Augustus (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Augustus" in English language version.

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Fishwick 2004, p. 250; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 57. Fishwick, Duncan (2004). The Imperial Cult in the Latin West III, Part 3. Leiden: Brill. p. 250. ISBN 978-90-474-1276-2. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
Eck & Takács 2007, p. 57. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
Hammond 1957, pp. 21, 55; Galinsky 2012, pp. 66–67; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 57. Hammond, Mason (1957). "Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 25: 17–64. JSTOR 4238646. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Galinsky 2012, pp. xv, 2–3; Lewis 2023, pp. 21–23; Southern 2014, pp. 1, 5; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 7; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 19, 23. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Lewis, Anne-Marie (2023). "Nigidius Figulus and the Birth of a Future Dominus for the World: 63 B.C.". In Lewis, Anne-Marie (ed.). Celestial Inclinations: A Life of Augustus (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press (Oxford Academic). pp. 19–35. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197599648.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-759967-9. Retrieved 29 April 2025. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Galinsky 2012, pp. 2, 5; Southern 2014, p. 5; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 6. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
Lewis 2023, p. 34; Shotter 2005, pp. 1–2; Southern 2014, pp. 1–3; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 6; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 33. Lewis, Anne-Marie (2023). "Nigidius Figulus and the Birth of a Future Dominus for the World: 63 B.C.". In Lewis, Anne-Marie (ed.). Celestial Inclinations: A Life of Augustus (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press (Oxford Academic). pp. 19–35. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197599648.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-759967-9. Retrieved 29 April 2025. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Retrieved 7 May 2025. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Galinsky 2012, p. 5; Southern 2014, p. 7; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 6; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 44–45. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Goldsworthy 2014, p. 45; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 6; Richardson 2012, p. 5; Broughton 1952. Broughton cites the elogium for Octavius, ILS 47, throughout. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Richardson, John Stuart (2012). Augustan Rome, 44 BC to AD 14: the Restoration of the Republic and the Establishment of the Empire. The Edinburgh History of Ancient Rome. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1955-9. Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1952). The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
Shotter 2005, pp. 1–2; Lewis 2023, p. 34; Rowell 1962, p. 14; Southern 2014, p. 7; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 6–7; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 20, 23. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Retrieved 7 May 2025. Lewis, Anne-Marie (2023). "Nigidius Figulus and the Birth of a Future Dominus for the World: 63 B.C.". In Lewis, Anne-Marie (ed.). Celestial Inclinations: A Life of Augustus (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press (Oxford Academic). pp. 19–35. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197599648.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-759967-9. Retrieved 29 April 2025. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Galinsky 2012, p. 6; Shotter 2005, p. 2; Southern 2014, pp. 3, 9; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 7; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 48. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Retrieved 7 May 2025. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Galinsky 2012, p. 8; Southern 2014, p. 9; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 7; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 48. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 8; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 86, though he provides the date of 15 September 45 BC instead. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Southern 2014, pp. 42–43; Galinsky 2012, p. 15; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 9–10; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 85. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Rowell 1962, p. 19; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 9–10; Southern 2014, p. 55. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Bringmann 2007, p. 304; Galinsky 2012, pp. 56–58; Southern 2014, pp. 165, 173–174, 184–185, 236; Roller 2010, p. 151; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 59–60. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 57–58. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
Eder 2005, pp. 24–25; Gruen 2005, pp. 38–39; Galinsky 2012, pp. 63, 70–74; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 57–58; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 237. Eder, Walter (2005). "Augustus and the Power of Tradition". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Gruen, Erich S. (2005). "Augustus and the Making of the Principate". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–52. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 3, 50, 55–57; Bringmann 2007, pp. 304–307; Galinsky 2012, pp. 62, 66–67; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 235–236. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 56–57; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 236. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 56–57. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 55–57; Galinsky 2012, p. 67; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 235–236. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Eck & Takács 2007, p. 155; Roberts 2007, p. 858. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Roberts, John (2007). "Princeps senatus". Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World. Oxford Reference. p. 858. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192801463.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-280146-3.
Galinsky 2012, pp. 72, 80–81; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 127, 137, 151; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 241–242, 244. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Southern 2014, p. 238; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 240; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 137. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
Southern 2014, p. 238; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 137. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
Mackay 2004, p. 186; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 3, 75–76; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 394–396, 405. Mackay, Christopher S. (2004). Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80918-4. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Bowersock 1983, p. 46; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 260–261; Southern 2014, pp. 200–201, 211; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 136, 182. Bowersock, G. W. (1983). Roman Arabia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-77755-7. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
Bowersock 1983, pp. 47–49; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 260–261; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 182. Bowersock, G. W. (1983). Roman Arabia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-77755-7. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
Bowersock 1983, pp. 46, 49 (footnote 16); Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 261, 297, 300; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 136, 182. Bowersock, G. W. (1983). Roman Arabia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-77755-7. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
Welsby 1996, pp. 69–70; Southern 2014, pp. 236–237; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 182. Welsby, Derek (1996). The Kingdom of Kush: the Napatan and Meroitic Empires. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-0986-2. OCLC 34888835. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
Welsby 1996, pp. 68–70; Southern 2014, p. 237; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 300; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 137. Welsby, Derek (1996). The Kingdom of Kush: the Napatan and Meroitic Empires. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-0986-2. OCLC 34888835. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
Southern 2014, p. 274; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 123–124. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
Eck & Takács 2007, p. 57; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 6. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Southern 2014, p. 341; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 1; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 13. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Galinsky 2012, p. 85; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 123–124. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
Bunson 1994, p. 341; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 54, 94. Bunson, Matthew (1994). Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-3182-5. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 128–129; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 340. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Amici 2015, pp. 658–663. Amici, Carla Maria (2015). "Unusual Examples of Sophisticated Iron Technology in the Heating Systems of Roman Imperial Baths". European Journal of Archaeology. 18 (4). Cambridge University Press: 658–678. doi:10.1179/1461957115Y.0000000002.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Luc (2024, p. 133) provides two dates, 59 and 58 BC, while Shotter (2005, pp. 1–2) says 58 BC only, and Chisholm & Ferguson (1981, p. 23), Southern (2014, pp. 7, 9), and Galinsky (2012, p. xv) say 59 BC. Luc, Ireneusz (2024). Roman Military Tribunes (First Century BC to Third Century AD): A Historical and Prosopographical Study: Prosopographical Catalogue, Part 1: Roman Military Tribunes (tribuni Militum in Exercitu) and in the Garrison of the Roman Capital (tribuni Militum in Praetorio). Vol. 1. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing. ISBN 978-1-80327-853-7. Retrieved 8 May 2025. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Retrieved 7 May 2025. Chisholm, Kitty; Ferguson, John (1981). Rome: The Augustan Age; A Source Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872108-6. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3.
Chisholm & Ferguson 1981, p. 23; Galinsky 2012, pp. xv, 5–6; Southern 2014, pp. 7, 9; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 46–47. Chisholm, Kitty; Ferguson, John (1981). Rome: The Augustan Age; A Source Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872108-6. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Roller 2010, p. 74; Burstein 2004, pp. xxi, 21. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4.
Chisholm & Ferguson 1981, pp. 24, 27; Rowell 1962, p. 20. Chisholm, Kitty; Ferguson, John (1981). Rome: The Augustan Age; A Source Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872108-6. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Chisholm & Ferguson 1981, p. 26; Rowell 1962, p. 30; Galinsky 2012, pp. 21, 26–27; Tatum 2024, pp. 159–60; Southern 2014, pp. 45–55, 58–59, 67–70, 89–90; Bringmann 2007, p. 287. Chisholm, Kitty; Ferguson, John (1981). Rome: The Augustan Age; A Source Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872108-6. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Tatum, W. Jeffrey (2024). A Noble Ruin: Mark Antony, Civil War, and the Collapse of the Roman Republic. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-769490-9. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Syme 1939, pp. 123–126; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 12; Rowell 1962, p. 23; Southern 2014, pp. 66–67; Bringmann 2007, p. 287. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Syme 1939, pp. 123–126; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 12; Rowell 1962, p. 23; Galinsky 2012, p. 28; Southern 2014, p. 69; Bringmann 2007, p. 287. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Chisholm & Ferguson 1981, p. 29. Chisholm, Kitty; Ferguson, John (1981). Rome: The Augustan Age; A Source Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872108-6.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 13; Syme 1939, p. 167; Galinsky 2012, pp. 29–30; Southern 2014, pp. 69–70; Bringmann 2007, pp. 289–291. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Syme 1939, pp. 173–174; Scullard 1982, p. 157; Galinsky 2012, p. 30; Southern 2014, pp. 71–72; Bringmann 2007, p. 291. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Scullard, H. H. (1982) [1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02527-0. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Chisholm & Ferguson 1981, pp. 32–33; Southern 2014, p. 74; Bringmann 2007, p. 292. Chisholm, Kitty; Ferguson, John (1981). Rome: The Augustan Age; A Source Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872108-6. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Syme 1939, pp. 176–186; Southern 2014, pp. 79–80; Bringmann 2007, p. 292; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 121. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 16; Galinsky 2012, p. 42; Burstein 2004, pp. xxi, 21–22; Bringmann 2007, p. 295; Southern 2014, pp. 90–92. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Scullard 1982, p. 163; Galinsky 2012, p. 42; Burstein 2004, pp. xxi, 21–22; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 15; Southern 2014, pp. 91–92, 99; Bringmann 2007, pp. 295–296. Scullard, H. H. (1982) [1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02527-0. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Galinsky 2012, pp. 36, 42; Scullard 1982, p. 164; Southern 2014, pp. 97, 100–101. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Scullard, H. H. (1982) [1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02527-0. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Syme 1939, p. 202; Southern 2014, pp. 101–102; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 134. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Roller 2010, p. 75; Galinsky 2012, p. 42; Burstein 2004, pp. xxi, 22–23; Southern 2014, pp. 104–106; Bringmann 2007, p. 297. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 18; Roller 2010, pp. 4–5, 69–71, 74, 76–83; Burstein 2004, pp. xxi–xxii, 20–21, 23–25; Southern 2014, pp. 63–64; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 74–75, 143, 154, 180–181. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Scullard 1982, p. 162; Southern 2014, pp. 133; Bringmann 2007, p. 299. Scullard, H. H. (1982) [1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02527-0. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 21; Galinsky 2012, p. 46; Roller 2010, pp. 83–84; Burstein 2004, p. xxii, 25; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 154, 181. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Galinsky 2012, p. 46; Roller 2010, pp. 83–84; Burstein 2004, p. xxii, 25; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 154, 181. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Roller 2010, p. 96; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 181–182; Burstein 2004, p. xxii, 25–26. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 21; Galinsky 2012, p. 44; Southern 2014, pp. 130–131; Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Burstein 2004, p. 25; Goldsworthy 2014. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Burstein 2004, pp. 24–25; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 154. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 21; Galinsky 2012, p. 44; Southern 2014, pp. 4, 132; Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Burstein 2004, p. 25; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 155–156, 181. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Scullard 1982, p. 163; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 24; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 165. Scullard, H. H. (1982) [1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02527-0. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Scullard 1982, p. 163; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 24; Southern 2014, pp. 139–140; Bringmann 2007, pp. 299–300; Roller 2010, pp. 89–90; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 166. Scullard, H. H. (1982) [1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02527-0. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 25; Galinsky 2012, p. 46; Southern 2014, pp. 139, 154; Bringmann 2007, pp. 299–300; Burstein 2004, pp. 27–28; Roller 2010, pp. 97–98. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5.
Scullard 1982, p. 164; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 26; Galinsky 2012, p. 38; Southern 2014, pp. 143, 146; Bringmann 2007, p. 300; Roller 2010, p. 98; Burstein 2004, p. 27; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 171–172. Scullard, H. H. (1982) [1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02527-0. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 29; Roller 2010, pp. 97–98; Burstein 2004, pp. 27–28; Southern 2014, pp. 151, 153–154; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 172–173. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 29; Roller 2010, pp. 97–98; Burstein 2004, pp. 27–28; Southern 2014, pp. 151, 153–154. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Eck & Takács 2003, pp. 29–30; Galinsky 2012, pp. 41, 46; Southern 2014, p. 151; Roller 2010, p. 97; Burstein 2004, pp. 27–28. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4.
Roller 2010, p. 96; Burstein 2004, pp. xxii, 25–26; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 181–182. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Eck & Takács 2003, pp. 29–30; Galinsky 2012, pp. 41, 46; Southern 2014, p. 154; Roller 2010, pp. 5, 97–98; Burstein 2004, pp. 27–28; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 182. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Galinsky 2012, p. 46; Southern 2014, p. 151; Roller 2010, p. 99; Burstein 2004, pp. xxii, 28; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 183–185. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 30; Bringmann 2007, p. 301; Roller 2010, pp. 99–100; Burstein 2004, pp. xxii, 28–29. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4.
Roller 2010, pp. 99–100; Bringmann 2007, pp. 301–302; Burstein 2004, pp. xxii, 29; Southern 2014, p. 151; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 183–185. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Galinsky 2012, pp. 47–48; Roller 2010, p. 135; Bringmann 2007, p. 303; Burstein 2004, p. xxii, 29; Southern 2014, pp. 152–154. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Galinsky 2012, pp. 48–50; Roller 2010, p. 134; Bringmann 2007, p. 303; Burstein 2004, pp. 29–30; Southern 2014, p. 158; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 186. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Eck & Takács 2003, pp. 34–35; Eder 2005, pp. 21–22; Roller 2010, pp. 135–136; Galinsky 2012, p. 50; Burstein 2004, p. 29; Southern 2014, p. 159; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 186–187. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Eder, Walter (2005). "Augustus and the Power of Tradition". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 35; Eder 2005, p. 22; Roller 2010, pp. 5, 136–137; Galinsky 2012, p. 50; Burstein 2004, pp. xxii, 30; Southern 2014, pp. 125–126, 160; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 188; Jones 2006, p. 147. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Eder, Walter (2005). "Augustus and the Power of Tradition". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: a sourcebook. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3741-4. Retrieved 18 December 2025.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 38; Roller 2010, pp. 137, 139; Galinsky 2012, pp. 31, 53–55; Bringmann 2007, pp. 303–304; Burstein 2004, pp. xxii, 30; Southern 2014, pp. 163–164; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 189–191. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Roller 2010, pp. 139–140; Galinsky 2012, p. 55; Bringmann 2007, p. 304; Burstein 2004, p. 30–31; Southern 2014, pp. 163–164; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 191. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Galinsky 2012, p. 55; Bringmann 2007, p. 304; Burstein 2004, pp. xxii–xxiii, 30–31; Southern 2014, pp. 164–165; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 191. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Bringmann 2007, p. 304; Burstein 2004, p. 30. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 39; Roller 2010, pp. 145–148; Galinsky 2012, pp. 31, 55–56; Burstein 2004, p. 31; Bringmann 2007, p. 304; Southern 2014, p. 166; Jones 2006, pp. 184–186; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 192–193. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: a sourcebook. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3741-4. Retrieved 18 December 2025.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Roller 2010, pp. 146–147, 213, footnote 83; Galinsky 2012, p. 56; Bringmann 2007, p. 304; Burstein 2004, p. 31; Southern 2014, p. 173. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 39; Roller 2010, pp. 147–149; Burstein 2004, pp. 31–32; Southern 2014, p. 173. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Roller 2010, pp. 149–150, 153; Galinsky 2012, p. 56; Burstein 2004, p. xxiii, 32; Southern 2014, pp. 63–64, 159, 173; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 49; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 193. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
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Roller 2010, pp. 152–153; Burstein 2004, pp. 32, 76–77, 131; Southern 2014, pp. 132–133, 173. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
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Burstein 2004, p. 66. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4.
Burstein 2004, pp. xxiii, 1. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4.
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Scullard 1982, p. 211. Scullard, H. H. (1982) [1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02527-0.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 46; Scullard 1982, p. 210; Galinsky 2012, pp. 62, 66. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Scullard, H. H. (1982) [1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02527-0. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3.
Eder 2005, pp. 24–25; Scullard 1982, p. 211. Eder, Walter (2005). "Augustus and the Power of Tradition". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Scullard, H. H. (1982) [1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02527-0.
Holland 2005, p. 294. Holland, Richard (2005). Augustus, Godfather of Europe. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-2911-0.
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Holland 2005, pp. 294–295; Southern 1998, p. 108; Galinsky 2012, p. 74; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 265. Holland, Richard (2005). Augustus, Godfather of Europe. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-2911-0. Southern, Pat (1998). Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (first ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16631-7. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Southern 1998, p. 109; Holland 2005, p. 299. Southern, Pat (1998). Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (first ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16631-7. Holland, Richard (2005). Augustus, Godfather of Europe. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-2911-0.
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books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

For a similar translation, see Eder (2005, p. 13), who translates the name Augustus as "The Revered One". Eder, Walter (2005). "Augustus and the Power of Tradition". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8.
Luc (2024, p. 133) provides two dates, 59 and 58 BC, while Shotter (2005, pp. 1–2) says 58 BC only, and Chisholm & Ferguson (1981, p. 23), Southern (2014, pp. 7, 9), and Galinsky (2012, p. xv) say 59 BC. Luc, Ireneusz (2024). Roman Military Tribunes (First Century BC to Third Century AD): A Historical and Prosopographical Study: Prosopographical Catalogue, Part 1: Roman Military Tribunes (tribuni Militum in Exercitu) and in the Garrison of the Roman Capital (tribuni Militum in Praetorio). Vol. 1. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing. ISBN 978-1-80327-853-7. Retrieved 8 May 2025. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Retrieved 7 May 2025. Chisholm, Kitty; Ferguson, John (1981). Rome: The Augustan Age; A Source Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872108-6. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3.
Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Levick 2009, p. 209; Shotter 2005, p. 1; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 6. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Levick, Barbara (2009). "Caesar's Political and Military Legacy to the Roman Emperors". In Griffin, Miriam (ed.). A Companion to Julius Caesar. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 207–223. ISBN 978-1-4443-0845-7. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Retrieved 7 May 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Fishwick 2004, p. 250; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 57. Fishwick, Duncan (2004). The Imperial Cult in the Latin West III, Part 3. Leiden: Brill. p. 250. ISBN 978-90-474-1276-2. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
Fishwick 2004, p. 250. Fishwick, Duncan (2004). The Imperial Cult in the Latin West III, Part 3. Leiden: Brill. p. 250. ISBN 978-90-474-1276-2.
Shotter 2005, p. 1. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
Shotter 2005, pp. 1–2; Galinsky 2012, pp. 2, 4–5; Southern 2014, p. 1. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Retrieved 7 May 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Lewis 2023, p. 34; Shotter 2005, pp. 1–2; Southern 2014, pp. 1–3; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 6; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 33. Lewis, Anne-Marie (2023). "Nigidius Figulus and the Birth of a Future Dominus for the World: 63 B.C.". In Lewis, Anne-Marie (ed.). Celestial Inclinations: A Life of Augustus (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press (Oxford Academic). pp. 19–35. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197599648.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-759967-9. Retrieved 29 April 2025. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Retrieved 7 May 2025. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Shotter 2005, pp. 1–2; Luc 2024, p. 133; Southern 2014, pp. 5–6; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 32–33, 35–37, 40–44. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Retrieved 7 May 2025. Luc, Ireneusz (2024). Roman Military Tribunes (First Century BC to Third Century AD): A Historical and Prosopographical Study: Prosopographical Catalogue, Part 1: Roman Military Tribunes (tribuni Militum in Exercitu) and in the Garrison of the Roman Capital (tribuni Militum in Praetorio). Vol. 1. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing. ISBN 978-1-80327-853-7. Retrieved 8 May 2025. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Shotter 2005, pp. 1–2; Lewis 2023, p. 34; Rowell 1962, p. 14; Southern 2014, p. 7; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 6–7; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 20, 23. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Retrieved 7 May 2025. Lewis, Anne-Marie (2023). "Nigidius Figulus and the Birth of a Future Dominus for the World: 63 B.C.". In Lewis, Anne-Marie (ed.). Celestial Inclinations: A Life of Augustus (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press (Oxford Academic). pp. 19–35. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197599648.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-759967-9. Retrieved 29 April 2025. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Shotter 2005, pp. 1–2; Luc 2024, p. 133. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Retrieved 7 May 2025. Luc, Ireneusz (2024). Roman Military Tribunes (First Century BC to Third Century AD): A Historical and Prosopographical Study: Prosopographical Catalogue, Part 1: Roman Military Tribunes (tribuni Militum in Exercitu) and in the Garrison of the Roman Capital (tribuni Militum in Praetorio). Vol. 1. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing. ISBN 978-1-80327-853-7. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
Galinsky 2012, p. 6; Shotter 2005, p. 2; Southern 2014, pp. 3, 9; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 7; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 48. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Retrieved 7 May 2025. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Shotter 2005, p. 2; Galinsky 2012, pp. 1, 14; Southern 2014, p. 5, 10; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 48. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Retrieved 7 May 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Shotter 2005, p. 2; Galinsky 2012, pp. 1, 14; Southern 2014, p. 10; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 65–66. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Retrieved 7 May 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Rowell 1962, p. 16; Galinsky 2012, p. 14; Southern 2014, p. 25; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 67–68. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Rowell 1962, p. 16; Galinsky 2012, p. 14. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3.
Lindsay 2009, pp. 184–5, 186 n. 3 and Southern 2014, pp. 33–34, citing among others: Appian, Bella Civilia, 2.143; Cicero, Ad Atticum, 14.10.3; Dio, 44.35.2.3; Nicolaus Damascenus, 17.48. See also Tatum 2024, p. 130, Eck & Takács 2003, p. 9, Rowell 1962, p. 14, Galinsky 2012, pp. 9–10, 15, and Goldsworthy 2014, p. 86. Lindsay, Hugh (2009). Adoption in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76050-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Dio. Historia Romana.
- Rowell 1962, p. 19; Eck & Takács 2007, pp. 9–10; Southern 2014, p. 55. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
- Rowell 1962, p. 18. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
- Rowell 1962, p. 19. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 10; Eder 2005, p. 18. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Eder, Walter (2005). "Augustus and the Power of Tradition". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8.
- Chisholm & Ferguson 1981, pp. 24, 27; Rowell 1962, p. 20. Chisholm, Kitty; Ferguson, John (1981). Rome: The Augustan Age; A Source Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872108-6. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
- Rawson 1994, p. 472, citing Appian, Bella Civilia, 3.94. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.
- Rawson 1994, pp. 474–476; Galinsky 2012, pp. 25–26; Bringmann 2007, p. 287. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
- Rawson 1994, pp. 474–476; Bringmann 2007, pp. 286–287. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
- Chisholm & Ferguson 1981, p. 26; Rowell 1962, p. 30; Galinsky 2012, pp. 21, 26–27; Tatum 2024, pp. 159–60; Southern 2014, pp. 45–55, 58–59, 67–70, 89–90; Bringmann 2007, p. 287. Chisholm, Kitty; Ferguson, John (1981). Rome: The Augustan Age; A Source Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872108-6. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Tatum, W. Jeffrey (2024). A Noble Ruin: Mark Antony, Civil War, and the Collapse of the Roman Republic. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-769490-9. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
- Eck & Takács 2003, pp. 11–12; Rowell 1962, p. 21; Galinsky 2012, p. 28; Southern 2014, p. 65; Bringmann 2007, pp. 285–286. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
- Syme 1939, pp. 123–126; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 12; Rowell 1962, p. 23; Southern 2014, pp. 66–67; Bringmann 2007, p. 287. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
- Syme 1939, pp. 123–126; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 12; Rowell 1962, p. 23; Galinsky 2012, p. 28; Southern 2014, p. 69; Bringmann 2007, p. 287. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
- Rowell 1962, p. 23; Bringmann 2007, p. 287; Galinsky 2012, p. 28; Southern 2014, pp. 66–69. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
- Rowell 1962, p. 23. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
- Rowell 1962, p. 24; Southern 2014, p. 69; Bringmann 2007, pp. 290–291. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 13; Rowell 1962, p. 23; Galinsky 2012, p. 29; Southern 2014, pp. 69–70; Bringmann 2007, p. 289. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
- Rowell 1962, p. 24; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 13; Gruen 2005, p. 160; Southern 2014, p. 71. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Gruen, Erich S. (2005). "Augustus and the Making of the Principate". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–52. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
- Fishwick 2004, p. 250; Southern 2014, p. 72. Fishwick, Duncan (2004). The Imperial Cult in the Latin West III, Part 3. Leiden: Brill. p. 250. ISBN 978-90-474-1276-2. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
- Rowell 1962, pp. 26–27; Southern 2014, p. 72; Bringmann 2007, p. 291. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
- Rowell 1962, p. 27. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
- Rowell 1962, p. 27; Southern 2014, p. 74. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 15; Rowell 1962, p. 28; Galinsky 2012, pp. 30–31; Southern 2014, pp. 83–86; Bringmann 2007, p. 292. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 16; Vervaet 2020, p. 24; Southern 2014, p. 97, 99; Bringmann 2007, p. 296; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 129, 502. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Vervaet, Fredrick (2020). "The triumvirate rei publicae constituendae". In Pina Polo, Francisco (ed.). The triumviral period: civil war, political crisis and socioeconomic transformations. Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. ISBN 978-84-1340-096-9. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Rowell 1962, p. 32; Southern 2014, pp. 112–113, 129; Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 146–147. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
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Richardson 2012, p. 37. After protests led by Hortensia, the taxes on women were scaled back considerably. Southern 2014, p. 101 states that the list of roughly 1,400 women listed for making contributions to the state was reduced to about 400 women after protests led by Hortensia, which were supported by Octavian's sister and even Mark Antony's mother.
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Bourne 1918, pp. 53–66; Ohst 2023, pp. 262–268; Shaw-Smith 1971, p. 213; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 417. Bourne, Ella (1918). "Augustus as a Letter-Writer". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 49: 53–66. doi:10.2307/282994. JSTOR 282994. Ohst, Henning (2023). Die 'Epistulae ad familiares' des Kaisers Augustus. Studien zur Textgeschichte in der Antike, Edition und Kommentar [The 'Epistulae ad familiares' of Emperor Augustus. A Study of its Textual History in Antiquity, Edition and Commentary] (in German). Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783111193595. ISBN 978-3-11-119151-5. Shaw-Smith, R. (1971). "A Letter from Augustus to Tiberius". Greece and Rome. 18 (2): 213–214. doi:10.1017/S0017383500018118. S2CID 161104443. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Nothaft 2018, p. 122; Southern 2014, p. 86; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 2, 381–382; Hosch 2023. Nothaft, C. Philipp E. (2018). Scandalous Error: Calendar Reform and Calendrical Astronomy in Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198799559.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-879955-9. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Hosch, William L. (2023). "August". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 6 October 2025.
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Wiseman 2022, pp. 15–17; Bingham 2021, pp. 317–319. Wiseman, T. Peter (2022). "Palace-sanctuary or pavilion? Augustus' house and the limits of archaeology". Papers of the British School at Rome. 90: 9–34. doi:10.1017/S0068246221000295. ISSN 0068-2462. Bingham, Sandra (2021). "The House of Augustus: A Historical Detective Story by T P Wiseman (review)". Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada. 62 (2): 317–319. ISSN 1913-5416.
Amici 2015, pp. 658–663. Amici, Carla Maria (2015). "Unusual Examples of Sophisticated Iron Technology in the Heating Systems of Roman Imperial Baths". European Journal of Archaeology. 18 (4). Cambridge University Press: 658–678. doi:10.1179/1461957115Y.0000000002.
Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 34–35, 41–42, 45–46; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 8–9. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 34–35, 41–42, 44. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718.
Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 45–46. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718.
Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 33–35, 45–46; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 8–9. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 38–39, 44, 51. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718.
Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 38–44. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718.
Smith 1997, p. 186. Smith, R. R. R. (1997). "The Public Image of Licinius I: Portrait Sculpture and Imperial Ideology in the Early Fourth Century". Journal of Roman Studies. 87: 170–202. doi:10.2307/301374. JSTOR 301374. S2CID 162898808.

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Carter 1983, pp. 29–30; Galinsky 2012, pp. 94–95, 139; Southern 2014, p. 341; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 357–359. Carter, John M. (1983). "Augustus down the centuries". History Today. 33 (3): 24–30. ISSN 0018-2753. Retrieved 5 December 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Carter 1983, p. 25. Carter, John M. (1983). "Augustus down the centuries". History Today. 33 (3): 24–30. ISSN 0018-2753. Retrieved 5 December 2025.
Southern 2014, pp. 320–321; Carter 1983, p. 24; Galinsky 2012, pp. 132–133. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Carter, John M. (1983). "Augustus down the centuries". History Today. 33 (3): 24–30. ISSN 0018-2753. Retrieved 5 December 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3.

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Goldsworthy 2014, p. 45; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 6; Richardson 2012, p. 5; Broughton 1952. Broughton cites the elogium for Octavius, ILS 47, throughout. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Richardson, John Stuart (2012). Augustan Rome, 44 BC to AD 14: the Restoration of the Republic and the Establishment of the Empire. The Edinburgh History of Ancient Rome. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1955-9. Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1952). The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
AE 1898, 14 = AE 2007, 312: XVII – Kalendas Februarias – c(omitialis) Imp(erator) Caesar [Augustus est a]ppell[a]tus ipso VII et Agrip[pa III co(n)s(ulibus)]
CIL X, 8375: [X]VII K(alendas) Febr(uarias) eo di[e Caesar Augustu]s appellatus est supplicatio Augusto

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Wiseman 2022, pp. 15–17; Bingham 2021, pp. 317–319. Wiseman, T. Peter (2022). "Palace-sanctuary or pavilion? Augustus' house and the limits of archaeology". Papers of the British School at Rome. 90: 9–34. doi:10.1017/S0068246221000295. ISSN 0068-2462. Bingham, Sandra (2021). "The House of Augustus: A Historical Detective Story by T P Wiseman (review)". Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada. 62 (2): 317–319. ISSN 1913-5416.
Bingham 2021, pp. 318–319. Bingham, Sandra (2021). "The House of Augustus: A Historical Detective Story by T P Wiseman (review)". Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada. 62 (2): 317–319. ISSN 1913-5416.

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Hammond 1957; Syme 1958, pp. 176, 179, 181–183, 185; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 6. Hammond, Mason (1957). "Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 25: 17–64. JSTOR 4238646. Syme, Ronald (1958). "Imperator Caesar: A Study in Nomenclature". Historia. 7 (2): 175–188. JSTOR 4434568. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Syme 1958, pp. 175, 179; Hammond 1957, p. 21; Galinsky 2012, pp. 38, 66–67; Southern 2014, pp. 50, 102, 131. Syme, Ronald (1958). "Imperator Caesar: A Study in Nomenclature". Historia. 7 (2): 175–188. JSTOR 4434568. Hammond, Mason (1957). "Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 25: 17–64. JSTOR 4238646. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Hammond 1957, pp. 21, 55; Galinsky 2012, pp. 66–67; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 57. Hammond, Mason (1957). "Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 25: 17–64. JSTOR 4238646. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
Zevi, Fausto; Cassola, Filippo (2016). "I Fasti di "Privernum"". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik (in Italian). 197: 287–309. ISSN 0084-5388. JSTOR 43910005.
Welch 2014, pp. 138–145, preferring the Greek narratives (Appian, Bella Civilia, 3.95.392–3, Dio, 46.48.2–4) to the streamlined versions in Latin (especially Augustus, RGDA, 2); Southern 2014, p. 88; Bringmann 2007, pp. 292–293. Welch, Kathryn (2014). "The lex Pedia of 43 BCE and its aftermath". Hermathena (196/197): 137–162. ISSN 0018-0750. JSTOR 26740133. Dio. Historia Romana.
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loc.gov (Global: 70^th place; English: 63^rd place)

lccn.loc.gov

Morstein-Marx, Robert (2021). Julius Caesar and the Roman People. Cambridge University Press. p. 491 n. 17. doi:10.1017/9781108943260. ISBN 978-1-108-83784-2. LCCN 2021024626. S2CID 242729962. Mommsen's restoration of Fasti Capit. Cons. sub anno 44, making Octavius magister equitum designatus for 44, has now been disproved by the newly published fragments of the Privernum Fasti.

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 344^th place; English: 296^th place)

Rattini 2019. Rattini, Kristin (2019). "Augustus Caesar". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.

oclc.org (Global: 1,391^st place; English: 1,017^th place)

wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org

Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 34–35, 41–42, 45–46; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 8–9. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 34–35, 41–42, 44. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718.
Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 45–46. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718.
Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 33–35, 45–46; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 8–9. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
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Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 38–44. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718.

oup.com (Global: 485^th place; English: 440^th place)

academic.oup.com

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Lewis 2023, p. 21; Southern 2014, p. 5; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 32. Lewis, Anne-Marie (2023). "Nigidius Figulus and the Birth of a Future Dominus for the World: 63 B.C.". In Lewis, Anne-Marie (ed.). Celestial Inclinations: A Life of Augustus (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press (Oxford Academic). pp. 19–35. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197599648.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-759967-9. Retrieved 29 April 2025. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
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oxfordreference.com (Global: 938^th place; English: 658^th place)

Eck & Takács 2007, p. 155; Roberts 2007, p. 858. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Roberts, John (2007). "Princeps senatus". Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World. Oxford Reference. p. 858. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192801463.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-280146-3.

politybooks.com (Global: low place; English: 7,476^th place)

Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Levick 2009, p. 209; Shotter 2005, p. 1; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 6. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Levick, Barbara (2009). "Caesar's Political and Military Legacy to the Roman Emperors". In Griffin, Miriam (ed.). A Companion to Julius Caesar. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 207–223. ISBN 978-1-4443-0845-7. Shotter, David (2005) [1991]. Augustus Caesar (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31935-8. Retrieved 7 May 2025. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 6. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Galinsky 2012, p. 16. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3.
Bringmann 2007, pp. 304, 307. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Galinsky 2012, pp. xv, 2–3; Lewis 2023, pp. 21–23; Southern 2014, pp. 1, 5; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 7; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 19, 23. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Lewis, Anne-Marie (2023). "Nigidius Figulus and the Birth of a Future Dominus for the World: 63 B.C.". In Lewis, Anne-Marie (ed.). Celestial Inclinations: A Life of Augustus (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press (Oxford Academic). pp. 19–35. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197599648.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-759967-9. Retrieved 29 April 2025. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Galinsky 2012, pp. 7–8; Southern 2014, pp. 8–9, 11–12, 91; Bringmann 2007, pp. 229–231; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 20, 52–53. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Galinsky 2012, pp. 8, 14; Southern 2014, pp. 11–23, 91; Bringmann 2007, pp. 229–231, 249, 251–257; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 52–53, 58–62. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Bringmann 2007, p. 283; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 8; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 86, though he provides the date of 15 September 45 BC instead. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Galinsky 2012, pp. xv, 9–10, 15; Southern 2014, p. 43; Bringmann 2007, p. 283, though without mentioning the specific date 8 May 44 BC; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 88, without mentioning the date of 8 May 44 BC. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
Bringmann 2007, pp. 281–282; Galinsky 2012, pp. 21–22; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 85–86; Southern 2014, pp. 55–56. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 10; Bringmann 2007, pp. 281–283, 285; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 86; Southern 2014, pp. 56–57. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Bringmann 2007, pp. 283, 285. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Lindsay 2009, p. 188. "He had been pushing Antony for a lex curiata in order... to legalise his position as Caesar's son"; Southern 2014, pp. 62–63; Galinsky 2012, p. 22; Bringmann 2007, p. 285. Lindsay, Hugh (2009). Adoption in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76050-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Galinsky 2012, pp. 21–24; Southern 2014, pp. 57–59, 61–62; Bringmann 2007, pp. 285–287. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Rawson 1994, pp. 474–476; Galinsky 2012, pp. 25–26; Bringmann 2007, p. 287. Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The Aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–490. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
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Eck & Takács 2003, pp. 11–12; Rowell 1962, p. 21; Galinsky 2012, p. 28; Southern 2014, p. 65; Bringmann 2007, pp. 285–286. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Syme 1939, pp. 123–126; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 12; Rowell 1962, p. 23; Southern 2014, pp. 66–67; Bringmann 2007, p. 287. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Galinsky 2012, pp. 27–28; Southern 2014, p. 68; Bringmann 2007, p. 287. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Bringmann 2007, p. 287. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Syme 1939, pp. 123–126; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 12; Rowell 1962, p. 23; Galinsky 2012, p. 28; Southern 2014, p. 69; Bringmann 2007, p. 287. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Rowell 1962, p. 23; Bringmann 2007, p. 287; Galinsky 2012, p. 28; Southern 2014, pp. 66–69. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
Rowell 1962, p. 24; Southern 2014, p. 69; Bringmann 2007, pp. 290–291. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 13; Rowell 1962, p. 23; Galinsky 2012, p. 29; Southern 2014, pp. 69–70; Bringmann 2007, p. 289. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 13; Syme 1939, p. 167; Galinsky 2012, pp. 29–30; Southern 2014, pp. 69–70; Bringmann 2007, pp. 289–291. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Syme 1939, pp. 173–174; Scullard 1982, p. 157; Galinsky 2012, p. 30; Southern 2014, pp. 71–72; Bringmann 2007, p. 291. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Scullard, H. H. (1982) [1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02527-0. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Rowell 1962, pp. 26–27; Southern 2014, p. 72; Bringmann 2007, p. 291. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Chisholm & Ferguson 1981, pp. 32–33; Southern 2014, p. 74; Bringmann 2007, p. 292. Chisholm, Kitty; Ferguson, John (1981). Rome: The Augustan Age; A Source Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872108-6. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Galinsky 2012, p. 30; Southern 2014, p. 74; Bringmann 2007, p. 292. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Eck & Takács 2003, p. 15; Rowell 1962, p. 28; Galinsky 2012, pp. 30–31; Southern 2014, pp. 83–86; Bringmann 2007, p. 292. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Welch 2014, pp. 138–145, preferring the Greek narratives (Appian, Bella Civilia, 3.95.392–3, Dio, 46.48.2–4) to the streamlined versions in Latin (especially Augustus, RGDA, 2); Southern 2014, p. 88; Bringmann 2007, pp. 292–293. Welch, Kathryn (2014). "The lex Pedia of 43 BCE and its aftermath". Hermathena (196/197): 137–162. ISSN 0018-0750. JSTOR 26740133. Dio. Historia Romana.
- Syme 1939, pp. 176–186; Southern 2014, pp. 79–80; Bringmann 2007, p. 292; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 121. Syme, Ronald (2002) [1st pub. 1939]. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280320-7. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Southern 2014, pp. 79–80; Bringmann 2007, p. 292; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 121, 125. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Southern 2014, pp. 89–90; Bringmann 2007, p. 292; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 125. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 16; Galinsky 2012, p. 42; Burstein 2004, pp. xxi, 21–22; Bringmann 2007, p. 295; Southern 2014, pp. 90–92. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 16; Vervaet 2020, p. 24; Southern 2014, p. 97, 99; Bringmann 2007, p. 296; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 129, 502. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Vervaet, Fredrick (2020). "The triumvirate rei publicae constituendae". In Pina Polo, Francisco (ed.). The triumviral period: civil war, political crisis and socioeconomic transformations. Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. ISBN 978-84-1340-096-9. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Scullard 1982, p. 163; Galinsky 2012, p. 42; Burstein 2004, pp. xxi, 21–22; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 15; Southern 2014, pp. 91–92, 99; Bringmann 2007, pp. 295–296. Scullard, H. H. (1982) [1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02527-0. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
- Galinsky 2012, pp. 31, 40; Bringmann 2007, pp. 295–296; Southern 2014, pp. 93–94; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 134–135. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Galinsky 2012, pp. 36–37; Bringmann 2007, p. 293; Southern 2014, pp. 94–95, 99; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 130–131. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 17; Southern 2014, pp. 80–82, 104; Bringmann 2007, pp. 290, 297. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
- Roller 2010, p. 75; Galinsky 2012, p. 42; Burstein 2004, pp. xxi, 22–23; Southern 2014, pp. 104–106; Bringmann 2007, p. 297. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
- Bringmann 2007, p. 297; Southern 2014, p. 108; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 143–144. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Southern 2014, pp. 107–108; Bringmann 2007, pp. 296–298; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 18; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 127, 143–144, 153. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Southern 2014, p. 108; Bringmann 2007, pp. 296–297; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 127, 143–144, 153. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 18; Galinsky 2012, pp. 42–43; Southern 2014, p. 108; Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 144. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Bringmann 2007, p. 298. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
- Eck & Takács 2003, pp. 18–19; Southern 2014, pp. 108–109; Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 144. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 19; Galinsky 2012, pp. 42–43; Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 144. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 19; Galinsky 2012, p. 43; Southern 2014, pp. 109–111; Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 19; Galinsky 2012, pp. 36, 40, 43; Southern 2014, pp. 112–113; Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 145–146. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Rowell 1962, p. 32; Southern 2014, pp. 112–113, 129; Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 146–147. Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). Rome in the Augustan Age. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Scullard 1982, p. 162; Southern 2014, pp. 133; Bringmann 2007, p. 299. Scullard, H. H. (1982) [1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02527-0. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 20; Galinsky 2012, pp. 40–41; Southern 2014, p. 123; Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 156. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 20; Galinsky 2012, p. 41; Southern 2014, pp. 123, 137–138; Bringmann 2007, p. 299, though he only mentions Octavian's divorce of Scribonia and marriage to Livia Drusilla, and not the birth of Julia the Elder. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
- Galinsky 2012, pp. 40–41; Southern 2014, pp. 123, 137–138; Bringmann 2007, p. 299, who mentions Tiberius Claudius Nero divorcing Livia Drusilla so she could marry Octavian, but does not mention Livia was already pregnant while courting Octavian. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
- Bringmann 2007, p. 298; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 153. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 21; Eder 2005, p. 19; Galinsky 2012, p. 44; Southern 2014, pp. 130, 132; Bringmann 2007, pp. 298–299; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 147, 153–155. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Eder, Walter (2005). "Augustus and the Power of Tradition". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 21; Galinsky 2012, p. 44; Southern 2014, pp. 130–131; Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Burstein 2004, p. 25; Goldsworthy 2014. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Burstein 2004, pp. 24–25; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 154. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 21; Galinsky 2012, p. 44; Southern 2014, pp. 4, 132; Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Burstein 2004, p. 25; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 155–156, 181. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 22; Eder 2005, p. 19; Southern 2014, pp. 133–134; Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 156–159. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Eder, Walter (2005). "Augustus and the Power of Tradition". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Eder 2005, p. 19; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 22; Galinsky 2012, p. 44; Southern 2014, pp. 133–134, Figure 4.3; Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 159. Eder, Walter (2005). "Augustus and the Power of Tradition". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Bringmann 2007, p. 299. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
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- Southern 2014, pp. 139–140; Bringmann 2007, pp. 299–300; Roller 2010, pp. 89–90; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 166. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 25; Galinsky 2012, p. 46; Southern 2014, pp. 139; Bringmann 2007, pp. 299–300; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 166. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 25; Galinsky 2012, p. 46; Southern 2014, pp. 139, 154; Bringmann 2007, pp. 299–300; Burstein 2004, pp. 27–28; Roller 2010, pp. 97–98. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5.
- Southern 2014, p. 141; Galinsky 2012, p. 45; Bringmann 2007, p. 299; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 166–167. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
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- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 26; Southern 2014, p. 142–143; Bringmann 2007, p. 300; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 170–171. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Scullard 1982, p. 164; Eck & Takács 2003, p. 26; Galinsky 2012, p. 38; Southern 2014, pp. 143, 146; Bringmann 2007, p. 300; Roller 2010, p. 98; Burstein 2004, p. 27; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 171–172. Scullard, H. H. (1982) [1959]. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02527-0. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Eck & Takács 2003, pp. 26–27; Southern 2014, p. 147; Bringmann 2007, p. 300. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
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- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 34; Roller 2010, p. 135; Bringmann 2007, p. 303; Galinsky 2012, p. 50; Southern 2014, p. 159; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 186–187. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Bringmann 2007, p. 303; Galinsky 2012, p. 59; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 187. Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic. Translated by Smyth, W. J. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
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proquest.com (Global: 206^th place; English: 124^th place)

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riminiturismo.it (Global: low place; English: low place)

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semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

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Luke 2015, pp. 242–266, but arguing instead that Octavius chose the name to identify himself with his father's pacification of the area. Luke, Trevor (2015). "Cultivating the memory of Octavius Thurinus". Journal of Ancient History. 3 (2): 242–266. doi:10.1515/jah-2015-0012. ISSN 2324-8106. S2CID 164329002.
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uchicago.edu (Global: 230^th place; English: 214^th place)

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worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

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Welch 2014, pp. 138–145, preferring the Greek narratives (Appian, Bella Civilia, 3.95.392–3, Dio, 46.48.2–4) to the streamlined versions in Latin (especially Augustus, RGDA, 2); Southern 2014, p. 88; Bringmann 2007, pp. 292–293. Welch, Kathryn (2014). "The lex Pedia of 43 BCE and its aftermath". Hermathena (196/197): 137–162. ISSN 0018-0750. JSTOR 26740133. Dio. Historia Romana.
- Welch 2014, pp. 138–39 (RGDA), 142–43. Welch, Kathryn (2014). "The lex Pedia of 43 BCE and its aftermath". Hermathena (196/197): 137–162. ISSN 0018-0750. JSTOR 26740133.
- Southern 2014, p. 336; Galinsky 2012, pp. 67–68; Wiseman 2022, pp. 15–17. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Wiseman, T. Peter (2022). "Palace-sanctuary or pavilion? Augustus' house and the limits of archaeology". Papers of the British School at Rome. 90: 9–34. doi:10.1017/S0068246221000295. ISSN 0068-2462.
- Eck & Takács 2003, p. 55; Strothmann 2006. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (first ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22957-4. Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) (1 October 2006). "Augustus [2]". New Pauly. Brill. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e12220040. ISSN 1574-9347.
- Strothmann 2006. Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) (1 October 2006). "Augustus [2]". New Pauly. Brill. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e12220040. ISSN 1574-9347.
- Hammond 1957, pp. 29–31; Strothmann 2006. Hammond, Mason (1957). "Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 25: 17–64. JSTOR 4238646. Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) (1 October 2006). "Augustus [2]". New Pauly. Brill. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e12220040. ISSN 1574-9347.
- Welsby 1996, p. 69; Southern 2014, p. 236. Welsby, Derek (1996). The Kingdom of Kush: the Napatan and Meroitic Empires. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-0986-2. OCLC 34888835. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
- Welsby 1996, pp. 69–70; Southern 2014, pp. 236–237; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 182. Welsby, Derek (1996). The Kingdom of Kush: the Napatan and Meroitic Empires. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-0986-2. OCLC 34888835. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
- Welsby 1996, pp. 69–70; Southern 2014, pp. 236–237. Welsby, Derek (1996). The Kingdom of Kush: the Napatan and Meroitic Empires. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-0986-2. OCLC 34888835. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9.
- Welsby 1996, pp. 68–70; Southern 2014, p. 237; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 300; Eck & Takács 2007, p. 137. Welsby, Derek (1996). The Kingdom of Kush: the Napatan and Meroitic Empires. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-0986-2. OCLC 34888835. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2. Eck, Werner; Takács, Sarolta A. (2007) [2003]. The Age of Augustus. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas (second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5149-8.
- Welsby 1996, pp. 68–70. Welsby, Derek (1996). The Kingdom of Kush: the Napatan and Meroitic Empires. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-0986-2. OCLC 34888835.
- Welsby 1996, p. 70. Welsby, Derek (1996). The Kingdom of Kush: the Napatan and Meroitic Empires. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-0986-2. OCLC 34888835.
- Hammond 1965, p. 152. Hammond, Mason (1965). "The Sincerity of Augustus". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 69: 139–162. ISSN 0073-0688. JSTOR 310780.
- Wiseman 2022, pp. 15–17; Bingham 2021, pp. 317–319. Wiseman, T. Peter (2022). "Palace-sanctuary or pavilion? Augustus' house and the limits of archaeology". Papers of the British School at Rome. 90: 9–34. doi:10.1017/S0068246221000295. ISSN 0068-2462. Bingham, Sandra (2021). "The House of Augustus: A Historical Detective Story by T P Wiseman (review)". Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada. 62 (2): 317–319. ISSN 1913-5416.
- Bingham 2021, pp. 318–319. Bingham, Sandra (2021). "The House of Augustus: A Historical Detective Story by T P Wiseman (review)". Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada. 62 (2): 317–319. ISSN 1913-5416.
- Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 34–35, 41–42, 45–46; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 8–9. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 34–35, 41–42, 44. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718.
- Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 45–46. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718.
- Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 33–35, 45–46; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 8–9. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 38–39, 44, 51. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718.
- Santangelo & Vitello 2025, pp. 38–44. Santangelo, Federico; Vitello, Eugenia (2025). "The Politics of Syme's Revolution". Revista de Historiografía (40): 31–56. doi:10.20318/revhisto.2025.9716. ISSN 1885-2718.
- Welsby 1996, p. 68; Southern 2014, p. 184, Fig. 5.7; Goldsworthy 2014, p. 300. Welsby, Derek (1996). The Kingdom of Kush: the Napatan and Meroitic Empires. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-0986-2. OCLC 34888835. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Carter 1983, pp. 29–30; Galinsky 2012, pp. 94–95, 139; Southern 2014, p. 341; Goldsworthy 2014, pp. 357–359. Carter, John M. (1983). "Augustus down the centuries". History Today. 33 (3): 24–30. ISSN 0018-2753. Retrieved 5 December 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17827-2.
- Carter 1983, p. 25. Carter, John M. (1983). "Augustus down the centuries". History Today. 33 (3): 24–30. ISSN 0018-2753. Retrieved 5 December 2025.
- Southern 2014, pp. 320–321; Carter 1983, p. 24; Galinsky 2012, pp. 132–133. Southern, Pat (2014) [1998]. Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62838-9. Carter, John M. (1983). "Augustus down the centuries". History Today. 33 (3): 24–30. ISSN 0018-2753. Retrieved 5 December 2025. Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74442-3.

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Villa where Augustus probably died is unearthed. Associated Press (video). 16 November 2016. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.

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