. ISSN 1432-1203. PMC 4291519. PMID 25367360.
Bogan, SJ; Waring III, GO; Ibrahim, O; Drews, C; Curtis, L (1990). "Classification of normal corneal topography based on computer-assisted videokeratography". Archives of Ophthalmology. 108 (7): 945–9. doi:10.1001/archopht.1990.01070090047037. PMID 2369353.
Alpins, NA (1998). "Treatment of irregular astigmatism". Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 24 (5): 634–46. doi:10.1016/s0886-3350(98)80258-7. PMID 9610446. S2CID 25181513.
Alpins, NA (1997). "New method of targeting vectors to treat astigmatism". Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 23 (1): 65–75. doi:10.1016/s0886-3350(97)80153-8. PMID 9100110. S2CID 13411077.
Alpins, NA (1997). "Vector analysis of astigmatism changes by flattening, steepening, and torque". Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 23 (10): 1503–14. doi:10.1016/s0886-3350(97)80021-1. PMID 9456408. S2CID 21814626.
Del Priore, LV; Guyton, DL (1986). "The Jackson cross cylinder. A reappraisal". Ophthalmology. 93 (11): 1461–5. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(86)33545-0. PMID 3808608.
Lake, Jonathan C; Victor, Gustavo; Clare, Gerry; Porfírio, Gustavo JM; Kernohan, Ashleigh; Evans, Jennifer R (17 December 2019). Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group (ed.). "Toric intraocular lens versus limbal relaxing incisions for corneal astigmatism after phacoemulsification". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (12): CD012801. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012801.pub2. PMC 6916141. PMID 31845757.
Mustafa, Osama M.; Prescott, Christina; Alsaleh, Fares; Dzhaber, Daliya; Daoud, Yassine J. (2019). "Refractive and Visual Outcomes and Rotational Stability of Toric Intraocular Lenses in Eyes With and Without Previous Ocular Surgeries: A Longitudinal Study". Journal of Refractive Surgery. 35 (12): 781–788. doi:10.3928/1081597x-20191021-03. ISSN 1081-597X. PMID 31830294. S2CID 209341790.
Zhang, Jun; Wu, Yifei; Sharma, Bhavna; Gupta, Ritu; Jawla, Shantanu; Bullimore, Mark A. (1 March 2023). "Epidemiology and Burden of Astigmatism: A Systematic Literature Review". Optometry and Vision Science. 100 (3): 218–231. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001998. ISSN 1538-9235. PMC 10045990. PMID 36749017.
Asano, Kazuko; Nomura, Hideki; Iwano, Makiko; Ando, Fujiko; Niino, Naoakira; Shimokata, Hiroshi; Miyake, Yozo (2005). "Relationship Between Astigmatism and Aging in Middle-aged and Elderly Japanese". Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 49 (2): 127–33. doi:10.1007/s10384-004-0152-1. PMID 15838729. S2CID 20925765.
Kleinstein, R. N.; Jones, LA; Hullett, S; et al. (2003). "Refractive Error and Ethnicity in Children". Archives of Ophthalmology. 121 (8): 1141–7. doi:10.1001/archopht.121.8.1141. PMID 12912692.
Garcia, Carlos Alexandre de Amorim; Oréfice, Fernando; Nobre, Gabrielle Fernandes Dutra; Souza, Dilene de Brito; Rocha, Marta Liliane Ramalho; Vianna, Raul Navarro Garrido (2005). "Prevalence of refractive errors in students in Northeastern Brazil". Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia. 68 (3): 321–5. doi:10.1590/S0004-27492005000300009. PMID 16059562.
Read, Scott A.; Collins, Michael J.; Carney, Leo G. (January 2007). "A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis". Clinical & Experimental Optometry. 90 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00112.x. ISSN 0816-4622. PMID 17177660. S2CID 8876207.
Coggin, David (1893). "Notes on the Centennial Anniversary of the Discovery of Astigmatism". Boston Med Surg J. 128 (6): 136–137. doi:10.1056/NEJM189302091280603.
Atchison, David A; Charman, W Neil (2011). "Thomas Young's contributions to geometrical optics" (PDF). Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 94 (4): 333–340. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00560.x. PMID 21214628.
Thomas Young (1801). "II. The Bakerian Lecture. On the mechanism of the eye". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 91: 23–88. Bibcode:1801RSPT...91...23Y. doi:10.1098/rstl.1801.0004.
Levene, J. R. (1966). "Sir George Biddell Airy, F.R.S. (1801-1892) and the Discovery and Correction of Astigmatism". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 21 (2): 180–199. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1966.0017. JSTOR 531067. S2CID 72385672.
Read, Scott A; Collins, Michael J; Carney, Leo G (2007). "A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis". Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 90 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00112.x. PMID 17177660. S2CID 8876207.
Snyder, C. (1965). "The Rev. Mr. Goodrich and His Visual Problem". Archives of Ophthalmology. 73 (4): 587–589. doi:10.1001/archopht.1965.00970030589023. PMID 14270148.
Bumstead, J. F. (1863). "A Few Remarks on Astigmatism". Boston Med Surg J. 69 (14): 280–284. doi:10.1056/NEJM186311050691404.
Artal, Pablo; Tabernero, Juan (2010). "Optics of human eye: 400 years of exploration from Galileo's time". Applied Optics. 49 (16): D123–30. Bibcode:2010ApOpt..49G.123A. doi:10.1364/AO.49.00D123. PMID 20517354. S2CID 1539303.
Ferrer-Altabás, Sara; Thibos, Larry; Micó, Vicente (14 March 2022). "Astigmatic Stokes lens revisited". Optics Express. 30 (6): 8974–8990. Bibcode:2022OExpr..30.8974F. doi:10.1364/OE.450062. ISSN 1094-4087. PMID 35299337. S2CID 245785084.
Newell, F. W. (April 1988). "Edward Jackson, MD--a historical perspective of his contributions to refraction and to ophthalmology". Ophthalmology. 95 (4): 555–558. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(88)33158-1. ISSN 0161-6420. PMID 3050696.

emedicine.com

Corneal Topography and Imaging at eMedicine

entokey.com

Wunsh, Stuart E. (10 July 2016). "The Cross Cylinder". Ento Key.

eyelaserspecialists.com.au

"Success Rate of Laser Eye Surgery — Discover What to Expect". Eye Laser Specialists. 29 May 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2025.

feelgoodcontacts.com

"The Ultimate Guide to Astigmatism". Feel Good Contacts.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Thomas Young (1801). "II. The Bakerian Lecture. On the mechanism of the eye". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 91: 23–88. Bibcode:1801RSPT...91...23Y. doi:10.1098/rstl.1801.0004.
Artal, Pablo; Tabernero, Juan (2010). "Optics of human eye: 400 years of exploration from Galileo's time". Applied Optics. 49 (16): D123–30. Bibcode:2010ApOpt..49G.123A. doi:10.1364/AO.49.00D123. PMID 20517354. S2CID 1539303.
Ferrer-Altabás, Sara; Thibos, Larry; Micó, Vicente (14 March 2022). "Astigmatic Stokes lens revisited". Optics Express. 30 (6): 8974–8990. Bibcode:2022OExpr..30.8974F. doi:10.1364/OE.450062. ISSN 1094-4087. PMID 35299337. S2CID 245785084.

jstor.org

Levene, J. R. (1966). "Sir George Biddell Airy, F.R.S. (1801-1892) and the Discovery and Correction of Astigmatism". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 21 (2): 180–199. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1966.0017. JSTOR 531067. S2CID 72385672.

mayoclinic.org

"Considering LASIK surgery". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 5 June 2025.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Harvey, EM (June 2009). "Development and treatment of astigmatism-related amblyopia". Optometry and Vision Science. 86 (6): 634–9. doi:10.1097/opx.0b013e3181a6165f. PMC 2706277. PMID 19430327.
Read, SA; Collins, MJ; Carney, LG (January 2007). "A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis". Clinical & Experimental Optometry. 90 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00112.x. PMID 17177660. S2CID 8876207.
Mozayan, E; Lee, JK (July 2014). "Update on astigmatism management". Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 25 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1097/icu.0000000000000068. PMID 24837578. S2CID 40929023.
Harle, Deacon E.; Evans, Bruce J. W. (2006). "The Correlation Between Migraine Headache and Refractive Errors". Optometry and Vision Science. 83 (2): 82–7. doi:10.1097/01.opx.0000200680.95968.3e. PMID 16501409. S2CID 32019102.
Read, SA; Collins, MJ; Carney, LG (January 2007). "A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis". Clinical & Experimental Optometry. 90 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00112.x. PMID 17177660. S2CID 8876207.
Fan, Qiao; Zhou, Xin; Khor, Chiea-Chuen; Cheng, Ching-Yu; Goh, Liang-Kee; Sim, Xueling; Tay, Wan-Ting; Li, Yi-Ju; Ong, Rick Twee-Hee; Suo, Chen; Cornes, Belinda (December 2011). "Genome-wide meta-analysis of five Asian cohorts identifies PDGFRA as a susceptibility locus for corneal astigmatism". PLOS Genetics. 7 (12): e1002402. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002402. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 3228826. PMID 22144915.
Yazar, Seyhan; Mishra, Aniket; Ang, Wei; Kearns, Lisa S.; Mountain, Jenny A.; Pennell, Craig; Montgomery, Grant W.; Young, Terri L.; Hammond, Christopher J.; Macgregor, Stuart; Mackey, David A. (2013). "Interrogation of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha locus and corneal astigmatism in Australians of Northern European ancestry: results of a genome-wide association study". Molecular Vision. 19: 1238–1246. ISSN 1090-0535. PMC 3675057. PMID 23761726.
Shah, Rupal L.; Guggenheim, Jeremy A.; UK Biobank Eye and Vision Consortium (December 2018). "Genome-wide association studies for corneal and refractive astigmatism in UK Biobank demonstrate a shared role for myopia susceptibility loci". Human Genetics. 137 (11–12): 881–896. doi:10.1007/s00439-018-1942-8. ISSN 1432-1203. PMC 6267700. PMID 30306274.
Lopes, Margarida C.; Hysi, Pirro G.; Verhoeven, Virginie J. M.; Macgregor, Stuart; Hewitt, Alex W.; Montgomery, Grant W.; Cumberland, Phillippa; Vingerling, Johannes R.; Young, Terri L.; van Duijn, Cornelia M.; Oostra, Ben (1 February 2013). "Identification of a candidate gene for astigmatism". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 54 (2): 1260–1267. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10463. ISSN 1552-5783. PMC 3576051. PMID 23322567.
Li, Qing; Wojciechowski, Robert; Simpson, Claire L.; Hysi, Pirro G.; Verhoeven, Virginie J. M.; Ikram, Mohammad Kamran; Höhn, René; Vitart, Veronique; Hewitt, Alex W.; Oexle, Konrad; Mäkelä, Kari-Matti (February 2015). "Genome-wide association study for refractive astigmatism reveals genetic co-determination with spherical equivalent refractive error: the CREAM consortium". Human Genetics. 134 (2): 131–146. doi:10.1007/s00439-014-1500-y. ISSN 1432-1203. PMC 4291519. PMID 25367360.
Bogan, SJ; Waring III, GO; Ibrahim, O; Drews, C; Curtis, L (1990). "Classification of normal corneal topography based on computer-assisted videokeratography". Archives of Ophthalmology. 108 (7): 945–9. doi:10.1001/archopht.1990.01070090047037. PMID 2369353.
Alpins, NA (1998). "Treatment of irregular astigmatism". Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 24 (5): 634–46. doi:10.1016/s0886-3350(98)80258-7. PMID 9610446. S2CID 25181513.
Alpins, NA (1997). "New method of targeting vectors to treat astigmatism". Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 23 (1): 65–75. doi:10.1016/s0886-3350(97)80153-8. PMID 9100110. S2CID 13411077.
Alpins, NA (1997). "Vector analysis of astigmatism changes by flattening, steepening, and torque". Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 23 (10): 1503–14. doi:10.1016/s0886-3350(97)80021-1. PMID 9456408. S2CID 21814626.
Graff, T (1962). "Control of the determination of astigmatism with the Jackson cross cylinder". Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde und für Augenärztliche Fortbildung. 140: 702–8. PMID 13900989.
Del Priore, LV; Guyton, DL (1986). "The Jackson cross cylinder. A reappraisal". Ophthalmology. 93 (11): 1461–5. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(86)33545-0. PMID 3808608.
Brookman, KE (1993). "The Jackson crossed cylinder: Historical perspective". Journal of the American Optometric Association. 64 (5): 329–31. PMID 8320415.
Lake, Jonathan C; Victor, Gustavo; Clare, Gerry; Porfírio, Gustavo JM; Kernohan, Ashleigh; Evans, Jennifer R (17 December 2019). Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group (ed.). "Toric intraocular lens versus limbal relaxing incisions for corneal astigmatism after phacoemulsification". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (12): CD012801. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012801.pub2. PMC 6916141. PMID 31845757.
Mustafa, Osama M.; Prescott, Christina; Alsaleh, Fares; Dzhaber, Daliya; Daoud, Yassine J. (2019). "Refractive and Visual Outcomes and Rotational Stability of Toric Intraocular Lenses in Eyes With and Without Previous Ocular Surgeries: A Longitudinal Study". Journal of Refractive Surgery. 35 (12): 781–788. doi:10.3928/1081597x-20191021-03. ISSN 1081-597X. PMID 31830294. S2CID 209341790.
Zhang, Jun; Wu, Yifei; Sharma, Bhavna; Gupta, Ritu; Jawla, Shantanu; Bullimore, Mark A. (1 March 2023). "Epidemiology and Burden of Astigmatism: A Systematic Literature Review". Optometry and Vision Science. 100 (3): 218–231. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001998. ISSN 1538-9235. PMC 10045990. PMID 36749017.
Asano, Kazuko; Nomura, Hideki; Iwano, Makiko; Ando, Fujiko; Niino, Naoakira; Shimokata, Hiroshi; Miyake, Yozo (2005). "Relationship Between Astigmatism and Aging in Middle-aged and Elderly Japanese". Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 49 (2): 127–33. doi:10.1007/s10384-004-0152-1. PMID 15838729. S2CID 20925765.
Kleinstein, R. N.; Jones, LA; Hullett, S; et al. (2003). "Refractive Error and Ethnicity in Children". Archives of Ophthalmology. 121 (8): 1141–7. doi:10.1001/archopht.121.8.1141. PMID 12912692.
Garcia, Carlos Alexandre de Amorim; Oréfice, Fernando; Nobre, Gabrielle Fernandes Dutra; Souza, Dilene de Brito; Rocha, Marta Liliane Ramalho; Vianna, Raul Navarro Garrido (2005). "Prevalence of refractive errors in students in Northeastern Brazil". Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia. 68 (3): 321–5. doi:10.1590/S0004-27492005000300009. PMID 16059562.
Read, Scott A.; Collins, Michael J.; Carney, Leo G. (January 2007). "A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis". Clinical & Experimental Optometry. 90 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00112.x. ISSN 0816-4622. PMID 17177660. S2CID 8876207.
Czepita, D; Filipiak, D (2005). "The effect of the type of astigmatism on the incidence of myopia". Klinika Oczna. 107 (1–3): 73–4. PMID 16052807.
Atchison, David A; Charman, W Neil (2011). "Thomas Young's contributions to geometrical optics" (PDF). Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 94 (4): 333–340. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00560.x. PMID 21214628.
Read, Scott A; Collins, Michael J; Carney, Leo G (2007). "A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis". Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 90 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00112.x. PMID 17177660. S2CID 8876207.
Snyder, C. (1965). "The Rev. Mr. Goodrich and His Visual Problem". Archives of Ophthalmology. 73 (4): 587–589. doi:10.1001/archopht.1965.00970030589023. PMID 14270148.
Artal, Pablo; Tabernero, Juan (2010). "Optics of human eye: 400 years of exploration from Galileo's time". Applied Optics. 49 (16): D123–30. Bibcode:2010ApOpt..49G.123A. doi:10.1364/AO.49.00D123. PMID 20517354. S2CID 1539303.
Ferrer-Altabás, Sara; Thibos, Larry; Micó, Vicente (14 March 2022). "Astigmatic Stokes lens revisited". Optics Express. 30 (6): 8974–8990. Bibcode:2022OExpr..30.8974F. doi:10.1364/OE.450062. ISSN 1094-4087. PMID 35299337. S2CID 245785084.
Newell, F. W. (April 1988). "Edward Jackson, MD--a historical perspective of his contributions to refraction and to ophthalmology". Ophthalmology. 95 (4): 555–558. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(88)33158-1. ISSN 0161-6420. PMID 3050696.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Harvey, EM (June 2009). "Development and treatment of astigmatism-related amblyopia". Optometry and Vision Science. 86 (6): 634–9. doi:10.1097/opx.0b013e3181a6165f. PMC 2706277. PMID 19430327.
Fan, Qiao; Zhou, Xin; Khor, Chiea-Chuen; Cheng, Ching-Yu; Goh, Liang-Kee; Sim, Xueling; Tay, Wan-Ting; Li, Yi-Ju; Ong, Rick Twee-Hee; Suo, Chen; Cornes, Belinda (December 2011). "Genome-wide meta-analysis of five Asian cohorts identifies PDGFRA as a susceptibility locus for corneal astigmatism". PLOS Genetics. 7 (12): e1002402. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002402. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 3228826. PMID 22144915.
Yazar, Seyhan; Mishra, Aniket; Ang, Wei; Kearns, Lisa S.; Mountain, Jenny A.; Pennell, Craig; Montgomery, Grant W.; Young, Terri L.; Hammond, Christopher J.; Macgregor, Stuart; Mackey, David A. (2013). "Interrogation of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha locus and corneal astigmatism in Australians of Northern European ancestry: results of a genome-wide association study". Molecular Vision. 19: 1238–1246. ISSN 1090-0535. PMC 3675057. PMID 23761726.
Shah, Rupal L.; Guggenheim, Jeremy A.; UK Biobank Eye and Vision Consortium (December 2018). "Genome-wide association studies for corneal and refractive astigmatism in UK Biobank demonstrate a shared role for myopia susceptibility loci". Human Genetics. 137 (11–12): 881–896. doi:10.1007/s00439-018-1942-8. ISSN 1432-1203. PMC 6267700. PMID 30306274.
Lopes, Margarida C.; Hysi, Pirro G.; Verhoeven, Virginie J. M.; Macgregor, Stuart; Hewitt, Alex W.; Montgomery, Grant W.; Cumberland, Phillippa; Vingerling, Johannes R.; Young, Terri L.; van Duijn, Cornelia M.; Oostra, Ben (1 February 2013). "Identification of a candidate gene for astigmatism". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 54 (2): 1260–1267. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10463. ISSN 1552-5783. PMC 3576051. PMID 23322567.
Li, Qing; Wojciechowski, Robert; Simpson, Claire L.; Hysi, Pirro G.; Verhoeven, Virginie J. M.; Ikram, Mohammad Kamran; Höhn, René; Vitart, Veronique; Hewitt, Alex W.; Oexle, Konrad; Mäkelä, Kari-Matti (February 2015). "Genome-wide association study for refractive astigmatism reveals genetic co-determination with spherical equivalent refractive error: the CREAM consortium". Human Genetics. 134 (2): 131–146. doi:10.1007/s00439-014-1500-y. ISSN 1432-1203. PMC 4291519. PMID 25367360.
Lake, Jonathan C; Victor, Gustavo; Clare, Gerry; Porfírio, Gustavo JM; Kernohan, Ashleigh; Evans, Jennifer R (17 December 2019). Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group (ed.). "Toric intraocular lens versus limbal relaxing incisions for corneal astigmatism after phacoemulsification". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (12): CD012801. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012801.pub2. PMC 6916141. PMID 31845757.
Zhang, Jun; Wu, Yifei; Sharma, Bhavna; Gupta, Ritu; Jawla, Shantanu; Bullimore, Mark A. (1 March 2023). "Epidemiology and Burden of Astigmatism: A Systematic Literature Review". Optometry and Vision Science. 100 (3): 218–231. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001998. ISSN 1538-9235. PMC 10045990. PMID 36749017.

nei.nih.gov

"Facts About Astigmatism". National Eye Institute. National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2019.

nova.edu

"Introduction to Refraction". Nova Southeastern University. Archived from the original on 10 September 1999. Retrieved 8 September 2013.

onhealth.com

"Astigmatism". MedicineNet. OnHealth.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.

optica.org

opg.optica.org

Ferrer-Altabás, Sara; Thibos, Larry; Micó, Vicente (14 March 2022). "Astigmatic Stokes lens revisited". Optics Express. 30 (6): 8974–8990. Bibcode:2022OExpr..30.8974F. doi:10.1364/OE.450062. ISSN 1094-4087. PMID 35299337. S2CID 245785084.

quantumoptical.com

"Basic Refraction Procedures". Quantum Optical. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.^{[unreliable medical source?]}

qut.edu.au

eprints.qut.edu.au

Atchison, David A; Charman, W Neil (2011). "Thomas Young's contributions to geometrical optics" (PDF). Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 94 (4): 333–340. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00560.x. PMID 21214628.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Read, SA; Collins, MJ; Carney, LG (January 2007). "A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis". Clinical & Experimental Optometry. 90 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00112.x. PMID 17177660. S2CID 8876207.
Mozayan, E; Lee, JK (July 2014). "Update on astigmatism management". Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 25 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1097/icu.0000000000000068. PMID 24837578. S2CID 40929023.
Harle, Deacon E.; Evans, Bruce J. W. (2006). "The Correlation Between Migraine Headache and Refractive Errors". Optometry and Vision Science. 83 (2): 82–7. doi:10.1097/01.opx.0000200680.95968.3e. PMID 16501409. S2CID 32019102.
Read, SA; Collins, MJ; Carney, LG (January 2007). "A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis". Clinical & Experimental Optometry. 90 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00112.x. PMID 17177660. S2CID 8876207.
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Alpins, NA (1997). "New method of targeting vectors to treat astigmatism". Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 23 (1): 65–75. doi:10.1016/s0886-3350(97)80153-8. PMID 9100110. S2CID 13411077.
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