Aurangzeb (English Wikipedia)

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Sarkar 1925, p. 3. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Sarkar 1925, p. 4. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Sarkar 1925, pp. 8–10. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Sarkar 1925, pp. 8–10 Jadunath Sarkar writes, "Dara Shukoh is unjustly taunted with cowardice in the above speech. He was at some distance from Shuja and Aurangzib, and could not, even if he had wished it, have come to Aurangzib's aid as the affair was over in a few minutes" (Sarkar 1925, p. 10) Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Sarkar 1925, p. 10. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E. (2012). Events That Formed the Modern World. p. 254.
Sarkar 1925, p. 11 "On 13th December, 1634, though not yet sixteen, he got his first post in the Mughal peerage …" Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Sarkar 1925, p. 38. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Sarkar 1925, p. 49. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
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Sarkar 1925, pp. 54–56. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Sarkar 1925, p. 53. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Sarkar 1925, p. 66. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Sarkar 1925, p. 46. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Sarkar 1925, p. 72 Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Sarkar 1925, p. 151 Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). A Concise History of Modern India (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-521-86362-9.
Mukhia, Harbans (2004). The Mughals of India. Wiley. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-631-18555-0. learnt that in Multan and Thatta in Sind, and especially at Varanasi, Brahmins attracted a large number of Muslims to their discourses. Aurangzeb ... ordered the governors of all these provinces 'to demolish the schools and temples of the infidels'.
Shafqat, Arshia (2008). Administration Of Gujarat Under The Mughals (A.D. 1572–1737) (PhD). Aligarh University. p. 194.
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"World Heritage Sites. Bibi-Ka-Maqbar". Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

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"Tomb of Aurangzeb" (PDF). ASI Aurangabad. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
"Tomb of Aurangzeb" (PDF). ASI Aurangabad. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.

aurangzeb.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

See also "Aurangzeb, as he was according to Mughal Records"; more links at the bottom of that page. For Muslim historian's record on major Hindu temple destruction campaigns, from 1193 to 1729 AD, see Richard Eaton (2000), "Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States", Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 11, Issue 3, pp. 283–319

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"Religions – Sikhism: Guru Tegh Bahadur". BBC. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2012.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Khomdan Singh Lisam (2011). Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.). Gyan Publishing House. p. 706. ISBN 9788178358642. Retrieved 20 March 2024. ... Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I ( Conqueror of the Universe ) , more commonly known as Aurangzeb , the 6th Mughal Emperor ruled from 1658 to
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Volume 3. Harvard University; Royal Irish Academy. 1893. p. 398. Retrieved 20 March 2024. The Emperor's name and title were proclaimed in the pulpit as Abu al-Muzaffar Bahadur ' Alamgir Badshah i Ghazi
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Mukerjee 2001, p. 23. Mukerjee, Soma (2001). Royal Mughal ladies and their contributions. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-212-0760-7.
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Mukherjee, Soma (2001). Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions. Gyan Books. p. 128. ISBN 978-8-121-20760-7.
Richards (1996, p. 130) Richards, John F. (1996) [1993]. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) [First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne]. A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 (2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4.
Mukerjee 2001, p. 53. Mukerjee, Soma (2001). Royal Mughal ladies and their contributions. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-212-0760-7.
Richards (1996, p. 128) Richards, John F. (1996) [1993]. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Munis D. Faruqui (2012). The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719 (Hardcover). Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-107-02217-1. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
Richards (1996, pp. 132–133) Richards, John F. (1996) [1993]. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Richards (1996, pp. 134–135) Richards, John F. (1996) [1993]. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 267–269. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
Richards (1996, pp. 140, 188) Richards, John F. (1996) [1993]. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) [First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne]. A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 (2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4.
Richards (1996, pp. 151–152) Richards, John F. (1996) [1993]. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 270–271. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
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Richards (1996, p. 159) Richards, John F. (1996) [1993]. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. p. 272. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
Richards (1996, p. 162) Richards, John F. (1996) [1993]. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
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Truschke, Audrey (2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-5036-0259-5. But between 1679 and 1707 Aurangzeb increased Hindu participation at the elite levels of the Mughal state by nearly 50 percent. Hindus rose to 31.6 percent of the Mughal nobility. This dramatic rise featured a substantial influx of Marathas as a strategic aspect of expanding Mughal sovereignty across the Deccan.
Malik, Jamal (2008). Islam in South Asia: A Short History. Brill. p. 190. ISBN 978-90-04-16859-6.
Truschke, Audrey (2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-5036-0259-5. Quite possibly rising numbers of Marathas—to the extent that they outnumbered Rajputs among Mughal nobles—unsettled other groups within the nobility and prompted an attempted (if failed) scaling-back in Hindu officers across the board.
Sachi Patel (2021). Politics and Religion in Eighteenth-Century India. Taylor & Francis. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-000-45142-9. In the second half of his rule, North India seems to have become less important than the South; hence even though the Hindu nobles increased in the administration, the Rajputs become less important, now outnumbered by the Marathas.
Laine, James W. (2015). Meta-Religion: Religion and Power in World History. Univ of California Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-520-959996. Aurangzeb certainly continued to employ Hindu nobles, but did seek to reduce the number of non-Muslim nobles allied to his court, and encouraged high-ranking Hindus to convert to Islam.
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Richards (1996, p. 171) Richards, John F. (1996) [1993]. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
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Satish Chandra (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 280–. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. Although Aurangzeb had not raised the slogan of defending Islam before the battle of Samugarh with Dara, and had tried to befriend the Rajput rajas as we have seen, there were a number of factors which make it necessary for Aurangzeb to present himself as the defender of the sharia, and to try and win over the theologians. A principal factor was the popular revulsion against his treatment of his brothers, Murad and Dara, both of whom had the reputation of being liberal patrons of the poor and needy. Aurangzeb was shocked when as the time of his second coronation in 1659, the chief qazi refused to crown him since his father was still alive.
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Farooqi 1989, pp. 124, 126: "In November 1659, shortly after his formal coronation, Aurangzeb sent ... a diplomatic mission to Mecca ... entrusted with 630.000 rupees for the Sharif families of Mecca and Medina ... Aurangzeb sent another mission to Mecca in 1662 ... with presents worth 660,000 rupees ... Aurangzeb also sent considerable amount of money, through his own agents, to Mecca. In 1666 ... alms and offerings; ... six years later ... several lakhs of rupees; the money was to be spent in charity in Mecca and Medina." Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. OCLC 20894584.
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Pius Malekandathil (2016). The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India (ebook). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-99745-4. Retrieved 11 March 2024. ... 1641 , his daughter , Sultanah Safiatuddin presented Aurangzeb with eight ...
Malekandathil, Pius, ed. (13 September 2016). The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India. Taylor & Francis. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-351-99746-1. Retrieved 2 December 2023. ... backed out and allowed Indian traders to sail to Aceh and other southern ports without restriction.74 According to S ...
Frans Huskin; Dick van der Meij (11 October 2013). Reading Asia New Research in Asian Studies (ebook). Taylor & Francis. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-136-84377-8. Retrieved 2 December 2023. ... 1660s the VOC backed down and allowed Indian traders to sail to Aceh, Perak, and Kedah without restriction.ll Another important trading community in Aceh consisted of Indians from the Coromandel Coast who had been prominent in Malay ...
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Farooqi 1989, pp. 332–333: "Aurangzeb, who seized the Peacock throne from Shahjahan, was equally unwilling to acknowledge the Ottoman claim to the Khilafat. Hostile towards the Ottomans, the Emperor took every opportunity to support the opponents of the Ottoman regime. He cordially welcomed two rebel Governors of Basra and gave them and their dependents high mansabs in the imperial service. Aurangzeb also did not respond to Sultan Suleiman II's friendly overtures." Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. OCLC 20894584.
Farooqi 1989, p. 151: "Suleiman II even solicited Aurangzeb's support against the Christians and urged him to wage holy war against them." Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. OCLC 20894584.
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Avari 2013, p. 131: Crisis arose in the north among the Jat agriculturists dissatisfied with punitive imperial taxation ... The first to rebel against the Mughals were the Hindu Jats. Avari, Burjor (2013), Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-41558-061-8
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Avari 2013, p. 115: citing a 2000 study, writes "Aurangzeb was perhaps no more culpable than most of the sultans before him; they desecrated the temples associated with Hindu power, not all temples. It is worth noting that, in contrast to the traditional claim of hundreds of Hindu temples having been destroyed by Aurangzeb, a recent study suggests a modest figure of eighty destructions." Avari, Burjor (2013), Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-41558-061-8
Truschke, Audrey (2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-5036-0259-5. Nobody knows the exact number of temples demolished or pillaged on Aurangzeb's orders, and we never will. Richard Eaton, the leading authority on the subject, puts the number of confirmed temple destructions during Aurangzeb's rule at just over a dozen, with fewer tied to the emperor's direct commands. Other scholars have pointed out additional temple demolitions not counted by Eaton, such as two orders to destroy the Somanatha Temple in 1659 and 1706 (the existence of a second order suggests that the first was never carried out). Aurangzeb also oversaw temple desecrations. For example, in 1645 he ordered mihrabs (prayer niches, typically located in mosques) erected in Ahmedabad's Chintamani Parshvanath Temple, built by the Jain merchant Shantidas. Even adding in such events, however, to quote Eaton, "the evidence is almost always fragmentary, incomplete, or even contradictory". Given this, there were probably more temples destroyed under Aurangzeb than we can confirm (perhaps a few dozen in total?), but here we run into a dark curtain drawn across an unknown past.
Truschke, Audrey (2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press. pp. 55–58. ISBN 978-1-5036-0259-5. That percentage [of Hindus in imperial service] ... in the first twenty-one years of Aurangzeb's reign (1658-79), it stayed level at 21.6 percent. But between 1679 and 1707 Aurangzeb increased Hindu participation at the elite levels ... to 31.6 percent of the Mughal nobility...Even in later years [in the aftermath of a failed attempt to scale back Hindu officers to appease other noble groups], however, Aurangzeb persisted in his view that there ought to be no religious litmus test for Mughal employment. One time, a Muslim from Bukhara who entered Mughal service in the late 1680s petitioned the emperor to deny imperial advancement to Persians on the grounds that they were Shias, not Sunnis. Aurangzeb rejected the proposal and opined, "What connection have earthly affairs with religion? And what right have administrative works to meddle with bigotry? 'For you is your religion and for me is mine.' If this rule [suggested by you] were established, it would be my duty to extirpate all the (Hindu) Rajahs and their followers. Wise men disapprove of the removal from office of able officers."
فريق بصمة (October 2016). التاريخ كما كان (ebook) (in Arabic). كتوبيا للنشر والتوزيع. p. 92. Retrieved 4 December 2023. ... الطنطاوي بأنه "بقية الخلفاء الراشدين"، وقد كان على دراية كاملة بمخططات الهندوس والشيعة، خصوصا الأفغان منهم، فحارب ...

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Brown, Katherine Butler (January 2007). "Did Aurangzeb Ban Music? Questions for the Historiography of his Reign". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (1): 77. doi:10.1017/S0026749X05002313. S2CID 145371208. More importantly, though, the fact that Aurangzeb did not order a universal ban on music lends support to the idea that his regime was less intolerant and repressive than has been widely believed in the past...Thus, the overwhelming evidence against a ban on musical practice in Aurangzeb's reign suggests that the nature of his state was less orthodox, tyrannical and centralised than
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Sarkar 1925, p. 3. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Sarkar 1925, p. 4. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Sarkar 1925, pp. 8–10. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Sarkar 1925, pp. 8–10 Jadunath Sarkar writes, "Dara Shukoh is unjustly taunted with cowardice in the above speech. He was at some distance from Shuja and Aurangzib, and could not, even if he had wished it, have come to Aurangzib's aid as the affair was over in a few minutes" (Sarkar 1925, p. 10) Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Sarkar 1925, p. 10. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Sarkar 1925, p. 11 "On 13th December, 1634, though not yet sixteen, he got his first post in the Mughal peerage …" Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Sarkar 1925, p. 38. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Sarkar 1925, p. 49. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
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Sarkar 1925, p. 53. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
Sarkar 1925, p. 66. Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
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Sarkar 1925, p. 72 Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) [1912]. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
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S. M. Ikram; Ainslie T. Embree (1964). "17". Muslim Civilization in India (Ebook). Columbia University Press. Retrieved 25 November 2023. Aurangzeb was most forthright in his efforts to stop sati. According to Manucci, on his return from Kashmir in December, 1663, he "issued an order that in all lands under Mughal control, never again should the officials allow a woman to be burnt." Manucci adds that "This order endures to this day."/26/ This order, though not mentioned in the formal histories, is recorded in the official guidebooks of the reign./27/ Although the possibility of an evasion of government orders through payment of bribes existed, later European travelers record that sati was not much practiced by the end of Aurangzeb's reign. As Ovington says in his Voyage to Surat: "Since the Mahometans became Masters of the Indies, this execrable custom is much abated, and almost laid aside, by the orders which nabobs receive for suppressing and extinguishing it in all their provinces. And now it is 237 very rare, except it be some Rajah's wives, that the Indian women burn at all; /27/ Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzib (Calcutta, 1916), III, 92. /28/ John Ovington, A Voyage to Surat (London, 1929), p. 201.

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The History of Indian people by Damodar P Singhal pg 196 Quote: "In 1669 the demolition of Hindu temples and building of mosques in Mathura led to a Jat uprising under Gokla"

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Gul Rahim Khan (2021). "Silver Coins Hoard of the Late Mughals from Kohat". Ancient Pakistan. 18. Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar: 16. ISSN 2708-4590. In gold there is no more type. In silver some other types like Abu al Muzaffar Muhiuddin/ Muhammad (and date) / Bahadur Alamgir/ Aurangzeb/ Badshah Ghazi or ...
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Prasad, Ishwari (1974). The Mughal Empire. Allahabad: Chugh Publications. pp. 524–525. OCLC 1532660. [Aurangzeb] marched in the direction of Bijapur and on reaching Bidar laid siege to it ... The Qiladar of the fort was Sidi Marjan ... [The Mughals] were helped by an explosion of powder magazine in the fortress ... Sidi Marjan and two of his sons were badly burnt ... Thus was the fort of Bidar taken after a siege of 27 days ... Sidi Marjan died of his wounds soon afterwards ... Aurangzeb arrived at Kalyani.
Syed, Anees Jahan (1977). Aurangzeb in Muntakhab-al Lubab. Somaiya Publications. pp. 64–65. OCLC 5240812.
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Khan, Iqtidar Alam (January–February 2001). "State in the Mughal India: Re-Examining the Myths of a Counter-Vision". Social Scientist. 29 (1/2): 16–45. doi:10.2307/3518271. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3518271.
Husain, S.M. Azizuddin (1 July 2000). "Jizya – Its Reimposition During the Reign of Aurangzeb: An Examination". Indian Historical Review. 27 (2): 87–121. doi:10.1177/0376983620000204. ISSN 0376-9836. S2CID 220267774.
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Pauwels, Heidi; Bachrach, Emilia (July 2018). "Aurangzeb as Iconoclast? Vaishnava Accounts of the Krishna images' Exodus from Braj". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 28 (3): 485–508. doi:10.1017/S1356186318000019. ISSN 1356-1863. S2CID 165273975.
Khan, Sāqi Must'ad (1947). Maāsir-i-'Ālamgiri: A History of the Emperor Aurangzib 'Ālamgir (reign 1658–1707 A.D.). Translated by Sarkar, Sir Jadunath. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 13. OCLC 692517744. In former times the sacred Quaranic credo (Kalma) used to be stamped on gold and silver coins, and such coins were constantly touched with the hands and feet of men; Aurangzib said that it would be better to stamp some other words ... The Emperor liked it [the couplet] and ordered that one face ... should be stamped with this verse and the other with the name of the mint-city and the year.
Rosalind O'Hanlon (2007). "Military Sports and the History of the Martial Body in India". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 50 (4). Brill: 490–523. doi:10.1163/156852007783245133. ISSN 1568-5209. JSTOR 25165208. ...Bernier reported that the emperor Aurangzeb inspected his contingents of cavalry every day. During these inspections, "the King takes pleasure also in having the blades of cutlasses tried on dead sheep, brought before him without the entrails and neatly bound up. Young Omrahs, Mansebdars and Gourze-berdars or mace bearers, exercise their skill and put forth all their strength to cut through the four feet, which are fastened together, and the body of the sheep at one blow."..."
"The Rise and fall of Persian to the Muslims of South Asia". International Journal of Academic Multidisciplinary Research. 6 (4). University of Sindh: 267. 2022. ISSN 2643-9670. Retrieved 19 March 2024 – via ResearchGate.
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Farooqi 1989, pp. 124, 126: "In November 1659, shortly after his formal coronation, Aurangzeb sent ... a diplomatic mission to Mecca ... entrusted with 630.000 rupees for the Sharif families of Mecca and Medina ... Aurangzeb sent another mission to Mecca in 1662 ... with presents worth 660,000 rupees ... Aurangzeb also sent considerable amount of money, through his own agents, to Mecca. In 1666 ... alms and offerings; ... six years later ... several lakhs of rupees; the money was to be spent in charity in Mecca and Medina." Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. OCLC 20894584.
Farooqi 1989, p. 60. Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. OCLC 20894584.
Farooqi 1989, pp. 58–59. Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. OCLC 20894584.
Tripathy, Rasananda (1986). Crafts and commerce in Orissa in the sixteenth-seventeenth centuries. Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 91. OCLC 14068594. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
Farooqi 1989, pp. 332–333: "Aurangzeb, who seized the Peacock throne from Shahjahan, was equally unwilling to acknowledge the Ottoman claim to the Khilafat. Hostile towards the Ottomans, the Emperor took every opportunity to support the opponents of the Ottoman regime. He cordially welcomed two rebel Governors of Basra and gave them and their dependents high mansabs in the imperial service. Aurangzeb also did not respond to Sultan Suleiman II's friendly overtures." Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. OCLC 20894584.
Farooqi 1989, p. 151: "Suleiman II even solicited Aurangzeb's support against the Christians and urged him to wage holy war against them." Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. OCLC 20894584.
Faruki, Zahiruddin (1972) [1935]. Aurangzeb & His Times. Bombay: Idarah-i Adabiyāt-i Delli. p. 442. OCLC 1129476255.
Chandra, Satish (1999). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. p. 321. OCLC 36806798.
Chandra, Satish (1999). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. pp. 323–324. OCLC 36806798.
Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1973) [1948]. The History of Bengal. Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p. 346. OCLC 924890. Mir Jumla was appointed governor of Bengal (June 1660) and ordered to punish the kings of Kuch Bihar and Assam.
Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1973) [1948]. The History of Bengal. Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. pp. 346–347. OCLC 924890. [Mir Jumla] left Dacca on 1st November 1661 ... the Mughal army entered the capital of Kuch Bihar on 19th December ... The kingdom was annexed to the Mughal empire ... Mir Jumla set out for the conquest of Assam on 4th January, 1662 ... triumphantly marched into Garh-gaon the Ahom capital on 17th March. Raja Jayadhwaj ... had fled .. The spoils ... 82 elephants, 3 lakhs of rupees in cash, ... over a thousand bots, and 173 stores of paddy.
Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1973) [1948]. The History of Bengal. Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p. 350. OCLC 924890. [Mir Jumla] set out on his return on 10th January 1663, travelling by pālki owing to his illness, which daily increased. At Baritalā he embarked in a boat and glided down the river toward Dacca, dying on 31st March.
Hasan, Farhat (16 May 2019). "Nationalist representations of the Mughal state: The views of Tilak and Gandhi". Studies in People's History. 6 (1). Sage Publications: 52–62. doi:10.1177/2348448919834791. ISSN 2348-4489. S2CID 182002531.
Lokapally, Vijay (21 June 2016). "Understanding Aurangzeb". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 13 December 2017.

worldcat.org

Streusand, Douglas E. (2011). Islamic gunpowder empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press. pp. 281–282. ISBN 978-0-8133-1359-7. OCLC 191926598.

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escholarship.org (Global: 1,523rd place; English: 976th place)

files.wordpress.com (Global: 869th place; English: 864th place)

jambudveep.files.wordpress.com

franpritchett.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32nd place; English: 21st place)

gipe.ac.in (Global: low place; English: low place)

dspace.gipe.ac.in

goodreads.com (Global: 627th place; English: 513th place)

google.com (Global: 163rd place; English: 185th place)

gutenberg.org (Global: 489th place; English: 377th place)

heritageofkashmir.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

hindu.com (Global: 261st place; English: 171st place)

hindustantimes.com (Global: 71st place; English: 52nd place)

indianexpress.com (Global: 60th place; English: 43rd place)

insa.nic.in (Global: low place; English: low place)

islamqa.info (Global: 2,555th place; English: low place)

jstor.org (Global: 26th place; English: 20th place)

kambojsociety.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

kashmir-information.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

lawandreligion.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

neelwafurat.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

neliti.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

media.neliti.com

nihcr.edu.pk (Global: low place; English: low place)

pjhc.nihcr.edu.pk

nla.gov.au (Global: 275th place; English: 181st place)

catalogue.nla.gov.au

philpapers.org (Global: 1,865th place; English: 1,260th place)

pitt.edu (Global: 1,476th place; English: 1,056th place)

jwsr.pitt.edu

rbth.com (Global: 1,781st place; English: 1,533rd place)

rct.uk (Global: 5,189th place; English: 3,762nd place)

researchgate.net (Global: 120th place; English: 125th place)

saudiaramcoworld.com (Global: 6,026th place; English: 4,576th place)

scroll.in (Global: 676th place; English: 420th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

sup.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

taylorfrancis.com (Global: 3,142nd place; English: 2,072nd place)

thehindu.com (Global: 52nd place; English: 35th place)

thewire.in (Global: 1,507th place; English: 818th place)

ucla.edu (Global: 782nd place; English: 585th place)

southasia.ucla.edu

uin-malang.ac.id (Global: low place; English: low place)

ejournal.uin-malang.ac.id

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

wikisource.org (Global: 27th place; English: 51st place)

en.wikisource.org

wiley.com (Global: 222nd place; English: 297th place)

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

search.worldcat.org

worldcat.org

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

asi.nic.in (Global: 4,343^rd place; English: 2,824^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

brill.com (Global: 1,840^th place; English: 1,115^th place)

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

cambridge.org (Global: 305^th place; English: 264^th place)

degruyter.com (Global: 1,425^th place; English: 1,138^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

ehess.fr (Global: 1,563^rd place; English: 2,950^th place)

encyclopedia.com (Global: 462^nd place; English: 345^th place)

escholarship.org (Global: 1,523^rd place; English: 976^th place)

files.wordpress.com (Global: 869^th place; English: 864^th place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

goodreads.com (Global: 627^th place; English: 513^th place)

google.com (Global: 163^rd place; English: 185^th place)

gutenberg.org (Global: 489^th place; English: 377^th place)

hindu.com (Global: 261^st place; English: 171^st place)

hindustantimes.com (Global: 71^st place; English: 52^nd place)

indianexpress.com (Global: 60^th place; English: 43^rd place)

islamqa.info (Global: 2,555^th place; English: low place)

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

nla.gov.au (Global: 275^th place; English: 181^st place)

philpapers.org (Global: 1,865^th place; English: 1,260^th place)

pitt.edu (Global: 1,476^th place; English: 1,056^th place)

rbth.com (Global: 1,781^st place; English: 1,533^rd place)

rct.uk (Global: 5,189^th place; English: 3,762^nd place)

researchgate.net (Global: 120^th place; English: 125^th place)

saudiaramcoworld.com (Global: 6,026^th place; English: 4,576^th place)

scroll.in (Global: 676^th place; English: 420^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

taylorfrancis.com (Global: 3,142^nd place; English: 2,072^nd place)

thehindu.com (Global: 52^nd place; English: 35^th place)

thewire.in (Global: 1,507^th place; English: 818^th place)

ucla.edu (Global: 782^nd place; English: 585^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wikisource.org (Global: 27^th place; English: 51^st place)

wiley.com (Global: 222^nd place; English: 297^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)