Aurangzeb (English Wikipedia)

"Tomb of Aurangzeb" (PDF). ASI Aurangabad. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
"Tomb of Aurangzeb" (PDF). ASI Aurangabad. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.

atspace.eu

warfare.atspace.eu

Abdul Hamid Lahori (1636). "Prince Awrangzeb (Aurangzeb) facing a maddened elephant named Sudhakar". Padshahnama. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014.

aurangzeb.info

See also "Aurangzeb, as he was according to Mughal Records"; more links at the bottom of that page. For Muslim historian's record on major Hindu temple destruction campaigns, from 1193 to 1729 AD, see Richard Eaton (2000), "Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States", Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 11, Issue 3, pp. 283–319

bbc.co.uk

"Guru Tegh Bahadur". BBC.
"BBC Religions – Sikhism". BBC. 26 October 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2011.

bbc.com

"Religions – Sikhism: Guru Tegh Bahadur". BBC. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2012.

books.google.com

Khomdan Singh Lisam (2011). Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.). Gyan Publishing House. p. 706. ISBN 9788178358642. Retrieved 20 March 2024. ... Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I ( Conqueror of the Universe ) , more commonly known as Aurangzeb , the 6th Mughal Emperor ruled from 1658 to
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Volume 3. Harvard University; Royal Irish Academy. 1893. p. 398. Retrieved 20 March 2024. The Emperor's name and title were proclaimed in the pulpit as Abu al-Muzaffar Bahadur ' Alamgir Badshah i Ghazi
József Böröcz (2009). The European Union and Global Social Change. Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-135-25580-0. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
Ali, A.; Thiam, I.D.; Talib, Y.A. (2016). The Different aspects of Islamic culture: Islam in the World today; Retrospective of the evolution of Islam and the Muslim world. UNESCO Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 978-92-3-100132-1.
Bibb, Sheila C.; Simon-López, Alexandra (2019). Framing the Apocalypse: Visions of the End-of-Times. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-39944-0.
Mukerjee 2001, p. 23. Mukerjee, Soma (2001). Royal Mughal ladies and their contributions. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-212-0760-7.
Hansen, Waldemar (1996) [1972]. The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 122–124. ISBN 978-81-208-0225-4. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
Richards (1996, p. 130) Richards, John F. (1996) [1993]. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) [First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne]. A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 (2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4.
Mukerjee 2001, p. 53. Mukerjee, Soma (2001). Royal Mughal ladies and their contributions. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-212-0760-7.
Richards (1996, p. 128) Richards, John F. (1996) [1993]. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Munis D. Faruqui (2012). The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719 (Hardcover). Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-107-02217-1. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
Richards (1996, pp. 132–133) Richards, John F. (1996) [1993]. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Richards (1996, pp. 134–135) Richards, John F. (1996) [1993]. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 267–269. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
Richards (1996, pp. 140, 188) Richards, John F. (1996) [1993]. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) [First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne]. A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 (2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4.
Richards (1996, pp. 151–152) Richards, John F. (1996) [1993]. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 270–271. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
Kolff, Dirk H. A. (2002) [1990]. Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450–1850 (illustrated, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-521-52305-9.
Richards (1996, p. 159) Richards, John F. (1996) [1993]. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. p. 272. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
Richards (1996, p. 162) Richards, John F. (1996) [1993]. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Allan, J.; Haig, Sir T. Wolseley (1934). Dodwell, H. H. (ed.). The Cambridge Shorter History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 416.
Smith, Vincent Arthur (1920). The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911. Clarendon Press. p. 412.
Mukherjee, Soma (2001). Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions. Gyan Books. p. 128. ISBN 978-8-121-20760-7.
Truschke, Audrey (2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-5036-0259-5.
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History of Indian Nation: Medieval India. K. K. Publications. 2022. p. 155.
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Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 255–256. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
Richards (1996, p. 171) Richards, John F. (1996) [1993]. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Chandra, Satish (2006) [1999]. Medieval India: From Sultanate To The Mughals: Mughal Empire (1526–1748) (Second Reprint ed.). Har-Anand Publications Pvt Ltd. p. 350. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
Satish Chandra (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 280–. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. Although Aurangzeb had not raised the slogan of defending Islam before the battle of Samugarh with Dara, and had tried to befriend the Rajput rajas as we have seen, there were a number of factors which make it necessary for Aurangzeb to present himself as the defender of the sharia, and to try and win over the theologians. A principal factor was the popular revulsion against his treatment of his brothers, Murad and Dara, both of whom had the reputation of being liberal patrons of the poor and needy. Aurangzeb was shocked when as the time of his second coronation in 1659, the chief qazi refused to crown him since his father was still alive.
Sadiq Ali (1918), A Vindication of Aurangzeb: In Two Parts, p. 141
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Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) [First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne]. A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 (2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4. Shayista Khan ... was appointed [Bengal's] governor in 1664 and swept the region clean of Portuguese and Arakanese pirates ... in 1666, he recaptured the port of Chittagong ... from the king of Arakan. A strategic outpost, Chittagong would remain the principal commercial port of call before entering the waters of the delta.
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Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500–1700, p. 122, at Google Books
Truschke, Audrey (2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0259-5.
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Farooqi 1989, pp. 124, 126: "In November 1659, shortly after his formal coronation, Aurangzeb sent ... a diplomatic mission to Mecca ... entrusted with 630.000 rupees for the Sharif families of Mecca and Medina ... Aurangzeb sent another mission to Mecca in 1662 ... with presents worth 660,000 rupees ... Aurangzeb also sent considerable amount of money, through his own agents, to Mecca. In 1666 ... alms and offerings; ... six years later ... several lakhs of rupees; the money was to be spent in charity in Mecca and Medina." Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. OCLC 20894584.
Daniel R. Headrick (2012). Power Over Peoples Technology, Environments, and Western Imperialism, 1400 to the Present (ebook). Princeton University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-4008-3359-7. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
Leonard Y. Andaya (22 January 2008). Leaves of the Same Tree Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka (Hardcover). University of Hawaii Press. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-0-8248-3189-9. Retrieved 2 December 2023. ... Aurangzeb and Dara Shukoh participated in Aceh's trade, and Aurangzeb even exchanged presents with Aceh's sultan in 1641. For two decades after the Dutch conquest of Portuguese Melaka in 1641, the VOC tried to attract trade to Melaka by the VOC tried to attract trade to Melaka by restricting Muslim trade to Aceh. Angered by
Pius Malekandathil (2016). The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India (ebook). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-99745-4. Retrieved 11 March 2024. ... 1641 , his daughter , Sultanah Safiatuddin presented Aurangzeb with eight ...
Malekandathil, Pius, ed. (13 September 2016). The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India. Taylor & Francis. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-351-99746-1. Retrieved 2 December 2023. ... backed out and allowed Indian traders to sail to Aceh and other southern ports without restriction.74 According to S ...
Frans Huskin; Dick van der Meij (11 October 2013). Reading Asia New Research in Asian Studies (ebook). Taylor & Francis. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-136-84377-8. Retrieved 2 December 2023. ... 1660s the VOC backed down and allowed Indian traders to sail to Aceh, Perak, and Kedah without restriction.ll Another important trading community in Aceh consisted of Indians from the Coromandel Coast who had been prominent in Malay ...
Farooqi 1989, p. 60. Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. OCLC 20894584.
Farooqi 1989, pp. 58–59. Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. OCLC 20894584.
Tripathy, Rasananda (1986). Crafts and commerce in Orissa in the sixteenth-seventeenth centuries. Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 91. OCLC 14068594. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
Farooqi 1989, pp. 332–333: "Aurangzeb, who seized the Peacock throne from Shahjahan, was equally unwilling to acknowledge the Ottoman claim to the Khilafat. Hostile towards the Ottomans, the Emperor took every opportunity to support the opponents of the Ottoman regime. He cordially welcomed two rebel Governors of Basra and gave them and their dependents high mansabs in the imperial service. Aurangzeb also did not respond to Sultan Suleiman II's friendly overtures." Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. OCLC 20894584.
Farooqi 1989, p. 151: "Suleiman II even solicited Aurangzeb's support against the Christians and urged him to wage holy war against them." Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. OCLC 20894584.
John F. Richards (1993). The Mughal Empire Part 1, Volume 5 (Paperback). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
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Burn, Richard, ed. (1937). The Cambridge History of India. Vol. IV. pp. 248–252. Retrieved 15 September 2011. The whole country was soon occupied by the imperialists, anarchy and slaughter were let loose upon the doomed state; all great towns in the village were pillaged; the temples were thrown down
Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth; Garrett, Herbert Leonard Offley (1930). Mughal Rule in India. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 119. ISBN 978-81-7156-551-1.
Avari 2013, p. 131: Crisis arose in the north among the Jat agriculturists dissatisfied with punitive imperial taxation ... The first to rebel against the Mughals were the Hindu Jats. Avari, Burjor (2013), Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-41558-061-8
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Avari 2013, p. 115: citing a 2000 study, writes "Aurangzeb was perhaps no more culpable than most of the sultans before him; they desecrated the temples associated with Hindu power, not all temples. It is worth noting that, in contrast to the traditional claim of hundreds of Hindu temples having been destroyed by Aurangzeb, a recent study suggests a modest figure of eighty destructions." Avari, Burjor (2013), Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-41558-061-8
Truschke, Audrey (2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-5036-0259-5. Nobody knows the exact number of temples demolished or pillaged on Aurangzeb's orders, and we never will. Richard Eaton, the leading authority on the subject, puts the number of confirmed temple destructions during Aurangzeb's rule at just over a dozen, with fewer tied to the emperor's direct commands. Other scholars have pointed out additional temple demolitions not counted by Eaton, such as two orders to destroy the Somanatha Temple in 1659 and 1706 (the existence of a second order suggests that the first was never carried out). Aurangzeb also oversaw temple desecrations. For example, in 1645 he ordered mihrabs (prayer niches, typically located in mosques) erected in Ahmedabad's Chintamani Parshvanath Temple, built by the Jain merchant Shantidas. Even adding in such events, however, to quote Eaton, "the evidence is almost always fragmentary, incomplete, or even contradictory". Given this, there were probably more temples destroyed under Aurangzeb than we can confirm (perhaps a few dozen in total?), but here we run into a dark curtain drawn across an unknown past.
فريق بصمة (October 2016). التاريخ كما كان (ebook) (in Arabic). كتوبيا للنشر والتوزيع. p. 92. Retrieved 4 December 2023. ... الطنطاوي بأنه "بقية الخلفاء الراشدين"، وقد كان على دراية كاملة بمخططات الهندوس والشيعة، خصوصا الأفغان منهم، فحارب ...
Truschke, Audrey (2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0259-5.
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S. M. Ikram; Ainslie T. Embree (1964). "17". Muslim Civilization in India (Ebook). Columbia University Press. Retrieved 25 November 2023. Aurangzeb was most forthright in his efforts to stop sati. According to Manucci, on his return from Kashmir in December, 1663, he "issued an order that in all lands under Mughal control, never again should the officials allow a woman to be burnt." Manucci adds that "This order endures to this day."/26/ This order, though not mentioned in the formal histories, is recorded in the official guidebooks of the reign./27/ Although the possibility of an evasion of government orders through payment of bribes existed, later European travelers record that sati was not much practiced by the end of Aurangzeb's reign. As Ovington says in his Voyage to Surat: "Since the Mahometans became Masters of the Indies, this execrable custom is much abated, and almost laid aside, by the orders which nabobs receive for suppressing and extinguishing it in all their provinces. And now it is 237 very rare, except it be some Rajah's wives, that the Indian women burn at all; /27/ Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzib (Calcutta, 1916), III, 92. /28/ John Ovington, A Voyage to Surat (London, 1929), p. 201.

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Brown, Katherine Butler (January 2007). "Did Aurangzeb Ban Music? Questions for the Historiography of his Reign". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (1): 82–84. doi:10.1017/S0026749X05002313. ISSN 0026-749X. S2CID 145371208.
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Brown, Katherine Butler (January 2007). "Did Aurangzeb Ban Music? Questions for the Historiography of his Reign". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (1): 77. doi:10.1017/S0026749X05002313. S2CID 145371208. More importantly, though, the fact that Aurangzeb did not order a universal ban on music lends support to the idea that his regime was less intolerant and repressive than has been widely believed in the past...Thus, the overwhelming evidence against a ban on musical practice in Aurangzeb's reign suggests that the nature of his state was less orthodox, tyrannical and centralised than
Truschke, Audrey (2017). "5. Moral Man and Leader". Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press. pp. 70–71. doi:10.1515/9781503602595-009. ISBN 978-1-5036-0259-5. S2CID 243691670.
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Gul Rahim Khan (2021). "Silver Coins Hoard of the Late Mughals from Kohat". Ancient Pakistan. 18. Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar: 16. ISSN 2708-4590. In gold there is no more type. In silver some other types like Abu al Muzaffar Muhiuddin/ Muhammad (and date) / Bahadur Alamgir/ Aurangzeb/ Badshah Ghazi or ...
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Prasad, Ishwari (1974). The Mughal Empire. Allahabad: Chugh Publications. pp. 524–525. OCLC 1532660. [Aurangzeb] marched in the direction of Bijapur and on reaching Bidar laid siege to it ... The Qiladar of the fort was Sidi Marjan ... [The Mughals] were helped by an explosion of powder magazine in the fortress ... Sidi Marjan and two of his sons were badly burnt ... Thus was the fort of Bidar taken after a siege of 27 days ... Sidi Marjan died of his wounds soon afterwards ... Aurangzeb arrived at Kalyani.
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Khan, Sāqi Must'ad (1947). Maāsir-i-'Ālamgiri: A History of the Emperor Aurangzib 'Ālamgir (reign 1658–1707 A.D.). Translated by Sarkar, Sir Jadunath. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 13. OCLC 692517744. In former times the sacred Quaranic credo (Kalma) used to be stamped on gold and silver coins, and such coins were constantly touched with the hands and feet of men; Aurangzib said that it would be better to stamp some other words ... The Emperor liked it [the couplet] and ordered that one face ... should be stamped with this verse and the other with the name of the mint-city and the year.
Rosalind O'Hanlon (2007). "Military Sports and the History of the Martial Body in India". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 50 (4). Brill: 490–523. doi:10.1163/156852007783245133. ISSN 1568-5209. JSTOR 25165208. ...Bernier reported that the emperor Aurangzeb inspected his contingents of cavalry every day. During these inspections, "the King takes pleasure also in having the blades of cutlasses tried on dead sheep, brought before him without the entrails and neatly bound up. Young Omrahs, Mansebdars and Gourze-berdars or mace bearers, exercise their skill and put forth all their strength to cut through the four feet, which are fastened together, and the body of the sheep at one blow."..."
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Farooqi 1989, pp. 124, 126: "In November 1659, shortly after his formal coronation, Aurangzeb sent ... a diplomatic mission to Mecca ... entrusted with 630.000 rupees for the Sharif families of Mecca and Medina ... Aurangzeb sent another mission to Mecca in 1662 ... with presents worth 660,000 rupees ... Aurangzeb also sent considerable amount of money, through his own agents, to Mecca. In 1666 ... alms and offerings; ... six years later ... several lakhs of rupees; the money was to be spent in charity in Mecca and Medina." Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. OCLC 20894584.
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Farooqi 1989, pp. 332–333: "Aurangzeb, who seized the Peacock throne from Shahjahan, was equally unwilling to acknowledge the Ottoman claim to the Khilafat. Hostile towards the Ottomans, the Emperor took every opportunity to support the opponents of the Ottoman regime. He cordially welcomed two rebel Governors of Basra and gave them and their dependents high mansabs in the imperial service. Aurangzeb also did not respond to Sultan Suleiman II's friendly overtures." Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. OCLC 20894584.
Farooqi 1989, p. 151: "Suleiman II even solicited Aurangzeb's support against the Christians and urged him to wage holy war against them." Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. OCLC 20894584.
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Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1973) [1948]. The History of Bengal. Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. pp. 346–347. OCLC 924890. [Mir Jumla] left Dacca on 1st November 1661 ... the Mughal army entered the capital of Kuch Bihar on 19th December ... The kingdom was annexed to the Mughal empire ... Mir Jumla set out for the conquest of Assam on 4th January, 1662 ... triumphantly marched into Garh-gaon the Ahom capital on 17th March. Raja Jayadhwaj ... had fled .. The spoils ... 82 elephants, 3 lakhs of rupees in cash, ... over a thousand bots, and 173 stores of paddy.
Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1973) [1948]. The History of Bengal. Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p. 350. OCLC 924890. [Mir Jumla] set out on his return on 10th January 1663, travelling by pālki owing to his illness, which daily increased. At Baritalā he embarked in a boat and glided down the river toward Dacca, dying on 31st March.
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