Augustus (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Augustus" in English language version.

Last modified: 16:39:40, 18 August 2026 (UTC)

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Eck & Takács 2007, p. 57. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Hammond 1957, pp. 21, 55; Galinsky 2012, pp. 66–67; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 57. Hammond, Mason (1957). "Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 25: 17–64. JSTOR 4238646. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Galinsky 2012, pp. xv, 2–3; Lewis 2023, pp. 21–23; Southern 2014, pp. 1, 5; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 7; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 19, 23. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Lewis, Anne-Marie (2023). "Nigidius Figulus and the Birth of a Future Dominus for the World: 63 B.C.". In Lewis, Anne-Marie (ed.). Celestial Inclinations: A Life of Augustus (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–35. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197599648.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-759967-9. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Lewis 2023, p. 34; Shotter 2005, pp. 1–2; Southern 2014, pp. 1–3; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 6; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 33. Lewis, Anne-Marie (2023). "Nigidius Figulus and the Birth of a Future Dominus for the World: 63 B.C.". In Lewis, Anne-Marie (ed.). Celestial Inclinations: A Life of Augustus (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–35. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197599648.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-759967-9. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Galinsky 2012, pp. 2, 5; Southern 2014, p. 5; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 6. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Shotter 2005, pp. 1–2; Lewis 2023, p. 34; Rowell 1962, p. 14; Southern 2014, p. 7; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 6–7; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 20, 23. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Lewis, Anne-Marie (2023). "Nigidius Figulus and the Birth of a Future Dominus for the World: 63 B.C.". In Lewis, Anne-Marie (ed.). Celestial Inclinations: A Life of Augustus (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–35. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197599648.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-759967-9. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Galinsky 2012, p. 6; Shotter 2005, p. 2; Southern 2014, pp. 3, 9; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 7; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 48. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Galinsky 2012, p. 8; Southern 2014, p. 9; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 7; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 48. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 8; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 86, though he provides the date of 15 September 45 BC instead. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Southern 2014, pp. 42–43; Galinsky 2012, p. 15; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 9–10; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 85. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Rowell 1962, p. 19; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 9–10; Southern 2014, p. 55. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Bringmann 2007, p. 304; Galinsky 2012, pp. 56–58; Southern 2014, pp. 165, 173–174, 184–185, 236; Roller 2010, p. 151; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 59–60. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 57–58. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Eder 2005, pp. 24–25; Gruen 2005, pp. 38–39; Galinsky 2012, pp. 63, 70–74; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 57–58; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 237; Cavalieri et al. 2022, pp. 17–18. Eder, Walter (2005). "Augustus and the Power of Tradition". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Gruen, Erich S. (2005). "Augustus and the Making of the Principate". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–52. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (2022). "Augustus through the Ages: Introduction". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–32. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 3, 50, 55–57; Bringmann 2007, pp. 304–307; Galinsky 2012, pp. 62, 66–67; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 235–236. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 56–57; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 236. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 55–57; Galinsky 2012, p. 67; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 235–236. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Eck & Takács 2007, p. 155; Roberts 2007, p. 858. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Roberts, John (2007). "Princeps senatus". Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World. Oxford Reference. p. 858. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192801463.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-280146-3.
Galinsky 2012, pp. 72, 80–81; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 127, 137, 151; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 241–242, 244. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Southern 2014, p. 238; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 240, 306, 406; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 137. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Southern 2014, p. 238; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 137. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Mackay 2004, p. 186; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 3, 75–76; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 394–396, 405; Southern 2014, pp. 291–292, though without mentioning the honorary inscriptions such as the one in the Roman Senate House, the Curia Julia in Rome. Mackay, Christopher S. (2004). Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80918-4. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Bowersock 1983, p. 46; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 260–261; Southern 2014, pp. 200–201, 211; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 136, 182. Bowersock, G. W. (1983). Roman Arabia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-77755-7. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Bowersock 1983, pp. 47–49; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 260–261; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 182. Bowersock, G. W. (1983). Roman Arabia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-77755-7. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Bowersock 1983, pp. 46, 49 (footnote 16); Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 261, 297, 300; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 136, 182. Bowersock, G. W. (1983). Roman Arabia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-77755-7. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Welsby 1996, pp. 69–70; Southern 2014, pp. 236–237; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 182. Welsby, Derek (1996). The Kingdom of Kush: the Napatan and Meroitic Empires. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-0986-2. OCLC 34888835. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Welsby 1996, pp. 68–70; Southern 2014, p. 237; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 300; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 137. Welsby, Derek (1996). The Kingdom of Kush: the Napatan and Meroitic Empires. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-0986-2. OCLC 34888835. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Southern 2014, p. 306; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 120. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Southern 2014, p. 274; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 123–124; Cavalieri et al. 2022, pp. 16–17. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (2022). "Augustus through the Ages: Introduction". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–32. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
Eck & Takács 2007, p. 57; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 6. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Southern 2014, p. 341; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 1; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 13; Cavalieri et al. 2022, pp. 27–28. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (2022). "Augustus through the Ages: Introduction". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–32. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
Galinsky 2012, pp. 85, 94–95; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 123–124. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Bunson 1994, p. 341; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 54, 94. Bunson, Matthew (1994). Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-3182-5. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 128–129; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 340. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
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Southern 1998, p. 109; Holland 2005, p. 299; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 280. Southern, Pat (1998). Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (first ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16631-7. Holland, Richard (2005). Augustus, Godfather of Europe. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-2911-0. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Swan 2004, p. 241; Syme 1939, p. 483. Swan, Peter Michael (2004). The Augustan Succession. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516774-0. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7.
Wells 1995, p. 53; Holland 2005, p. 301; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 280–281; Southern 2014, pp. 204–205. Wells, Colin Michael (1995). The Roman Empire. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-77770-5. Holland, Richard (2005). Augustus, Godfather of Europe. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-2911-0. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Davies 2010, p. 260; Holland 2005, p. 301; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 281; Southern 2014, pp. 204–205. Davies, Mark (2010). Aspects of Roman History 82 BC–AD 14. London and New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/978020385665. ISBN 978-0-203-85665-9. Holland, Richard (2005). Augustus, Godfather of Europe. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-2911-0. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Holland 2005, p. 301; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 281–282. Holland, Richard (2005). Augustus, Godfather of Europe. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-2911-0. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Syme 1939, pp. 337–338. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7.
Gruen 2005, p. 44; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 58; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 322; Syme 1939, pp. 337–338. Gruen, Erich S. (2005). "Augustus and the Making of the Principate". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–52. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7.
Syme 1939, pp. 337–338; Gruen 2005, p. 44; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 58. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Gruen, Erich S. (2005). "Augustus and the Making of the Principate". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–52. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4.
Syme 1939, pp. 416–417; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 322–323, 356, 359–360; Southern 2014, pp. 232, 280. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Scullard 1982, p. 217; Southern 2014, pp. 280, 288. Scullard, H. H. (1982) [1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02527-0. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Syme 1939, p. 417; Southern 2014, pp. 280, 288. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Chisholm & Ferguson 1981, p. 122. Chisholm, Kitty; Ferguson, John (1981). Rome: The Augustan Age; A Source Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872108-6.

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Bringmann 2007, pp. 304, 307; Eder 2005, p. 13. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Eder, Walter (2005). "Augustus and the Power of Tradition". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8.
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Shotter 2005, pp. 1–2; Luc 2024, p. 133; Southern 2014, pp. 5–6; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 32–33, 35–37, 40–44. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Luc, Ireneusz (2024). Roman Military Tribunes (First Century BC to Third Century AD): A Historical and Prosopographical Study: Prosopographical Catalogue, Part 1: Roman Military Tribunes (tribuni Militum in Exercitu) and in the Garrison of the Roman Capital (tribuni Militum in Praetorio). Vol. 1. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing. ISBN 978-1-80327-853-7. Retrieved 8 May 2025. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Shotter 2005, pp. 1–2; Galinsky 2012, pp. 2, 4–5; Southern 2014, p. 1. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Shotter 2005, pp. 1–2; Lewis 2023, p. 34; Rowell 1962, p. 14; Southern 2014, p. 7; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 6–7; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 20, 23. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Lewis, Anne-Marie (2023). "Nigidius Figulus and the Birth of a Future Dominus for the World: 63 B.C.". In Lewis, Anne-Marie (ed.). Celestial Inclinations: A Life of Augustus (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–35. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197599648.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-759967-9. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Shotter 2005, pp. 1–2; Luc 2024, p. 133. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Luc, Ireneusz (2024). Roman Military Tribunes (First Century BC to Third Century AD): A Historical and Prosopographical Study: Prosopographical Catalogue, Part 1: Roman Military Tribunes (tribuni Militum in Exercitu) and in the Garrison of the Roman Capital (tribuni Militum in Praetorio). Vol. 1. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing. ISBN 978-1-80327-853-7. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
Galinsky 2012, p. 6; Shotter 2005, p. 2; Southern 2014, pp. 3, 9; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 7; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 48. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Shotter 2005, p. 2; Galinsky 2012, pp. 1, 14; Southern 2014, pp. 5, 10; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 48, 65–66. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Rowell 1962, p. 16; Galinsky 2012, p. 14; Southern 2014, p. 25; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 67–68. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Rowell 1962, p. 16; Galinsky 2012, p. 14. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 9; Southern 2014, pp. 42–43; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 84–85; Rawson 1994, p. 471. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.
Lindsay 2009, pp. 184–5, 186 n. 3 and Southern 2014, pp. 33–34, citing among others: Appian, Bella Civilia, 2.143; Cicero, Ad Atticum, 14.10.3; Dio, 44.35.2.3; Nicolaus Damascenus, 17.48. See also Tatum 2024, p. 130, Eck & Takács 2003, p. 9, Rowell 1962, p. 14, Galinsky 2012, pp. 9–10, 15, and Goldsworthy 2014, p. 86. Lindsay, Hugh (2009). Adoption in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76050-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Appian. Bella civilia.
- McGing, B. C. (2020). Appian: Roman History. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. IV–VI. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99647-2. Cicero. Epistulae ad Atticum.
  - Shackleton-Bailey, D. R. (1999). Loeb Classical Library Archived 14 December 2025 at the Wayback Machine. 4 volumes. Dio. Historia Romana.
    - Cary, Earnest (1914–27). Loeb Classical Library – via LacusCurtius Archived 4 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Nicolaus Damascenus. Life of Augustus.
      - Toher, Mark (2017). Nicolaus of Damascus: the life of Augustus and the autobiography texts, translations and historical commentary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-07561-0. Tatum, W. Jeffrey (2024). A Noble Ruin: Mark Antony, Civil War, and the Collapse of the Roman Republic. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-769490-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
      - Galinsky 2012, pp. xv, 9–10, 15; Southern 2014, p. 43; Bringmann 2007, p. 283, without date; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 88, without date; Rawson 1994, p. 471, mentioning May. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.
      - Rowell 1962, p. 19; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 9–10; Southern 2014, p. 55. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
      - Rowell 1962, p. 18. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link)
      - Rowell 1962, p. 19. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link)
      - Eck & Takács 2003, p. 10; Eder 2005, p. 18. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Eder, Walter (2005). "Augustus and the Power of Tradition". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8.
      - Chisholm & Ferguson 1981, pp. 24, 27; Rowell 1962, p. 20; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 101 for the 500 denarii, p. 103 for the raising of 3, 000 veterans. Chisholm, Kitty; Ferguson, John (1981). Rome: The Augustan Age; A Source Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872108-6. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
      - Bringmann 2007, pp. 283, 285; Rawson 1994, pp. 471–472. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.
      - Rawson 1994, p. 472, citing Appian, Bella Civilia, 3.94. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060. Appian. Bella civilia.
        McGing, B. C. (2020). Appian: Roman History. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. IV–VI. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99647-2.
        Galinsky 2012, p. 25; Rawson 1994, pp. 471–472. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.
        Rawson 1994, pp. 474–476; Galinsky 2012, pp. 25–26; Bringmann 2007, p. 287. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
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        Eck & Takács 2003, pp. 11–12; Rowell 1962, p. 21; Galinsky 2012, p. 28; Southern 2014, p. 65; Bringmann 2007, pp. 285–286; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 101, 111; Rawson 1994, p. 474, noting its triple illegality. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.
        Syme 1939, pp. 123–126; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 12; Rowell 1962, p. 23; Southern 2014, pp. 66–67; Bringmann 2007, p. 287; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 101–103. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
        Syme 1939, pp. 123–126; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 12; Rowell 1962, p. 23; Galinsky 2012, p. 28; Southern 2014, p. 69; Bringmann 2007, p. 287; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 105–109. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
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        Eck & Takács 2003, p. 13; Rowell 1962, p. 23; Galinsky 2012, p. 29; Southern 2014, pp. 69–70; Bringmann 2007, p. 289; Rawson 1994, p. 480. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.
        Fishwick 2004, p. 250. Fishwick, Duncan (2004). The Imperial Cult in the Latin West III, Part 3. Leiden: Brill. p. 250. ISBN 978-90-474-1276-2.
        Rowell 1962, p. 24; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 13; Gruen 2005, p. 160; Southern 2014, p. 71. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Gruen, Erich S. (2005). "Augustus and the Making of the Principate". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–52. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
        Fishwick 2004, p. 250; Southern 2014, p. 72; Rawson 1994, p. 483. Fishwick, Duncan (2004). The Imperial Cult in the Latin West III, Part 3. Leiden: Brill. p. 250. ISBN 978-90-474-1276-2. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.
        Rowell 1962, pp. 26–27; Southern 2014, p. 72; Bringmann 2007, p. 291; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 121; Golden 2013, pp. 201–203. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Golden, Gregory K (2013). Crisis management during the Roman Republic. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05590-2. OCLC 842919750.
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        Rowell 1962, p. 27; Southern 2014, p. 74; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 123–124; Golden 2013, p. 203. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Golden, Gregory K (2013). Crisis management during the Roman Republic. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05590-2. OCLC 842919750.
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davidrsear.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sear, David R. "Common Legend Abbreviations On Roman Coins". Archived from the original on 30 July 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2007.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

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  - Morstein-Marx, Robert (2021). Julius Caesar and the Roman People. Cambridge University Press. p. 491 n. 17. doi:10.1017/9781108943260. ISBN 978-1-108-83784-2. LCCN 2021024626. S2CID 242729962. Mommsen's restoration of Fasti Capit. Cons. sub anno 44, making Octavius magister equitum designatus for 44, has now been disproved by the newly published fragments of the Privernum Fasti.
  - Richardson 2012, p. 37. After protests led by Hortensia, the taxes on women were scaled back considerably. Southern 2014, p. 101 states that the list of roughly 1,400 women listed for making contributions to the state was reduced to about 400 women after protests led by Hortensia, which were supported by Octavian's sister and Mark Antony's mother.
    See also Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 133–134 for a similar description about the proposed tax on 1,400 wealthy women, Hortensia's protest, and the reduction of taxes levied from only 400 wealthy women. Tributum and abeyance since 167 BC: Burton 2012. Richardson, John Stuart (2012). Augustan Rome, 44 BC to AD 14: the Restoration of the Republic and the Establishment of the Empire. The Edinburgh History of Ancient Rome. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1955-9. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Burton, Graham (2012). "tributum". Oxford Classical Dictionary. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.6557.
  - Roller 2010, p. 175; Walker 2008, pp. 35, 42–44. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Walker, Susan (2008). "Cleopatra in Pompeii?". Papers of the British School at Rome. 76: 35–46. doi:10.1017/S0068246200000404. S2CID 62829223.
  - Southern 2014, p. 336; Galinsky 2012, pp. 67–68; Wiseman 2022, pp. 15–17. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Wiseman, T. Peter (2022). "Palace-sanctuary or pavilion? Augustus' house and the limits of archaeology". Papers of the British School at Rome. 90: 9–34. doi:10.1017/S0068246221000295. ISSN 0068-2462.
  - Eder 2005, pp. 24–25; Gruen 2005, pp. 38–39; Galinsky 2012, pp. 63, 70–74; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 57–58; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 237; Cavalieri et al. 2022, pp. 17–18. Eder, Walter (2005). "Augustus and the Power of Tradition". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Gruen, Erich S. (2005). "Augustus and the Making of the Principate". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–52. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (2022). "Augustus through the Ages: Introduction". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–32. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
  - Eck & Takács 2003, p. 55; Strothmann 2006. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) (1 October 2006). "Augustus [2]". New Pauly. Brill. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e12220040. ISSN 1574-9347. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
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  - Galinsky 2012, pp. 84–85; Cavalieri et al. 2022, pp. 28–29. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (2022). "Augustus through the Ages: Introduction". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–32. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
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  - Eck & Takács 2003, p. 2; Cavalieri et al. 2022, pp. 27–28. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (2022). "Augustus through the Ages: Introduction". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–32. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
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  - Bunson 1994, p. 34; Cavalieri et al. 2022, pp. 9–10. Bunson, Matthew (1994). Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-3182-5. Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (2022). "Augustus through the Ages: Introduction". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–32. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
  - Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 403–404, 408–409; Cavalieri et al. 2022, pp. 7–9, with Athenian models for inspiration mentioned specifically on p. 7, though only the Classical era influence is highlighted, not the Hellenistic era architecture as Goldsworthy also emphasizes. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (2022). "Augustus through the Ages: Introduction". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–32. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
  - Wiseman 2022, pp. 15–17; Bingham 2021, pp. 317–319. Wiseman, T. Peter (2022). "Palace-sanctuary or pavilion? Augustus' house and the limits of archaeology". Papers of the British School at Rome. 90: 9–34. doi:10.1017/S0068246221000295. ISSN 0068-2462. Bingham, Sandra (2021). "The House of Augustus: A Historical Detective Story by T P Wiseman (review)". Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada. 62 (2): 317–319. ISSN 1913-5416. Archived from the original on 13 December 2025. Retrieved 2 December 2025.
  - Amici 2015, pp. 658–663. Amici, Carla Maria (2015). "Unusual Examples of Sophisticated Iron Technology in the Heating Systems of Roman Imperial Baths". European Journal of Archaeology. 18 (4). Cambridge University Press: 658–678. doi:10.1179/1461957115Y.0000000002. Archived from the original on 2 January 2026. Retrieved 23 December 2025.
  - Cavalieri et al. 2022, pp. 22, 28–29. Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (2022). "Augustus through the Ages: Introduction". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–32. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
  - Arlington 2000, p. 35; Murray & Murray 2014, p. 41; Cavalieri et al. 2022, pp. 4, 18–19, 23. Arlington, Gabriel (2000) [1996]. The Hereford Mappa Mundi: a Medieval View of the World (reprint ed.). Leominster: Gracewing. ISBN 0-85244-355-2. Archived from the original on 13 January 2026. Retrieved 6 January 2026. Murray, Peter; Murray, Linda (2014). Devonshire Jones, Tom (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Christian Art & Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-969510-2. Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (2022). "Augustus through the Ages: Introduction". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–32. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
  - Cavalieri et al. 2022, pp. 23–25, 28–29. Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (2022). "Augustus through the Ages: Introduction". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–32. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
  - Cavalieri et al. 2022, p. 25. Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (2022). "Augustus through the Ages: Introduction". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–32. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
  - Brizzi 2022, pp. 39–40. Brizzi, Giovanni (2022). "D'un anniversaire à l'autre: Auguste et la notion de pax entre Fascisme et époque moderne". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus (in French). Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 35–50. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
  - Cavalieri et al. 2022, p. 19. Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (2022). "Augustus through the Ages: Introduction". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–32. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
  - Goldsworthy 2014, p. 8; Cavalieri et al. 2022, pp. 19–20, 28. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (2022). "Augustus through the Ages: Introduction". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–32. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
  - Cavalieri et al. 2022, pp. 3, 5, 11–13. Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (2022). "Augustus through the Ages: Introduction". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–32. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
  - Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 8–9; Brizzi 2022, pp. 37–38. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Brizzi, Giovanni (2022). "D'un anniversaire à l'autre: Auguste et la notion de pax entre Fascisme et époque moderne". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus (in French). Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 35–50. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
  - Brizzi 2022, pp. 37–38. Brizzi, Giovanni (2022). "D'un anniversaire à l'autre: Auguste et la notion de pax entre Fascisme et époque moderne". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus (in French). Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 35–50. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
  - Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 34–35, 41–42, 45–46; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 8–9; Brizzi 2022, pp. 37–38. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Brizzi, Giovanni (2022). "D'un anniversaire à l'autre: Auguste et la notion de pax entre Fascisme et époque moderne". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus (in French). Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 35–50. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
  - Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 34–35, 41–42, 44. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718.
  - Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 45–46. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718.
  - Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 33–35, 45–46; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 8–9. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
  - Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 38–39, 44, 51. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718.
  - Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 38–44. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718.
  - Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 10–11, 409–411, saying there is no explicit evidence for it on pp. 10–11; Cavalieri et al. 2022, pp. 13, 17–18, in the context of Augustus being overshadowed by Julius Caesar in popularity and the public's memory about Ancient Rome since the Late Middle Ages. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (2022). "Augustus through the Ages: Introduction". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–32. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
  - Southern 2014, p. 322; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 256; Smith 1997, p. 186. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Smith, R. R. R. (1997). "The Public Image of Licinius I: Portrait Sculpture and Imperial Ideology in the Early Fourth Century". Journal of Roman Studies. 87: 170–202. doi:10.2307/301374. JSTOR 301374. S2CID 162898808.
  - Southern 2014, p. 322, noting some uncertainty but likelihood that this was the case; Claes 2022, pp. 80–81, using far more certain language than Southern 2014, and how various emperors having control over messaging in coinage can be strongly inferred through images and text on coins. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Claes, Liesbeth (2022). "Augustan Images of Legitimacy: The Numismatic Memory of Augustus (AD 14-268)". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 79–106. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
  - Claes 2022, pp. 80–87, 90–99, documenting the different eras and reigns in which Augustus was featured on coins, and periods when his image lapsed or disappeared on Imperial Roman coinage. Claes, Liesbeth (2022). "Augustan Images of Legitimacy: The Numismatic Memory of Augustus (AD 14-268)". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 79–106. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
  - Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 2–3, specifically mentions plays, films, TV series, and novels, and the comparison to Julius Caesar; Brizzi 2022, pp. 35–36, specifically mentions television, film, and comics, while pp. 38–39 mention films and comics as well as the greater popularity of Julius Caesar, and p. 40 continues this comparison to Caesar. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Brizzi, Giovanni (2022). "D'un anniversaire à l'autre: Auguste et la notion de pax entre Fascisme et époque moderne". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus (in French). Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 35–50. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.

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Fratantuono 2016, p. xix; Southern 2014, p. 3; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 45; Zerbey IV 2016, p. 25; Luke 2015, pp. 242–266, but arguing instead that Octavius chose the name to identify himself with his father's pacification of the area. Fratantuono, Lee (2016). The Battle of Actium 31 BC: War for the World. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-47384-714-9. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Zerbey IV, Joseph H. (2016). "The Life and Times of the Other Caesar". Torch. 89 (3): 25–28. ISSN 0040-9448. Luke, Trevor (2015). "Cultivating the memory of Octavius Thurinus". Journal of Ancient History. 3 (2): 242–266. doi:10.1515/jah-2015-0012. ISSN 2324-8106. S2CID 164329002.
Bringmann 2007, p. 304; Galinsky 2012, pp. 66–67, 71; Zerbey IV 2016, p. 27. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Zerbey IV, Joseph H. (2016). "The Life and Times of the Other Caesar". Torch. 89 (3): 25–28. ISSN 0040-9448.
Carter 1983, pp. 29–30; Galinsky 2012, pp. 94–95, 139; Southern 2014, p. 341; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 357–359. Carter, John M. (1983). "Augustus down the centuries". History Today. 33 (3): 24–30. ISSN 0018-2753. Retrieved 5 December 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Carter 1983, p. 25. Carter, John M. (1983). "Augustus down the centuries". History Today. 33 (3): 24–30. ISSN 0018-2753. Retrieved 5 December 2025.
Southern 2014, pp. 320–321; Carter 1983, p. 24; Galinsky 2012, pp. 132–133. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Carter, John M. (1983). "Augustus down the centuries". History Today. 33 (3): 24–30. ISSN 0018-2753. Retrieved 5 December 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3.

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Villa where Augustus probably died is unearthed. Associated Press (video). 16 November 2016. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.

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Cotton & Yakobson (2002, pp. 199–200) discusses the possibility of this happening with the "second settlement" of 23 BC, when Augustus already had control over the praetorian cohorts, and certainly with the grant of imperium proconsulare maius in 19 BC that gave Augustus authority over Italy and Rome, not just the Roman provinces Cotton, Hannah M.; Yakobson, Alexander (2002). "Arcanum Imperii: the Powers of Augustus". In Clar, Gillian; Rajak, Tessa (eds.). Philosophy and Power in the Graeco-Roman World: Essays in Honour of Miriam Griffin. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 193–210. ISBN 0-19-8-29990-7.
Bringmann 2007, pp. 307, 317; Eck & Takács 2003, pp. 45–50; Galinsky 2012, p. 66; Cotton & Yakobson 2002, p. 204. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Cotton, Hannah M.; Yakobson, Alexander (2002). "Arcanum Imperii: the Powers of Augustus". In Clar, Gillian; Rajak, Tessa (eds.). Philosophy and Power in the Graeco-Roman World: Essays in Honour of Miriam Griffin. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 193–210. ISBN 0-19-8-29990-7.
Cotton & Yakobson 2002, pp. 199–200. Cotton, Hannah M.; Yakobson, Alexander (2002). "Arcanum Imperii: the Powers of Augustus". In Clar, Gillian; Rajak, Tessa (eds.). Philosophy and Power in the Graeco-Roman World: Essays in Honour of Miriam Griffin. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 193–210. ISBN 0-19-8-29990-7.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 60; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 267–268; Cotton & Yakobson 2002, pp. 199–200. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Cotton, Hannah M.; Yakobson, Alexander (2002). "Arcanum Imperii: the Powers of Augustus". In Clar, Gillian; Rajak, Tessa (eds.). Philosophy and Power in the Graeco-Roman World: Essays in Honour of Miriam Griffin. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 193–210. ISBN 0-19-8-29990-7.
Cotton & Yakobson 2002, pp. 199–203, which notes academic debate on this issue of either 23 or 19 BC when Augustus gained full control over Italy and Rome, not just the Roman provinces. Cotton, Hannah M.; Yakobson, Alexander (2002). "Arcanum Imperii: the Powers of Augustus". In Clar, Gillian; Rajak, Tessa (eds.). Philosophy and Power in the Graeco-Roman World: Essays in Honour of Miriam Griffin. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 193–210. ISBN 0-19-8-29990-7.
Cotton & Yakobson 2002, pp. 200–202, citing Cassius Dio's account about the Roman people, "the urban plebs" as written on p. 201, clamoring for Augustus to hold the fasces but also to wield consular powers. Cotton, Hannah M.; Yakobson, Alexander (2002). "Arcanum Imperii: the Powers of Augustus". In Clar, Gillian; Rajak, Tessa (eds.). Philosophy and Power in the Graeco-Roman World: Essays in Honour of Miriam Griffin. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 193–210. ISBN 0-19-8-29990-7.
Gruen 2005, p. 43; Galinsky 2012, p. 73; Cotton & Yakobson 2002, pp. 201–202. Gruen, Erich S. (2005). "Augustus and the Making of the Principate". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–52. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Cotton, Hannah M.; Yakobson, Alexander (2002). "Arcanum Imperii: the Powers of Augustus". In Clar, Gillian; Rajak, Tessa (eds.). Philosophy and Power in the Graeco-Roman World: Essays in Honour of Miriam Griffin. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 193–210. ISBN 0-19-8-29990-7.
Southern 2014, pp. 123, 247–248, 281, 292; Beard 2021, pp. 95, 273, 296; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 399–402. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Beard, Mary (2021). Twelve Caesars: Images of Power from the Ancient World to the Modern. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-22236-3. Archived from the original on 1 January 2026. Retrieved 31 December 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Arlington 2000, p. 35; Murray & Murray 2014, p. 41; Cavalieri et al. 2022, pp. 4, 18–19, 23. Arlington, Gabriel (2000) [1996]. The Hereford Mappa Mundi: a Medieval View of the World (reprint ed.). Leominster: Gracewing. ISBN 0-85244-355-2. Archived from the original on 13 January 2026. Retrieved 6 January 2026. Murray, Peter; Murray, Linda (2014). Devonshire Jones, Tom (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Christian Art & Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-969510-2. Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (2022). "Augustus through the Ages: Introduction". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–32. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
Dilke 1987, pp. 205–207, Figure 12.4; Arlington 2000, pp. 35–36. Dilke, O. A. W. (1987). "Maps in the Service of the State: Roman Cartography to the End of the Augustan Era". In Harley, J. B.; Woodward, David (eds.). The History of Cartography: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean (PDF). Vol. 1. Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 0-226-31633-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2026. Retrieved 6 January 2026. Arlington, Gabriel (2000) [1996]. The Hereford Mappa Mundi: a Medieval View of the World (reprint ed.). Leominster: Gracewing. ISBN 0-85244-355-2. Archived from the original on 13 January 2026. Retrieved 6 January 2026.
Beard 2021, pp. 216–217, Figure 6.17. Beard, Mary (2021). Twelve Caesars: Images of Power from the Ancient World to the Modern. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-22236-3. Archived from the original on 1 January 2026. Retrieved 31 December 2025.
Beard 2021, pp. 215–216, Figure 6.16. Beard, Mary (2021). Twelve Caesars: Images of Power from the Ancient World to the Modern. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-22236-3. Archived from the original on 1 January 2026. Retrieved 31 December 2025.

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Ovid 587–590 Archived 8 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine: Id. [...] Populo provinciae redditae. Octaviano Augusti nomen datum

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Wiseman 2022, pp. 15–17; Bingham 2021, pp. 317–319. Wiseman, T. Peter (2022). "Palace-sanctuary or pavilion? Augustus' house and the limits of archaeology". Papers of the British School at Rome. 90: 9–34. doi:10.1017/S0068246221000295. ISSN 0068-2462. Bingham, Sandra (2021). "The House of Augustus: A Historical Detective Story by T P Wiseman (review)". Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada. 62 (2): 317–319. ISSN 1913-5416. Archived from the original on 13 December 2025. Retrieved 2 December 2025.

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Hammond 1957; Syme 1958, pp. 176, 179, 181–183, 185; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 6. Hammond, Mason (1957). "Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 25: 17–64. JSTOR 4238646. Syme, Ronald (1958). "Imperator Caesar: A Study in Nomenclature". Historia. 7 (2): 175–188. JSTOR 4434568. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
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    - Southern 2014, p. 322, noting some uncertainty but likelihood that this was the case; Claes 2022, pp. 80–81, using far more certain language than Southern 2014, and how various emperors having control over messaging in coinage can be strongly inferred through images and text on coins. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Claes, Liesbeth (2022). "Augustan Images of Legitimacy: The Numismatic Memory of Augustus (AD 14-268)". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 79–106. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
    - Claes 2022, pp. 80–87, 90–99, documenting the different eras and reigns in which Augustus was featured on coins, and periods when his image lapsed or disappeared on Imperial Roman coinage. Claes, Liesbeth (2022). "Augustan Images of Legitimacy: The Numismatic Memory of Augustus (AD 14-268)". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus. Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 79–106. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.
    - Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 2–3, specifically mentions plays, films, TV series, and novels, and the comparison to Julius Caesar; Brizzi 2022, pp. 35–36, specifically mentions television, film, and comics, while pp. 38–39 mention films and comics as well as the greater popularity of Julius Caesar, and p. 40 continues this comparison to Caesar. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Brizzi, Giovanni (2022). "D'un anniversaire à l'autre: Auguste et la notion de pax entre Fascisme et époque moderne". In Cavalieri, Marco; Assenmaker, Pierre; Cavagna, Mattia; Engels, David (eds.). Augustus through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor. Collection Latomus (in French). Vol. 366. Brussels: Peeters Publishers. pp. 35–50. doi:10.2307/jj.10574832.4. ISBN 978-90-429-4962-1.

livius.org (Global: 2,150^th place; English: 2,305^th place)

Ancient sources differ considerably as to how many men were targeted. Hinard 1985, pp. 266–269, reviews the evidence. Plutarch in three different lives – Brutus (27.6), Cicero (46.2), and Antony (20.2) – gives figures of 200, a bit more than 200, and 300 men, respectively. Livy, Periochae, 120.4, gave only 130 senators and many equites besides. Florus, 2.16.3, gave 140 senators. Appian, Bella Civilia, 4.7, gives 17 names at first before, in two rounds, 130 and 150 others were added. Appian, Bella Civilia, 4.5.7, also gives a total of 300 senators and some 2,000 equites,^[130] but this figure describes all persons who were killed or had properties confiscated between 43 and the treaty of Misenum in 39.^[131] The number of victims was not necessarily the number proscribed; figures given in Orosius (6.18.10) are corrupt. Around 160 of the proscribed are known by name.^[132] Hinard, François (1985). Les proscriptions de la Rome républicaine (in French). Ecole française de Rome. ISBN 978-2-7283-0094-5. Livy. Periochae.
- Lendering, Jona. (2003). Livius.org Archived 27 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Florus. Epitomae. Appian. Bella civilia.
  - McGing, B. C. (2020). Appian: Roman History. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. IV–VI. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99647-2. Appian. Bella civilia.
    - McGing, B. C. (2020). Appian: Roman History. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. IV–VI. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99647-2.

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

lccn.loc.gov

Morstein-Marx, Robert (2021). Julius Caesar and the Roman People. Cambridge University Press. p. 491 n. 17. doi:10.1017/9781108943260. ISBN 978-1-108-83784-2. LCCN 2021024626. S2CID 242729962. Mommsen's restoration of Fasti Capit. Cons. sub anno 44, making Octavius magister equitum designatus for 44, has now been disproved by the newly published fragments of the Privernum Fasti.

loebclassics.com (Global: 3,294^th place; English: 1,641^st place)

Lindsay 2009, pp. 184–5, 186 n. 3 and Southern 2014, pp. 33–34, citing among others: Appian, Bella Civilia, 2.143; Cicero, Ad Atticum, 14.10.3; Dio, 44.35.2.3; Nicolaus Damascenus, 17.48. See also Tatum 2024, p. 130, Eck & Takács 2003, p. 9, Rowell 1962, p. 14, Galinsky 2012, pp. 9–10, 15, and Goldsworthy 2014, p. 86. Lindsay, Hugh (2009). Adoption in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76050-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Appian. Bella civilia.
- McGing, B. C. (2020). Appian: Roman History. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. IV–VI. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99647-2. Cicero. Epistulae ad Atticum.
  - Shackleton-Bailey, D. R. (1999). Loeb Classical Library Archived 14 December 2025 at the Wayback Machine. 4 volumes. Dio. Historia Romana.
    - Cary, Earnest (1914–27). Loeb Classical Library – via LacusCurtius Archived 4 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Nicolaus Damascenus. Life of Augustus.
      - Toher, Mark (2017). Nicolaus of Damascus: the life of Augustus and the autobiography texts, translations and historical commentary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-07561-0. Tatum, W. Jeffrey (2024). A Noble Ruin: Mark Antony, Civil War, and the Collapse of the Roman Republic. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-769490-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.

luc.edu (Global: 9,461^st place; English: 5,820^th place)

roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu

Galinsky 2012, pp. 40–41; Southern 2014, pp. 123, 137–138; Hurley 2004; Bringmann 2007, p. 299, who mentions Tiberius Claudius Nero divorcing Livia Drusilla so she could marry Octavian, but does not mention Livia was already pregnant while courting Octavian. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Hurley, Donna (2004). "Livia (Wife of Augustus)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 13 July 2025. Retrieved 6 February 2026. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025.

politybooks.com (Global: low place; English: 9,786^th place)

Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Levick 2009, p. 209; Shotter 2005, p. 1; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 6. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Levick, Barbara (2009). "Caesar's Political and Military Legacy to the Roman Emperors". In Griffin, Miriam (ed.). A Companion to Julius Caesar. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 207–223. ISBN 978-1-4443-0845-7. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 6. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Galinsky 2012, p. 16; Southern 2014, p. 37. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Bringmann 2007, pp. 304, 307; Eder 2005, p. 13. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Eder, Walter (2005). "Augustus and the Power of Tradition". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8.
Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Galinsky 2012, pp. xv, 2–3; Lewis 2023, pp. 21–23; Southern 2014, pp. 1, 5; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 7; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 19, 23. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Lewis, Anne-Marie (2023). "Nigidius Figulus and the Birth of a Future Dominus for the World: 63 B.C.". In Lewis, Anne-Marie (ed.). Celestial Inclinations: A Life of Augustus (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–35. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197599648.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-759967-9. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Galinsky 2012, pp. 7–8; Southern 2014, pp. 8–9, 11–12, 91; Bringmann 2007, pp. 229–231; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 20, 52–53. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Galinsky 2012, pp. 8, 14; Southern 2014, pp. 11–23, 91; Bringmann 2007, pp. 229–231, 249, 251–257; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 52–53, 58–62. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 8; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 86, though he provides the date of 15 September 45 BC instead. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Galinsky 2012, pp. xv, 9–10, 15; Southern 2014, p. 43; Bringmann 2007, p. 283, without date; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 88, without date; Rawson 1994, p. 471, mentioning May. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.
Bringmann 2007, pp. 281–282; Galinsky 2012, pp. 21–22; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 85–86; Southern 2014, pp. 55–56. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 10; Bringmann 2007, pp. 281–283, 285; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 86; Southern 2014, pp. 56–57. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Bringmann 2007, pp. 283, 285; Rawson 1994, pp. 471–472. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.
Galinsky 2012, pp. 21–24; Southern 2014, pp. 57–59, 61–62; Bringmann 2007, pp. 285–287; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 98–100. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Rawson 1994, pp. 474–476; Galinsky 2012, pp. 25–26; Bringmann 2007, p. 287. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
Rawson 1994, pp. 474–476; Bringmann 2007, pp. 286–287. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
Chisholm & Ferguson 1981, p. 26; Rowell 1962, p. 30; Galinsky 2012, pp. 21, 26–27; Tatum 2024, pp. 159–60; Southern 2014, pp. 45–55, 58–59, 67–70, 89–90; Bringmann 2007, p. 287; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 102, 110; Rawson 1994, pp. 477, 479–480. Chisholm, Kitty; Ferguson, John (1981). Rome: The Augustan Age; A Source Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872108-6. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Tatum, W. Jeffrey (2024). A Noble Ruin: Mark Antony, Civil War, and the Collapse of the Roman Republic. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-769490-9. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.
Eck & Takács 2003, pp. 11–12; Rowell 1962, p. 21; Galinsky 2012, p. 28; Southern 2014, p. 65; Bringmann 2007, pp. 285–286; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 101, 111; Rawson 1994, p. 474, noting its triple illegality. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.
Syme 1939, pp. 123–126; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 12; Rowell 1962, p. 23; Southern 2014, pp. 66–67; Bringmann 2007, p. 287; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 101–103. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Galinsky 2012, pp. 27–28; Southern 2014, p. 68; Bringmann 2007, p. 287; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 103–105. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Bringmann 2007, p. 287; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 104–105. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Syme 1939, pp. 123–126; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 12; Rowell 1962, p. 23; Galinsky 2012, p. 28; Southern 2014, p. 69; Bringmann 2007, p. 287; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 105–109. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Rowell 1962, p. 23; Bringmann 2007, p. 287; Galinsky 2012, p. 28; Southern 2014, pp. 66–69; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 109–111, 114–115. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
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Eck & Takács 2003, p. 13; Rowell 1962, p. 23; Galinsky 2012, p. 29; Southern 2014, pp. 69–70; Bringmann 2007, p. 289; Rawson 1994, p. 480. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.
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Rowell 1962, pp. 26–27; Southern 2014, p. 72; Bringmann 2007, p. 291; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 121; Golden 2013, pp. 201–203. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Golden, Gregory K (2013). Crisis management during the Roman Republic. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05590-2. OCLC 842919750.
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    - Eck & Takács 2003, pp. 18–19; Southern 2014, pp. 108–109; Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 144. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
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    - Eck & Takács 2003, p. 19; Galinsky 2012, p. 43; Southern 2014, pp. 109–111; Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
    - Eck & Takács 2003, p. 19; Galinsky 2012, pp. 36, 40, 43; Southern 2014, pp. 112–113; Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 145–146. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
    - Rowell 1962, p. 32; Southern 2014, pp. 112–113, 129; Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 146–147. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
    - Scullard 1982, p. 162; Southern 2014, pp. 133; Bringmann 2007, p. 299. Scullard, H. H. (1982) [1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02527-0. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
    - Eck & Takács 2003, p. 20; Galinsky 2012, pp. 40–41; Southern 2014, p. 123; Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 156. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
    - Eck & Takács 2003, p. 20; Galinsky 2012, p. 41; Southern 2014, pp. 123, 137–138; Bringmann 2007, p. 299, though he only mentions Octavian's divorce of Scribonia and marriage to Livia Drusilla, and not the birth of Julia the Elder. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
    - Galinsky 2012, pp. 40–41; Southern 2014, pp. 123, 137–138; Hurley 2004; Bringmann 2007, p. 299, who mentions Tiberius Claudius Nero divorcing Livia Drusilla so she could marry Octavian, but does not mention Livia was already pregnant while courting Octavian. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Hurley, Donna (2004). "Livia (Wife of Augustus)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 13 July 2025. Retrieved 6 February 2026. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
    - Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 153. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
    - Eck & Takács 2003, p. 21; Galinsky 2012, p. 44; Southern 2014, pp. 130–131; Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Burstein 2004, p. 25; Goldsworthy 2014. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
    - Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Burstein 2004, pp. 24–25; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 154. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
    - Eck & Takács 2003, p. 21; Galinsky 2012, p. 44; Southern 2014, pp. 4, 132; Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Burstein 2004, p. 25; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 155–156, 181. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
    - Eder 2005, p. 19; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 22; Galinsky 2012, p. 44; Southern 2014, pp. 133–134, Figure 4.3; Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 159. Eder, Walter (2005). "Augustus and the Power of Tradition". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
    - Bringmann 2007, p. 299. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
    - Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Southern 2014, p. 134. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
    - Scullard 1982, p. 163; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 24; Southern 2014, pp. 139–140; Bringmann 2007, pp. 299–300; Roller 2010, pp. 89–90; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 166. Scullard, H. H. (1982) [1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02527-0. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
    - Southern 2014, pp. 139–140; Bringmann 2007, pp. 299–300; Roller 2010, pp. 89–90; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 166. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
    - Eck & Takács 2003, p. 25; Galinsky 2012, p. 46; Southern 2014, pp. 139; Bringmann 2007, pp. 299–300; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 166. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
    - Eck & Takács 2003, p. 25; Galinsky 2012, p. 46; Southern 2014, pp. 139, 154; Bringmann 2007, pp. 299–300; Burstein 2004, pp. 27–28; Roller 2010, pp. 97–98. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5.
    - Southern 2014, p. 141; Galinsky 2012, p. 45; Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 166–167. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
    - Eck & Takács 2003, pp. 25–26; Galinsky 2012, pp. 38, 44–45; Southern 2014, p. 141; Bringmann 2007, p. 300; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 166–168. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
    - Southern 2014, pp. 141–142; Bringmann 2007, p. 300; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 168. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
    - Galinsky 2012, pp. 44–45; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 26; Southern 2014, pp. 142, 145–146; Bringmann 2007, p. 300; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 168. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
    - Galinsky 2012, p. 47; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 26; Southern 2014, p. 142; Bringmann 2007, p. 300; Roller 2010, p. 98; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 172. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
    - Eck & Takács 2003, p. 26; Southern 2014, p. 142–143; Bringmann 2007, p. 300; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 170–171; Galinsky 2012, p. 38. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3.
    - Scullard 1982, p. 164; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 26; Galinsky 2012, p. 38; Southern 2014, pp. 143, 146; Bringmann 2007, p. 300; Roller 2010, p. 98; Burstein 2004, p. 27; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 171–172. Scullard, H. H. (1982) [1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02527-0. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
    - Eck & Takács 2003, pp. 26–27; Southern 2014, p. 147; Bringmann 2007, p. 300. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
    - Eder 2005, p. 20; Bringmann 2007, p. 300. Eder, Walter (2005). "Augustus and the Power of Tradition". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
    - Eck & Takács 2003, p. 30; Roller 2010, pp. 5, 98; Southern 2014, pp. 153–154; Bringmann 2007, p. 301; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 182. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
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proquest.com (Global: 121^st place; English: 59^th place)

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riminiturismo.it (Global: low place; English: low place)

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semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

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uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

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Lindsay 2009, p. 89, citing Dio, 45.1.1. Lindsay, Hugh (2009). Adoption in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76050-8. Dio. Historia Romana.
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- Lindsay 2009, pp. 184–5, 186 n. 3 and Southern 2014, pp. 33–34, citing among others: Appian, Bella Civilia, 2.143; Cicero, Ad Atticum, 14.10.3; Dio, 44.35.2.3; Nicolaus Damascenus, 17.48. See also Tatum 2024, p. 130, Eck & Takács 2003, p. 9, Rowell 1962, p. 14, Galinsky 2012, pp. 9–10, 15, and Goldsworthy 2014, p. 86. Lindsay, Hugh (2009). Adoption in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76050-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Appian. Bella civilia.
  - McGing, B. C. (2020). Appian: Roman History. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. IV–VI. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99647-2. Cicero. Epistulae ad Atticum.
    - Shackleton-Bailey, D. R. (1999). Loeb Classical Library Archived 14 December 2025 at the Wayback Machine. 4 volumes. Dio. Historia Romana.
      - Cary, Earnest (1914–27). Loeb Classical Library – via LacusCurtius Archived 4 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Nicolaus Damascenus. Life of Augustus.
        Toher, Mark (2017). Nicolaus of Damascus: the life of Augustus and the autobiography texts, translations and historical commentary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-07561-0. Tatum, W. Jeffrey (2024). A Noble Ruin: Mark Antony, Civil War, and the Collapse of the Roman Republic. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-769490-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
        Welch 2014, pp. 138–145, preferring the Greek narratives (Appian, Bella Civilia, 3.95.392–3, Dio, 46.48.2–4) to the streamlined versions in Latin (especially Augustus, RGDA, 2); Southern 2014, p. 88; Bringmann 2007, pp. 292–293; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 124–125; Rawson 1994, p. 486. Welch, Kathryn (2014). "The lex Pedia of 43 BCE and its aftermath". Hermathena (196/197): 137–162. ISSN 0018-0750. JSTOR 26740133. Appian. Bella civilia.
        McGing, B. C. (2020). Appian: Roman History. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. IV–VI. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99647-2. Dio. Historia Romana.
        Cary, Earnest (1914–27). Loeb Classical Library – via LacusCurtius Archived 4 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Augustus. Res Gestae Divi Augusti.
        Cooley, Alison E. (2009). Res Gestae Divi Augusti: Text, Translation, and Commentary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84152-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.
        Censorinus XXI.8 : quamvis ex ante diem XVI kal. Febr. imperator Caesar. The number is right, but the phrasing is not.
        Bunson 1994, p. 34; Southern 2014, p. 331, citing Dio, 56.30.3, and Suetonius, Augustus, 28.3. Bunson, Matthew (1994). Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-3182-5. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Dio. Historia Romana.
        Cary, Earnest (1914–27). Loeb Classical Library – via LacusCurtius Archived 4 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Suetonius. Augustus.
        Wardle, D. (2014). Life of Augustus: Vita divi Augusti. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-968645-2.
        press.uchicago.edu
        Dilke 1987, pp. 205–208. Dilke, O. A. W. (1987). "Maps in the Service of the State: Roman Cartography to the End of the Augustan Era". In Harley, J. B.; Woodward, David (eds.). The History of Cartography: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean (PDF). Vol. 1. Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 0-226-31633-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2026. Retrieved 6 January 2026.
        Dilke 1987, p. 207. Dilke, O. A. W. (1987). "Maps in the Service of the State: Roman Cartography to the End of the Augustan Era". In Harley, J. B.; Woodward, David (eds.). The History of Cartography: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean (PDF). Vol. 1. Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 0-226-31633-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2026. Retrieved 6 January 2026.
        Dilke 1987, pp. 205–207, Figure 12.4; Arlington 2000, pp. 35–36. Dilke, O. A. W. (1987). "Maps in the Service of the State: Roman Cartography to the End of the Augustan Era". In Harley, J. B.; Woodward, David (eds.). The History of Cartography: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean (PDF). Vol. 1. Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 0-226-31633-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2026. Retrieved 6 January 2026. Arlington, Gabriel (2000) [1996]. The Hereford Mappa Mundi: a Medieval View of the World (reprint ed.). Leominster: Gracewing. ISBN 0-85244-355-2. Archived from the original on 13 January 2026. Retrieved 6 January 2026.

uzh.ch (Global: 1,380^th place; English: 1,488^th place)

edcs.hist.uzh.ch

AE 1898, 14 = AE 2007, 312: XVII – Kalendas Februarias – c(omitialis) Imp(erator) Caesar [Augustus est a]ppell[a]tus ipso VII et Agrip[pa III co(n)s(ulibus)]
CIL X, 8375: [X]VII K(alendas) Febr(uarias) eo di[e Caesar Augustu]s appellatus est supplicatio Augusto

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Ancient sources differ considerably as to how many men were targeted. Hinard 1985, pp. 266–269, reviews the evidence. Plutarch in three different lives – Brutus (27.6), Cicero (46.2), and Antony (20.2) – gives figures of 200, a bit more than 200, and 300 men, respectively. Livy, Periochae, 120.4, gave only 130 senators and many equites besides. Florus, 2.16.3, gave 140 senators. Appian, Bella Civilia, 4.7, gives 17 names at first before, in two rounds, 130 and 150 others were added. Appian, Bella Civilia, 4.5.7, also gives a total of 300 senators and some 2,000 equites,^[130] but this figure describes all persons who were killed or had properties confiscated between 43 and the treaty of Misenum in 39.^[131] The number of victims was not necessarily the number proscribed; figures given in Orosius (6.18.10) are corrupt. Around 160 of the proscribed are known by name.^[132] Hinard, François (1985). Les proscriptions de la Rome républicaine (in French). Ecole française de Rome. ISBN 978-2-7283-0094-5. Livy. Periochae.
- Lendering, Jona. (2003). Livius.org Archived 27 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Florus. Epitomae. Appian. Bella civilia.
  - McGing, B. C. (2020). Appian: Roman History. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. IV–VI. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99647-2. Appian. Bella civilia.
    - McGing, B. C. (2020). Appian: Roman History. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. IV–VI. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99647-2.
    - Lindsay 2009, p. 89, citing Dio, 45.1.1. Lindsay, Hugh (2009). Adoption in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76050-8. Dio. Historia Romana.
      - Cary, Earnest (1914–27). Loeb Classical Library – via LacusCurtius Archived 4 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
      - Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Levick 2009, p. 209; Shotter 2005, p. 1; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 6. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Levick, Barbara (2009). "Caesar's Political and Military Legacy to the Roman Emperors". In Griffin, Miriam (ed.). A Companion to Julius Caesar. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 207–223. ISBN 978-1-4443-0845-7. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
      - Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 6. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
      - Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Galinsky 2012, p. 16; Southern 2014, p. 37. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
      - Eck & Takács 2007, p. 57. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
      - Hammond 1957, pp. 21, 55; Galinsky 2012, pp. 66–67; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 57. Hammond, Mason (1957). "Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 25: 17–64. JSTOR 4238646. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
      - Bringmann 2007, pp. 304, 307; Eder 2005, p. 13. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Eder, Walter (2005). "Augustus and the Power of Tradition". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8.
      - Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Galinsky 2012, pp. xv, 2–3; Lewis 2023, pp. 21–23; Southern 2014, pp. 1, 5; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 7; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 19, 23. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Lewis, Anne-Marie (2023). "Nigidius Figulus and the Birth of a Future Dominus for the World: 63 B.C.". In Lewis, Anne-Marie (ed.). Celestial Inclinations: A Life of Augustus (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–35. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197599648.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-759967-9. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
      - Lewis 2023, p. 34; Shotter 2005, pp. 1–2; Southern 2014, pp. 1–3; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 6; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 33. Lewis, Anne-Marie (2023). "Nigidius Figulus and the Birth of a Future Dominus for the World: 63 B.C.". In Lewis, Anne-Marie (ed.). Celestial Inclinations: A Life of Augustus (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–35. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197599648.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-759967-9. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
      - Galinsky 2012, pp. 2, 5; Southern 2014, p. 5; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 6. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
      - Shotter 2005, pp. 1–2; Lewis 2023, p. 34; Rowell 1962, p. 14; Southern 2014, p. 7; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 6–7; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 20, 23. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Lewis, Anne-Marie (2023). "Nigidius Figulus and the Birth of a Future Dominus for the World: 63 B.C.". In Lewis, Anne-Marie (ed.). Celestial Inclinations: A Life of Augustus (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–35. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197599648.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-759967-9. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
      - Galinsky 2012, p. 6; Shotter 2005, p. 2; Southern 2014, pp. 3, 9; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 7; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 48. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
      - Galinsky 2012, p. 8; Southern 2014, p. 9; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 7; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 48. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
      - Galinsky 2012, pp. 7–8; Southern 2014, pp. 8–9, 11–12, 91; Bringmann 2007, pp. 229–231; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 20, 52–53. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
      - Galinsky 2012, pp. 8, 14; Southern 2014, pp. 11–23, 91; Bringmann 2007, pp. 229–231, 249, 251–257; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 52–53, 58–62. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
      - Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 8; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 86, though he provides the date of 15 September 45 BC instead. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
      - Southern 2014, pp. 42–43; Galinsky 2012, p. 15; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 9–10; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 85. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
      - Lindsay 2009, pp. 184–5, 186 n. 3 and Southern 2014, pp. 33–34, citing among others: Appian, Bella Civilia, 2.143; Cicero, Ad Atticum, 14.10.3; Dio, 44.35.2.3; Nicolaus Damascenus, 17.48. See also Tatum 2024, p. 130, Eck & Takács 2003, p. 9, Rowell 1962, p. 14, Galinsky 2012, pp. 9–10, 15, and Goldsworthy 2014, p. 86. Lindsay, Hugh (2009). Adoption in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76050-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Appian. Bella civilia.
        McGing, B. C. (2020). Appian: Roman History. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. IV–VI. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99647-2. Cicero. Epistulae ad Atticum.
        Shackleton-Bailey, D. R. (1999). Loeb Classical Library Archived 14 December 2025 at the Wayback Machine. 4 volumes. Dio. Historia Romana.
        Cary, Earnest (1914–27). Loeb Classical Library – via LacusCurtius Archived 4 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Nicolaus Damascenus. Life of Augustus.
        Toher, Mark (2017). Nicolaus of Damascus: the life of Augustus and the autobiography texts, translations and historical commentary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-07561-0. Tatum, W. Jeffrey (2024). A Noble Ruin: Mark Antony, Civil War, and the Collapse of the Roman Republic. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-769490-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
        Galinsky 2012, pp. xv, 9–10, 15; Southern 2014, p. 43; Bringmann 2007, p. 283, without date; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 88, without date; Rawson 1994, p. 471, mentioning May. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.
        Rowell 1962, p. 19; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 9–10; Southern 2014, p. 55. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
        Bringmann 2007, pp. 281–282; Galinsky 2012, pp. 21–22; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 85–86; Southern 2014, pp. 55–56. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
        Eck & Takács 2003, p. 10; Bringmann 2007, pp. 281–283, 285; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 86; Southern 2014, pp. 56–57. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
        Bringmann 2007, pp. 283, 285; Rawson 1994, pp. 471–472. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.
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        Rawson 1994, pp. 474–476; Galinsky 2012, pp. 25–26; Bringmann 2007, p. 287. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
        Rawson 1994, pp. 474–476; Bringmann 2007, pp. 286–287. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
        Chisholm & Ferguson 1981, p. 26; Rowell 1962, p. 30; Galinsky 2012, pp. 21, 26–27; Tatum 2024, pp. 159–60; Southern 2014, pp. 45–55, 58–59, 67–70, 89–90; Bringmann 2007, p. 287; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 102, 110; Rawson 1994, pp. 477, 479–480. Chisholm, Kitty; Ferguson, John (1981). Rome: The Augustan Age; A Source Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872108-6. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Tatum, W. Jeffrey (2024). A Noble Ruin: Mark Antony, Civil War, and the Collapse of the Roman Republic. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-769490-9. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.
        Eck & Takács 2003, pp. 11–12; Rowell 1962, p. 21; Galinsky 2012, p. 28; Southern 2014, p. 65; Bringmann 2007, pp. 285–286; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 101, 111; Rawson 1994, p. 474, noting its triple illegality. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.
        Syme 1939, pp. 123–126; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 12; Rowell 1962, p. 23; Southern 2014, pp. 66–67; Bringmann 2007, p. 287; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 101–103. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
        Galinsky 2012, pp. 27–28; Southern 2014, p. 68; Bringmann 2007, p. 287; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 103–105. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
        Bringmann 2007, p. 287; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 104–105. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
        Syme 1939, pp. 123–126; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 12; Rowell 1962, p. 23; Galinsky 2012, p. 28; Southern 2014, p. 69; Bringmann 2007, p. 287; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 105–109. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
        Rowell 1962, p. 23; Bringmann 2007, p. 287; Galinsky 2012, p. 28; Southern 2014, pp. 66–69; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 109–111, 114–115. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
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        Southern 2014, pp. 107–108; Bringmann 2007, pp. 296–298; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 18; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 127, 143–144, 153. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
        Southern 2014, p. 108; Bringmann 2007, pp. 296–297; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 127, 143–144, 153. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
        Eck & Takács 2003, p. 18; Galinsky 2012, pp. 42–43; Southern 2014, p. 108; Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 144. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
        Eck & Takács 2003, pp. 18–19; Southern 2014, pp. 108–109; Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 144. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
        Eck & Takács 2003, p. 19; Galinsky 2012, pp. 42–43; Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 144. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
        Eck & Takács 2003, p. 19; Galinsky 2012, p. 43; Southern 2014, pp. 109–111; Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
        Eck & Takács 2003, p. 19; Galinsky 2012, pp. 36, 40, 43; Southern 2014, pp. 112–113; Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 145–146. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
        Rowell 1962, p. 32; Southern 2014, pp. 112–113, 129; Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 146–147. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0956-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
        Scullard 1982, p. 162; Southern 2014, pp. 133; Bringmann 2007, p. 299. Scullard, H. H. (1982) [1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02527-0. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
        Eck & Takács 2003, p. 20; Galinsky 2012, pp. 40–41; Southern 2014, p. 123; Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 156. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
        Eck & Takács 2003, p. 20; Galinsky 2012, p. 41; Southern 2014, pp. 123, 137–138; Bringmann 2007, p. 299, though he only mentions Octavian's divorce of Scribonia and marriage to Livia Drusilla, and not the birth of Julia the Elder. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
        Galinsky 2012, pp. 40–41; Southern 2014, pp. 123, 137–138; Hurley 2004; Bringmann 2007, p. 299, who mentions Tiberius Claudius Nero divorcing Livia Drusilla so she could marry Octavian, but does not mention Livia was already pregnant while courting Octavian. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Hurley, Donna (2004). "Livia (Wife of Augustus)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 13 July 2025. Retrieved 6 February 2026. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
        Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 153. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
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        Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Burstein 2004, pp. 24–25; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 154. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
        Eck & Takács 2003, p. 21; Galinsky 2012, p. 44; Southern 2014, pp. 4, 132; Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Burstein 2004, p. 25; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 155–156, 181. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
        Eder 2005, p. 19; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 22; Galinsky 2012, p. 44; Southern 2014, pp. 133–134, Figure 4.3; Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 159. Eder, Walter (2005). "Augustus and the Power of Tradition". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
        Bringmann 2007, p. 299. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
        Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Southern 2014, p. 134. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
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        Southern 2014, pp. 139–140; Bringmann 2007, pp. 299–300; Roller 2010, pp. 89–90; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 166. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2025. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
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worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

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        Welch 2014, pp. 138–39 (RGDA), 142–43; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 125. Welch, Kathryn (2014). "The lex Pedia of 43 BCE and its aftermath". Hermathena (196/197): 137–162. ISSN 0018-0750. JSTOR 26740133. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
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